Misplaced Pages

#987012

119-451: Kutt, a professor of mathematics at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario during the late 1960s, noted that the efficiency of computer users there was hampered by the long wait times involved in submitting programs in punched card form for batch processing by a shared mainframe computer . In 1968, Kutt and Donald Pamenter started a firm, Consolidated Computer Inc., and began to produce

238-632: A PC for firmware updates; for example, a digital audio player might be updated to support a new file format . Some hobbyists have taken advantage of this flexibility to reprogram consumer products for new purposes; for example, the iPodLinux and OpenWrt projects have enabled users to run full-featured Linux distributions on their MP3 players and wireless routers, respectively. ROM is also useful for binary storage of cryptographic data, as it makes them difficult to replace, which may be desirable in order to enhance information security . Since ROM (at least in hard-wired mask form) cannot be modified, it

357-413: A battery which allowed it time to save the workspace automatically when it was turned off. The MCM/70 weighed 20 pounds (9 kg) and shipped with up to 8 kilobytes of RAM and zero, one, or two cassette drives. The first complete systems were shipped to dealers in the autumn of 1974. The basic unit, model 720 with an 800  kHz 8008, 2 KB RAM and no cassette drive sold for $ 4,950 Canadian (at

476-504: A bit line to a word line. Consequently, ROM could be implemented at a lower cost-per- bit than RAM for many years. Most home computers of the 1980s stored a BASIC interpreter or operating system in ROM as other forms of non-volatile storage such as magnetic disk drives were too costly. For example, the Commodore 64 included 64 KB of RAM and 20 KB of ROM containing a BASIC interpreter and

595-524: A company can simply order a large batch of fresh PROM chips and program them with the desired contents at its designers' convenience. The advent of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented at Bell Labs in 1959, enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements in semiconductor memory , a function previously served by magnetic cores in computer memory . In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs proposed that

714-414: A data-entry device named Key-Edit . This was a low-cost terminal, with a one-line display device , which bypassed the need for keypunching . In 1971, Kutt, no longer part of CCI, began planning a machine to support software development in the recently developed programming language APL . APL was best programmed using a custom keyboard and these were very rare at the time. He initially named his design

833-407: A metre on a side, with a keyboard at the front, a compact audio cassette tape recorder(s) in the middle, and a one-line plasma display at the top. The MCM/70 had a one-line display and alphanumeric keyboard, and optionally had a second tape drive. It resembled desktop calculators of the time, such as HP 9830A . An APL interpreter was built into the read-only memory (ROM), and the machine included

952-411: A new role as a medium for mass storage or secondary storage of files. Mask ROM is a read-only memory whose contents are programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer (rather than by the user). The desired memory contents are furnished by the customer to the device manufacturer. The desired data is converted into a custom photomask /mask layer for the final metallization of interconnections on

1071-644: A publicly funded research university and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada . Full-time undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school's enrolment, made up of 16,339 full-time undergraduate students. In 2009, the two largest programs by enrolment were the social sciences, with 3,286 full-time and part-time students, followed by engineering, with 3,097 full-time and part-time students. The university conferred 3,232 bachelor's degrees, 153 doctoral degrees, 1,142 master's degrees, and 721 first professional degrees in 2008–9. Queen's

1190-408: A punched card reader, plotter , and several programs. The MCM/800 followed in 1976. It was faster, included 16 KB RAM, and included the ability to drive an external monitor. Virtual memory was supported on all of the machines, although using cassettes for storage made it slow. Released in 1978, MCM/900 was faster yet, included 24 KB RAM, and an included a monitor. The MCM/1000, also called

1309-522: A reality… Enjoy the privilege of having your own personal computer." The MCM/70 was sold mainly to companies and government institutions with the need to make complex calculations and mathematical analysis. MCM's customers ranged from hospitals and insurance companies to NASA and the United States Army . In 1975, the computer was rereleased with no changes as the MCM/700. Also released that year were

SECTION 10

#1732855337988

1428-563: A research facility in Rideau Lakes, Ontario, known as the Queen's University Biological Station. Opened during the 1950s, the field station encompasses approximately 3,000 ha (7,400 acres) of property, a range of habitat types typical of Eastern Ontario, and many species of conservation concern in Canada. Queen's has an agreement with Novelis Inc. to acquire a 20-hectare (49-acre) property next to

1547-470: A session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a royal charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queen's College at Kingston. Queen's resulted from years of effort by Presbyterians of Upper Canada to found a college for the education of ministers in the growing colony and to instruct youth in various branches of science and literature. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and

1666-410: A sharp drop in enrolment due to the military enlistment of students, staff, and faculty. A $ 1,000,000 fundraising drive and the armistice in 1918 saved the university. Approximately 1,500 students fought in the war and 187 died. On 18 August 1938, a year prior to the start of World War II , US President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to Queen's to accept an honorary degree . In a broadcast heard around

1785-477: A small keyboard with 32 keys, and a display made of either 13 or 15 segmented LEDs . Kutt also created a company, Micro Computer Machines, which would later manufacture the devices. Through his acquaintance with Intel founder Robert Noyce , Kutt had been following Intel's work on the 1201, an 8-bit microprocessor later renamed the Intel 8008 . The processor was scheduled to be complete in late 1971, but its release

