Misplaced Pages

#997002

27-512: MCE may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Maximum considered earthquake or maximum considered event, maximum credible earthquake Magnetocaloric effect Mass call event , when an event causes an extremely high number of phone calls in an area Mass-casualty incident , also called a mass-casualty event (MCE) Medicare Code Editor; see Diagnosis-related group Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate ,

54-1066: A chemical sunscreening agent Computing [ edit ] Machine-check exception , a type of computer hardware error Windows Media Center application, originally part of Windows XP Media Center Edition TinyMCE , a Javascript-based HTML editor LinuxMCE , Linux Media Center Edition Meta-circular evaluator , a type of interpreter Transportation [ edit ] Marina Coastal Expressway , in Singapore Melbourne Central railway station Merced Regional Airport (IATA airport code), in Merced, California, US MetroCentre railway station (National Rail station code), England Mid-cycle enhancement, of an automobile model year Schools [ edit ] Manor Church of England Academy , York, England Military College of Engineering (disambiguation) Malnad College of Engineering , India Other uses [ edit ] Manually coded English Minecraft Earth ,

81-498: A mobile game developed by Mojang Studios Missing Children Europe Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MCE . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MCE&oldid=1237292376 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

108-502: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Maximum considered earthquake Calculations for determining seismic hazard were first formulated by C. Allin Cornell in 1968 and, depending on their level of importance and use, can be quite complex. The regional geology and seismology setting is first examined for sources and patterns of earthquake occurrence, both in depth and at

135-408: Is uncertainty in such measurements that grows with the wavelength so the focal depth of the source of these long-wavelength (low frequency) waves is difficult to determine exactly. Very strong earthquakes radiate a large fraction of their released energy in seismic waves with very long wavelengths and therefore a stronger earthquake involves the release of energy from a larger mass of rock. Computing

162-556: Is used in designing for skyscrapers and larger civil infrastructure, like dams, where structural failure could lead to other catastrophic consequences. These MCEs might require determining more than one specific earthquake event, depending on the variety of structures included. Some maps released by the USGS are shown with peak ground acceleration with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years, measured in Metre per second squared . For parts of

189-431: Is used specifically for general building codes, which people commonly occupy; building codes in many localities will require non-essential buildings to be designed for "collapse prevention" in an MCE, so that the building remains standing – allowing for safety and escape of occupants – rather than full structural survival of the building. A far more detailed and stringent MCE stands for "maximum credible earthquake", which

216-431: The 2014 USGS NSHMP hazard model." Global seismic hazard maps exist too, which similarly present the level of certain ground motions that have a 10% probability of exceedance (or a 90% chance of non-exceedance) during a 50-year time span (that corresponds to a return period of 475 years). Hypocenter A hypocenter or hypocentre (from Ancient Greek ὑπόκεντρον ( hupókentron )  'below

243-469: The Pacific Ring of Fire . Zones of higher seismicity in the continental interior may be the site for intraplate earthquakes ) and tend to be drawn as broad areas, based on historic records, like the 1812 New Madrid earthquake , since specific causative faults are generally not identified as earthquake sources. Each zone is given properties associated with source potential: how many earthquakes per year,

270-603: The US, the National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project in 2008 resulted in seismic hazard maps showing peak acceleration (as a percentage of gravity ) with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Temblor , a company founded in 2014, offers a seismic hazard rank for all of the conterminous US. This service is free and ad-free for the public. The hazard rank "is made for the likelihood of experiencing strong shaking (0.4g peak ground acceleration) in 30 years, based on

297-528: The atmosphere rather than strike the surface, is the closest point on the surface to the explosion. The Tunguska event occurred in Siberia in 1908 and flattened an estimated 80 million trees over an area of 2,150 km (830 sq mi) of forest. The trees at the hypocenter of the blast were left standing, but all their limbs had been blown off by the shockwave. The 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor 's hypocenter in Russia

SECTION 10

#1732843945