1904-511: A specific part of the device, instead of the entire device. This can be done at high speed, hence the name "flash". All of these technologies improved the flexibility of ROM, but at a significant cost-per-chip, so that in large quantities mask ROM would remain an economical choice for many years. (Decreasing cost of reprogrammable devices had almost eliminated the market for mask ROM by the year 2000.) Rewriteable technologies were envisioned as replacements for mask ROM. The most recent development

2023-416: A technical level the gains have been achieved by increasing parallelism both in controller design and of storage, the use of large DRAM read/write caches and the implementation of memory cells which can store more than one bit (DLC, TLC and MLC). The latter approach is more failure prone but this has been largely mitigated by overprovisioning (the inclusion of spare capacity in a product which is visible only to

2142-406: A variety of other devices. In particular, many microprocessors have mask ROM to store their microcode . Some microcontrollers have mask ROM to store the bootloader or all of their firmware . Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are integrated circuits that physically encode the data to be stored, and thus it is impossible to change their contents after fabrication. It is also possible to write

2261-550: A venue for conferences and meetings; a base for international graduate students and other scholars undertaking research in the United Kingdom and Europe; and an enhanced educational, social, and cultural environment for the local community, using the unique heritage of the castle. The opportunity to study at Bader College is not limited to Queen's students. Queen's has academic exchange agreements with Canadian and foreign universities. Queen's Sustainability Office, created in 2008,

2380-436: Is NAND flash , also invented at Toshiba. Its designers explicitly broke from past practice, stating plainly that "the aim of NAND flash is to replace hard disks ," rather than the traditional use of ROM as a form of non-volatile primary storage . As of 2021 , NAND has nearly completely achieved this goal by offering throughput higher than hard disks, lower latency, higher tolerance of physical shock, extreme miniaturization (in

2499-571: Is Victoria Hall, built in 1965, which houses nearly 900 students. In September 2010, 83.3% of first-year students lived on campus, part of the 26% of the overall undergraduate population who lived on campus. Residents were represented by two groups, the Main Campus Residents' Council, which represents the main campus, and the Jean Royce Hall Council, which represents the west campus (Jean Royce Hall, Harkness International Hall, and

SECTION 20

#1732855337988

2618-530: Is a public research university in Kingston , Ontario, Canada. Queen's holds more than 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres) of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex , England. Queen's is organized into eight faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queen's College in October 1841 via a royal charter from Queen Victoria . The first classes, intended to prepare students for

2737-591: Is a recognized observer at the Senate. Additionally, the Rector is often called upon to represent student interests on various committees of the Board and Senate. Finally, the Rector plays a ceremonial role at events such as convocation. The university completed the 2011–12-year with revenues of $ 947.7 million and expenses of $ 872.8 million, with an excess of revenues over expenses at $ 74.9 million. Government grants and student fees are

2856-533: Is also the Vice-Chancellor, acts as the chief executive officer of the university under the authority of the Board and the Senate, and supervises and directs the academic and administrative work of the university and of its teaching and non-teaching staff. Since 1974, principals have been appointed for five-year terms, renewable subject to review. The formal authority for the appointment of the Principal rests under

2975-775: Is bordered to the south by Lake Ontario and Kingston General Hospital , city parks to the east, and by residential neighbourhoods, known as the University District, Kingston , in all other directions. The campus grew to its present size of 40 ha (99 acres) through gradual acquisitions of adjacent private lands, and remains the university's largest landholding. In addition to its main campus in Kingston, Queen's owns several other properties around Kingston, as well as in Central Frontenac Township, Ontario; Rideau Lakes , Ontario; and East Sussex, England. Queen's University

3094-492: Is charged with the university's green initiatives and creating awareness about environmental issues. The office is headed by a sustainability manager, who works with the university, external community groups, and the government. In 2009, with the signing of the Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World agreement, Queen's pledged to transform its campus into a model of environmental responsibility. Queen's

3213-407: Is common practice to use rewritable non-volatile memory – such as UV- EPROM or EEPROM – for the development phase of a project, and to switch to mask ROM when the code has been finalized. For example, Atmel microcontrollers come in both EEPROM and mask ROM formats. The main advantage of mask ROM is its cost. Per bit, mask ROM was more compact than any other kind of semiconductor memory . Since

3332-404: Is dedicated to the promotion of student and contemporary art . The university has 18 student residences: Adelaide Hall, Ban Righ Hall, Brant House, Chown Hall, Gordon House, Brockington House, Graduate Residence, Harkness Hall, John Orr Tower Apartments, Leggett Hall, Leonard Hall, McNeill House, Morris Hall, Smith House, Victoria Hall, Waldron Tower, Watts Hall, and Jean Royce Hall. The largest

3451-605: Is housed in Herstmonceux Castle , East Sussex, England, which was donated to Queen's in 1993 by alumnus Alfred Bader . Bader College is academically fully integrated with Queen's, although financially self-sufficient. Its mission is to provide academic programs for undergraduate students whose academic interests are oriented toward the United Kingdom, Europe, and the European Union; continuing-education programs for executives and other professional or "special interest" groups;

3570-506: Is not directly involved in operations, the Council may bring to the Senate or Board of Trustees any matter it believes affects Queen's well-being. The Council meets once per year, typically in May. The Chancellor is the highest officer and the ceremonial head of the university. The office was created in 1874 and first filled in 1877, although it was only enshrined in law in 1882 after its amendment into

3689-598: Is now the only appointed trustee. The Senate is responsible for determining all academic matters affecting the university as a whole, including student discipline. It consists of 17 ex-officio positions granted to the principal and Vice-Chancellor, the Vice-Principals of the university, the senior dean of each faculty, dean of student affairs, the deputy provost, and the presidents of the undergraduate, graduate, and faculty associations. The Senate also consists of 55 other members, appointed or elected by various communities of

MCM/70 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3808-413: Is only suitable for storing data which is not expected to need modification for the life of the device. To that end, ROM has been used in many computers to store look-up tables for the evaluation of mathematical and logical functions (for example, a floating-point unit might tabulate the sine function in order to facilitate faster computation). This was especially effective when CPUs were slow and ROM

3927-495: Is organized into several faculties and schools. These include the Arts and Sciences , Education , Engineering and Applied Sciences , Health Sciences , Law , the School of Public Policy, and Smith School of Business . Many of these faculties and schools are further organized into smaller departments, divisions, and schools. The university operates several study abroad programs, including

4046-490: Is situated on traditional Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee territory. The buildings at Queen's vary in age from Summerhill, which opened in 1839, to Mitchell Hall, which opened in 2018. Grant Hall, completed in 1905, is considered the university's most recognizable landmark. It is named after Reverend George Munro Grant, who served as Queen's seventh principal. The building is used to host concerts, lectures, meetings, exams, and convocations. Two buildings owned and managed by

4165-415: Is still applied to images of newer games distributed on CD-ROMs or other optical media. ROM images of commercial games, firmware, etc. usually contain copyrighted software. The unauthorized copying and distribution of copyrighted software is a violation of copyright laws in many jurisdictions, although duplication for backup purposes may be considered fair use depending on location. In any case, there

4284-452: Is stored, usually Flash memory ) and RAM. ROM and RAM are essential components of a computer, each serving distinct roles. RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a temporary, volatile storage medium that loses data when the system powers down. In contrast, ROM, being non-volatile, preserves its data even after the computer is switched off. IBM used capacitor read-only storage (CROS) and transformer read-only storage (TROS) to store microcode for

4403-536: Is typically only possible a certain number of times. The term "ROM" is sometimes used to refer to a ROM device containing specific software or a file with software to be stored in a writable ROM device. For example, users modifying or replacing the Android operating system describe files containing a modified or replacement operating system as " custom ROMs " after the type of storage the file used to be written to, and they may distinguish between ROM (where software and data

4522-507: Is used to store the basic bootstrapping firmware for the processor, as well as the various firmware needed to internally control self-contained devices such as graphic cards , hard disk drives , solid-state drives , optical disc drives , TFT screens , etc., in the system. Today, many of these "read-only" memories – especially the BIOS / UEFI – are often replaced with EEPROM or Flash memory (see below), to permit in-place reprogramming should

4641-472: The New York Times in October 2011, when CEOs and chairpersons were asked to select the top universities which they recruited from, the university placed 74th in the world and fifth in Canada. Read-only memory Read-only memory ( ROM ) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices . Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of

4760-533: The Agnes Etherington Art Centre . The art centre owes its namesake to Agnes Etherington, whose house was donated to the university and is used as an art museum, attached to the main art centre. Opened in 1957, it contains over 14,000 works of art, including works by Rembrandt and Inuit art . The university's student body and faculty run the Union Gallery, an art gallery opened in 1994. The gallery

4879-635: The COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario , the university received $ 440,000 from the Government of Canada to increase uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among health care providers, community organizations and vulnerable individuals who are vaccine hesitant . In July 2021, former senator Murray Sinclair began his term as the 15th chancellor of Queen's. He was succeeded by broadcast journalist Shelagh Rogers in July 2024. In 2023,

MCM/70 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-640: The Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1972, went a long way to solving problem 4, since an EEPROM can be programmed in-place if the containing device provides a means to receive the program contents from an external source (for example, a personal computer via a serial cable ). Flash memory , invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the early 1980s and commercialized in the late 1980s, is a form of EEPROM that makes very efficient use of chip area and can be erased and reprogrammed thousands of times without damage. It permits erasure and programming of only

5117-616: The KERNAL operating system. Later home or office computers such as the IBM PC XT often included magnetic disk drives, and larger amounts of RAM, allowing them to load their operating systems from disk into RAM, with only a minimal hardware initialization core and bootloader remaining in ROM (known as the BIOS in IBM-compatible computers). This arrangement allowed for a more complex and easily upgradeable operating system. In modern PCs, "ROM"

5236-476: The Key-Cassette ; similar in design and concept to Key-Edit, it would offer editing ability and support for either two cassette decks or one cassette and an acoustic coupler to upload programs to other machines. The original design resembled a desktop electronic calculator . Kutt's notes of the era showed his intent to use the cover and display from an extant calculator with a modified power supply, to include

5355-591: The University of Glasgow . Classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small woodframe house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location. Prior to Canadian Confederation , the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government, and private citizens financially supported the college. In 1869, Queen's

5474-512: The floating gate of a MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to Dov Frohman of Intel inventing erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) in 1971. The 1971 invention of EPROM essentially solved problem 3, since EPROM (unlike PROM) can be repeatedly reset to its unprogrammed state by exposure to strong ultraviolet light. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at

5593-536: The memory device . Read-only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, also known as firmware . Software applications, such as video games , for programmable devices can be distributed as plug-in cartridges containing ROM . Strictly speaking, read-only memory refers to hard-wired memory, such as diode matrix or a mask ROM integrated circuit (IC), that cannot be electronically changed after manufacture. Although discrete circuits can be altered in principle, through

5712-421: The "First Year Program" at Bader College, and study abroad semester programs offered by the university's international programs office. Additionally, students can apply for international student exchange , with Queen's having exchange agreements with over 85 universities outside Canada. Queen's University has placed in post-secondary school rankings. In the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings,

5831-409: The 1950s included the construction of Richardson Hall to house Queen's administrative offices and Dunning Hall. By the end of the 1960s, like many other Canadian universities, Queen's tripled its enrolment and greatly expanded its faculty, staff, and facilities, as a result of the baby boom and generous support from the public sector. By the mid-1970s, the university had 10,000 full-time students. Among

5950-418: The 1960s, both ROM and its mutable counterpart static RAM were implemented as arrays of transistors in silicon chips; however, a ROM memory cell could be implemented using fewer transistors than an SRAM memory cell, since the latter needs a latch (comprising 5-20 transistors) to retain its contents, while a ROM cell might consist of the absence (logical 0) or presence (logical 1) of one transistor connecting

6069-524: The AMS and SGPS to represent the interests of their constituent students. This allows the Rector to, both formally and informally, act as an intermediary between students and the university administration on a range of topical, sensitive, or controversial issues. The Rector serves as one of three student representatives on the Board of Trustees (the other two being the Undergraduate and Graduate Student Trustees) and

SECTION 50

#1732855337988

6188-669: The Graduate Residence). They were responsible for representing resident concerns, providing entertainment services, organizing events, and upholding Residence Community Standards. In 2013, the Main Campus and Jean Royce Hall Residents' Councils were amalgamated into one organization, called ResSoc, standing for Residence Society. ResSoc employs 7 Executives, 17 House Presidents, and 27 Residence Facilitators. ResSoc also has over 100 volunteer positions such as floor representatives and executive interns. In 2013, The Residence Society introduced

6307-557: The John Deutsch University Centre (JDUC), Grey House, Carruthers Hall, Queen's Journal House, MacGillivray-Brown Hall, and the non-athletic sections of Queen's Centre. Collectively, these buildings provide 10,500 square metres (113,000 sq ft) of space to the Queen's community. The JDUC contains the offices of a number of student organizations, including the Alma Mater Society of Queen's University (AMS) and

6426-579: The MCM Power was a repackaged /900, and was later repackaged again as the MCM MicroPower. The bigger change for the /900 and /1000 was to support the HDS-10 disk server , which included an 8.4 MB 8-inch Shugart hard drive , an 8-inch floppy disk drive, and a 64 k Zilog Z80 to control it. Up to eight /900s or /1000s could be plugged into the HDS-10. By the late 1970s, after selling several hundred units, MCM

6545-602: The Miller Museum of Geology, an earth-science teaching museum which features an Earth Science and Geological Collections of 10,000 minerals and 865 fossils, as well as an exhibit of the geology of the Kingston area. The museum is largely used as an earth-science teaching museum for local schools and natural-science interest groups in eastern Ontario. The permanent exhibits feature dinosaurs, dinosaur eggs, fossils of early multi-celled animals, and land tracks fossilized from 500 million years ago. Queen's art collections are housed at

6664-475: The Novelis R&;D facilities to accommodate faculty-led research projects that have industrial partners and small and medium-size companies with a research focus and a desire to interact with Queen's researchers. The remainder of the government funds support further development of the technology park to transform the property into a welcoming and dynamic site for business expansion and relocation. Bader College

6783-549: The Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queen's University at Kingston. Queen's Theological College remained in the control of the Presbyterian Church in Canada , until 1925, when it joined the United Church of Canada . The theological college merged with the Queen's department of religious studies, and the program closed in 2015. The university faced another financial crisis during World War I from

6902-516: The Presbyterian Church, and adopted its present name. During the mid-20th century, the university established several faculties and schools, and expanded its campus with the construction of new facilities. Queen's is a co-educational university with more than 33,842 students and over 131,000 alumni living worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars . As of 2022, five Nobel Laureates and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with

7021-466: The ROM chips, and the presence or absence of these features will represent either a 1 or a 0 bit, depending on the ROM design. Thus by design, any attempts to electronically change the data will fail, since the data is defined by the presence or absence of physical features or structures that cannot be electronically changed. For every software program, even for revisions of the same program, the entire mask must be changed, which can be costly. In mask ROM,

7140-515: The Royal Charter of 1841. The Board is responsible for the university's conduct and management and its property, revenues, business, and affairs. Ex-officio governors of the Board include the university's Chancellor, Principal, and Rector. The Board has 34 other trustees, 33 of whom are elected by the various members of the university community, including elected representatives from the student body. The representative from Queen's Theological College

7259-519: The Royal Charter of 1841. The responsibilities of the Chancellor include presiding over convocations, conferring degrees, and chairing the annual meetings of the council, and is an ex-officio officer and a voting member of the board of trustees. A person is elected to the office of Chancellor on a three-year term by the Council unless there is more than one candidate, in which case an election is conducted among Queen's graduates. The Principal, who normally

SECTION 60

#1732855337988

7378-423: The Royal Charter with the Board of Trustees, although recent principals have been selected by a joint committee of trustees and senators. The office of the Vice-Chancellor has typically been held by the incumbent principal. In 1961, an amendment was secured by the Board to separate the office of Principal from that of Vice-Chancellor if it wished. The first and only person to hold the office of Vice-Chancellor but not

7497-592: The Schools of Music, Public Administration (now part of Policy Studies), Rehabilitation Therapy, and Urban and Regional Planning. The establishment of the Faculty of Education in 1968 on land about a kilometre west of the university inaugurated the university's west campus. Queen's was an early pioneer of computer assisted legal research ; it was the home of the QUIC/LAW Canadian legal research project from 1968 to 1973, when

7616-468: The Society of Graduate and Professional Students (SGPS), as well as retail and food services. The university has 21 food outlets throughout the campus, as well as three major residence dining facilities. Queen's has off-campus facilities in the Kingston area and abroad. The university has a second campus in Kingston, known as the west campus. Acquired in 1969, the west campus is 2 km (1.2 mi) west of

7735-548: The StAR (Student Appreciation in Residence) Positive Recognition program. The program encourages positive behaviour in residence and recognizes individuals who help others in need. Recipients are given a certificate as well as remuneration for their contributions. The Student Life Centre is the centre of student governance and student-directed social, cultural, entertainment, and recreational activities. It consists of

7854-547: The W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections Library share facilities, known as Douglas Library. Since 1981, the Queen's University archives has been housed in Kathleen Ryan Hall. The archive manages, preserves, conserves, and makes accessible the information assets and historical record of the university. In addition to the university's archive, Kathleen Ryan Hall also houses the City of Kingston's archives. Queen's operates

7973-546: The addition of bodge wires and the removal or replacement of components, ICs cannot. Correction of errors, or updates to the software, require new devices to be manufactured and to replace the installed device. Floating-gate ROM semiconductor memory in the form of erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory can be erased and re-programmed. But usually, this can only be done at relatively slow speeds, may require special equipment to achieve, and

8092-416: The administration until the century's final decade. They considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s. With the additional funds bequeathed from Queen's first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland , the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queen's was given university status on 17 May 1881. In 1880, three women were admitted to

8211-654: The campus to mark the occasion. The Prince of Wales presented a replica of the 1841 Royal Charter granted by Queen Victoria , which had established the university; the replica is displayed in the John Deutsch University Centre. In 1993, Queen's received Herstmonceux Castle as a donation from alumnus Alfred Bader . The university uses the castle to house the Bader College. In 2001, the Senate Educational Equity Committee (SEEC) studied

8330-504: The company's research and development centre in Kingston. The agreement is part of the plan to establish Innovation Park at Queen's University, an innovative technology park at the corner of Princess and Concession Streets. The property was acquired for $ 5.3 million, a portion of the $ 21 million grant Queen's received from the Ontario government in 2007 to pioneer this innovative new regional R&D "co-location" model. Queen's leases approximately 7,900 square metres (85,000 sq ft) of

8449-423: The contents of a Laser ROM by using a laser to alter the electrical properties of only some diodes on the ROM, or by using a laser to cut only some polysilicon links, instead of using a mask. By applying write protection , some types of reprogrammable ROMs may temporarily become read-only memory. There are other types of non-volatile memory which are not based on solid-state IC technology, including: Although

8568-660: The cost of an integrated circuit strongly depends on its size, mask ROM is significantly cheaper than any other kind of semiconductor memory. However, the one-time masking cost is high and there is a long turn-around time from design to product phase. Design errors are costly: if an error in the data or code is found, the mask ROM is useless and must be replaced in order to change the code or data. As of 2003 , four companies produce most such mask ROM chips: Samsung Electronics , NEC Corporation , Oki Electric Industry , and Macronix . Some integrated circuits contain only mask ROM. Other integrated circuits contain mask ROM as well as

8687-417: The crisis, which was widely covered in both local and national publications in Canada. Some publications underscored the fiscal crisis, coupled with issues of overworked graduate students, as factors contributing to Queen's decline as a top 15 research university in the country. The university grounds lies within the neighbourhood of Queen's in the city of Kingston, Ontario. The university's main campus

8806-463: The data is physically encoded in the circuit, so it can only be programmed during fabrication. This leads to a number of serious disadvantages: Subsequent developments have addressed these shortcomings. Programmable read-only memory (PROM), invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956, allowed users to program its contents exactly once by physically altering its structure with the application of high-voltage pulses. This addressed problems 1 and 2 above, since

8925-434: The demographic boom that peaked in the 1960s. From 1951 to 1961, enrolment increased from just over 2,000 students to more than 3,000. The university embarked on a building program, constructing five student residences in less than ten years. After the reorganization of legal education in Ontario in the mid-1950s, Queen's Faculty of Law opened in 1957 in the new John A. Macdonald Hall. Other construction projects at Queen's in

9044-453: The drive controller) and by increasingly sophisticated read/write algorithms in drive firmware. Because they are written by forcing electrons through a layer of electrical insulation onto a floating transistor gate , rewriteable ROMs can withstand only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the insulation is permanently damaged. In the earliest EPROMs, this might occur after as few as 1,000 write cycles, while in modern Flash EEPROM

9163-418: The endurance may exceed 1,000,000. The limited endurance, as well as the higher cost per bit, means that Flash-based storage is unlikely to completely supplant magnetic disk drives in the near future. The timespan over which a ROM remains accurately readable is not limited by write cycling. The data retention of EPROM, EAROM, EEPROM, and Flash may be time-limited by charge leaking from the floating gates of

9282-638: The experiences of visible minority and Aboriginal faculty members at Queen's after a black female professor left, alleging she had experienced racism. Following this survey the SEEC commissioned a study which found many perceived a 'culture of Whiteness' at the university. The report concluded "white privilege and power continues to be reflected in the Eurocentric curricula, traditional pedagogical approaches, hiring, promotion and tenure practices, and opportunities for research" at Queen's. The university's response to

9401-721: The form of USB flash drives and tiny microSD memory cards , for example), and much lower power consumption. Many stored-program computers use a form of non-volatile storage (that is, storage that retains its data when power is removed) to store the initial program that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution (a process known as bootstrapping , often abbreviated to " booting " or "booting up"). Likewise, every non-trivial computer needs some form of mutable memory to record changes in its state as it executes. Forms of read-only memory were employed as non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program computers, such as ENIAC after 1948 . (Until then it

9520-442: The integrated circuit, although fuse re-growth was once a problem in some systems. The contents of ROM chips can be extracted with special hardware devices and relevant controlling software. This practice is common for, as a main example, reading the contents of older video game console cartridges . Another example is making backups of firmware/OS ROMs from older computers or other devices - for archival purposes, as in many cases,

9639-499: The invention of the integrated circuit came mask ROM . Mask ROM consists of a grid of word lines (the address input) and bit lines (the data output), selectively joined with transistor switches, and can represent an arbitrary look-up table with a regular physical layout and predictable propagation delay . Mask ROM is programmed with photomasks in photolithography during semiconductor manufacturing . The mask defines physical features or structures that will be removed, or added in

9758-744: The main campus, and covers 27 ha (67 acres) of land. It has two student residences, the Faculty of Education, the Coastal Engineering Lab, and several athletic facilities, including the Richardson Memorial Stadium . In May 2007, the university approved the designs for the Isabel Bader Centre for Performing Arts, also in Kingston. The centre, home of the Department of Film and Media, opened in September 2014. The university owns

9877-475: The memory cell transistors. Early generation EEPROM's, in the mid-1980s generally cited 5 or 6 year data retention. A review of EEPROM's offered in the year 2020 shows manufacturers citing 100 year data retention. Adverse environments will reduce the retention time (leakage is accelerated by high temperatures or radiation ). Masked ROM and fuse/antifuse PROM do not suffer from this effect, as their data retention depends on physical rather than electrical permanence of

9996-548: The memory chip (hence the name). Mask ROM can be made in several ways, all of which aim to change the electrical response of a transistor when it is addressed on a grid, such as: Mask ROM transistors can be arranged in either NOR or NAND configurations and can achieve one of the smallest cell sizes possible as each bit is represented by only one transistor. NAND offers higher storage density than NOR. OR configurations are also possible, but compared to NOR it only connects transistors to V cc instead of V ss . Mask ROMs used to be

10115-488: The ministry, were held 7 March 1842, with 15 students and two professors. In 1869, Queen's was the first Canadian university west of the Maritime provinces to admit women. In 1883, a women's college for medical education affiliated with Queen's University was established after male staff and students reacted with hostility to the admission of women to the university's medical classes. In 1912, Queen's ended its affiliation with

10234-417: The most inexpensive, and are the simplest semiconductor memory devices, with only one metal layer and one polysilicon layer, making it the type of semiconductor memory with the highest manufacturing yield (the highest number of working devices per manufacturing run). ROM can be made using one of several semiconductor device fabrication technologies such as CMOS , nMOS , pMOS , and bipolar transistors . It

10353-405: The movement of jumper plugs to apply write-enable signals, and special lock/unlock command codes. Modern NAND Flash can be used to achieve the highest write speeds of any rewritable ROM technology, with speeds as high as 10 GB / s in an SSD. This has been enabled by the increased investment in both consumer and enterprise solid-state drives and flash memory products for higher end mobile devices. On

10472-858: The need for a firmware upgrade arise. However, simple and mature sub-systems (such as the keyboard or some communication controllers in the integrated circuits on the main board, for example) may employ mask ROM or OTP (one-time programmable). ROM and successor technologies such as flash are prevalent in embedded systems . These are in everything from industrial robots to home appliances and consumer electronics ( MP3 players , set-top boxes , etc.) all of which are designed for specific functions, but are based on general-purpose microprocessors . With software usually tightly coupled to hardware, program changes are rarely needed in such devices (which typically lack hard disks for reasons of cost, size, or power consumption). As of 2008, most products use Flash rather than mask ROM, and many provide some means for connecting to

10591-558: The new facilities were four more high capacity residences: An Clachan, Elrond College (currently Princess Towers), a cooperative residence that the university no longer owns, John Orr Tower situated on the west campus, and Jean Royce Hall. In addition to this new facilities consisted of separate buildings for the Departments of Mathematics, Physics, Biology and Psychology, Social Sciences and the Humanities. During this period, Queen's created

10710-418: The office of Principal was William Archibald Mackintosh . The current principal is Patrick Deane , serving as the twenty-first principal since 1 July 2019. The Rector is the third officer of the university, and serves as the highest-ranking representative of the student body. Though the first Rector took office in 1913, this role has been exclusively held by students since 1969, when the student body forced

10829-772: The ones used on early models of the Commodore PET , and a Burroughs Self-Scan 32-character display. Unlike the earlier Key-Edit system, the M/C would allow entering and executing APL programs. Dissatisfied with the SIM8 equipment, the Kutt Systems staff built a motherboard from scratch, including an Omniport, an 8008- expansion bus . Meanwhile, work on porting an APL interpreter to the system continued, using an 8008 emulator written in Fortran named INTERP/8 . The system, mocked up in breadboard form,

10948-459: The original chips are PROMs and thus at risk of exceeding their usable data lifetime. The resultant memory dump files are known as ROM images or abbreviated ROMs , and can be used to produce duplicate ROMs - for example to produce new cartridges or as digital files for playing in console emulators . The term ROM image originated when most console games were distributed on cartridges containing ROM chips, but achieved such widespread usage that it

11067-577: The project was spun-off and commercialized. QUIC/LAW's software was licensed to West Publishing in 1976 as the foundation for the Westlaw database, and then the entire Canadian law database, by then known as Quicklaw , was sold to West's archrival LexisNexis in 2002. The first female chancellor of Queen's University, Agnes Richardson Benidickson, was installed on 23 October 1980. Queen's celebrated its sesquicentennial anniversary in 1991, and Charles, Prince of Wales , and his then wife, Diana , visited

11186-443: The relative speed of RAM vs. ROM has varied over time, as of 2007 large RAM chips can be read faster than most ROMs. For this reason (and to allow uniform access), ROM content is sometimes copied to RAM or shadowed before its first use, and subsequently read from RAM. For those types of ROM that can be electrically modified, writing speed has traditionally been much slower than reading speed, and it may need unusually high voltage,

11305-545: The report is the subject of continuing debate. The administration implemented measures to promote diversity beginning in 2006, such as the position of diversity advisor and the hiring of "dialogue monitors" to facilitate discussions on social justice . In May 2010, Queen's University joined the Matariki Network of Universities , an international group of universities created in 2010, which focuses on strong links between research and undergraduate teaching. In response to

11424-400: The resignation of then-Rector Senator Gratton O'Leary . Unlike the executives of the various student governments, the Rector represents all students – both undergraduate and graduate – and is elected to a three-year term, though it has become traditional for student Rectors to step down after only two years. Despite standing separately from any student government, the Rector works closely with

11543-583: The smaller System/360 models, the 360/85 , and the initial two System/370 models ( 370/155 and 370/165 ). On some models there was also a writeable control store (WCS) for additional diagnostics and emulation support. The Apollo Guidance Computer used core rope memory , programmed by threading wires through magnetic cores. The simplest type of solid-state ROM is as old as the semiconductor technology itself. Combinational logic gates can be joined manually to map n -bit address input onto arbitrary values of m -bit data output (a look-up table ). With

11662-531: The time the dollar was about equal to the US dollar ). The fully equipped model 782 with 8 KB and two drives was $ 9,800, and was the only model that sold well. At the time, the machine was already officially being called a "personal computer". The first manuals contain a personal note from Kutt to future customers, "But the simplicity of the MCM/70 and its associated computer language…make personal computer use and ownership

11781-469: The two began work on developing Kutt's concept. In May 1972, Kutt Systems received one of the earliest SIM8-01 kits. The team, now including hardware engineer José Laraya, software engineer André Arpin, and two APL programmers, Don Genner and Morgan Smyth, started to build what was then termed the M/C , for microcomputer . By then, the design had expanded to include a complete keyboard, a chiclet design similar to

11900-555: The two largest sources of income for the university. As of 30 April 2022, Queen's endowment was valued at C$ 1,400,900,000. In 2023, Queen's disclosed a projected deficit of $ 62.8 million for 2024, which was later reduced to $ 48 million. Blaming the deficit on a tuition freeze introduced in Ontario in 2019, the university announced drastic measures, which included a hiring freeze and caps on class sizes. The university has been registered as an educational charitable organization by Canada Revenue Agency since 1 January 1967. As of 2011,

12019-422: The university disclosed a projected deficit of $ 48 million for the 2024 year. Stringent measures were unveiled by Provost Matthew Evans in response to the deficit, which included a cap on class size, limits on the number of international students, and a hiring freeze. The measures caused a backlash among faculty and students, with the latter organizing protests. Evans faced significant criticism for his handling of

12138-441: The university eighth in its 2022 Medical-Doctoral Canadian university rankings. Queen's also placed in several rankings that evaluated the employment prospects of graduates. In a 2011 survey conducted by Mines ParisTech 's, they found Queen's placed 38th in the world and first in Canada for number of graduates employed as the chief executive officer (or equivalent) of Fortune 500 companies. In an employability survey published by

12257-515: The university have been listed as National Historic Sites of Canada . The Kingston General Hospital is the oldest operating public hospital in Canada. The Roselawn House, which is east of the west campus, is the core component of the university's Donald Gordon Centre. Queen's University Libraries include six campus libraries and archives in six facilities housing 2.2 million physical items and 400,000 electronic resources, including e-books, serial titles and databases. The library's budget in 2007–2008

12376-460: The university ranked 201–300 in the world and 9–12 in Canada. The 2025 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 193rd in the world and tenth in Canada. The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 251–300 in the world, and 12th in Canada. In U.S. News & World Report 2022–23 global university rankings, Queen's placed 359th, and 12th in Canada. The Canadian-based news magazine Maclean's ranked

12495-401: The university registered primarily as a post-secondary institution, with 70% of the charity dedicated to management and maintenance. The charity has 21% dedicated to research, with the remaining 8% dedicated to awards, bursaries, and scholarships. Proceeds from the charity also go toward Queen's Theological College (as an affiliated college) and Bader College at Herstmonceaux Castle. Queen's is

12614-421: The university's medical degree courses; however, their presence was met with such hostility by male students and staff that the university decided to expel the women in 1883. A Women's Medical College was founded to enable the three students to complete their studies. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queen's main building throughout the late 19th century. In 1912, Queen's separated from

12733-474: The university, including elected representatives of the student body. The Royal Charter of 1841 was amended to include the University Council in 1874. The council is a composite of the Board of Trustees, senators, and an equal number of elected graduates. It serves as both an advisory and an ambassadorial body to the university as a whole and is responsible for the election of the Chancellor. Although it

12852-473: The university. The university funds several magazines and journals, among which are the Queen's Quarterly that has been published since 1893. Queen's was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s. A draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during

12971-577: The world, the President voiced the American policy of mutual alliance and friendship with Canada. During World War II, 2,917 graduates from Queen's served in the armed forces, suffering 164 fatalities. The Memorial Room in Memorial Hall of the John Deutsch University Centre lists Queen's students who died during the world wars. Queen's grew quickly after the war, propelled by the expanding postwar economy and

13090-404: Was $ 18.1 million, with $ 9.8 million dedicated to acquisitions. The libraries are Bracken Health Sciences Library , Education Library, Lederman Law Library, Stauffer Humanities and Social Sciences Library , and Engineering & Science Library. The W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections Library notably harbors early-dated books from 1475 to 1700. The Engineering & Science Library and

13209-713: Was bought by French company Generale d'Electricite (later Alcatel ) for its own use because of the product's mathematical computing features. In 2011, York University professor Zbigniew Stachniak published a book about the development of the MCM/70, titled Inventing the PC: The MCM/70 Story . A collection of papers, illustrations and hardware related to the device have been included in the York University Computer Museum. Queen%27s University, Kingston Queen's University at Kingston , commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's ,

13328-567: Was cheap compared to RAM. Notably, the display adapters of early personal computers stored tables of bitmapped font characters in ROM. This usually meant that the text display font could not be changed interactively. This was the case for both the CGA and MDA adapters available with the IBM PC XT. The use of ROM to store such small amounts of data has disappeared almost completely in modern general-purpose computers. However, NAND Flash has taken over

13447-465: Was delayed until spring. In December 1971, Kutt incorporated a technology development company, Kutt Systems. He signed an agreement with Intel to supply an Intel 4004 , a SIM4- 01 development system, supporting chips from the MCS-4 chipset , and an MP7-01 EPROM programmer to his new company. This equipment was used for early development work until the 8008 was available. Kutt hired programmer Gord Ramer, and

13566-457: Was facing competition from several home computer systems with the same computing power as their own machines. Although they were designing another more advanced microcomputer, termed A*2 , the funding needed for rapid development was unavailable. By 1983, the firm had ceased operating. Rights to the in-progress A*2 design were sold to Ampex . They worked on the design for about a year before also ceasing development. This machine, called Sysmo ,

13685-592: Was first displayed publicly on 11 November 1972 at the Kutt offices in Kingston, Ontario . In May 1973, the same system was shown at the APL Users’ Conference in Toronto, now encased in fibreglass . The completed design, in its new injection moulded case, was demonstrated for the press on 25 September 1973. The MCM/70, manufactured by Micro Computer Machines in Kingston, was encased in a wedge-shaped metal box about half

13804-408: Was not a stored-program computer as every program had to be manually wired into the machine, which could take days to weeks.) Read-only memory was simpler to implement since it needed only a mechanism to read stored values, and not to change them in-place, and thus could be implemented with very crude electromechanical devices (see historical examples below). With the advent of integrated circuits in

13923-554: Was sold in France by Sysmo company from 1975. This start-up was funded in Paris by Michel Carlier, an engineer who had invested also in MCM, with his own capital. However, the machine was sold for management applications while it was programmed with a complex scientific language (APL) much better adapted to scientific and technical fields; Sysmo company filed for bankruptcy in 1978. The stock of MCM/Sysmo

14042-580: Was the first Canadian university west of the Maritime provinces to admit women. After Confederation, the college faced ruin when the federal government withdrew its funding and the Commercial Bank of the Midland District collapsed, a disaster which cost Queen's two-thirds of its endowment . The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other officials created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin worried

14161-571: Was the second Ontario university to sign the University and College Presidents' Climate Change Statement of Action for Canada in 2010. The university campus received a B grade from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card for 2011. The governance of the university is conducted through the Board of Trustees, the Senate, and the University Council, the first two of which of were established under

#987012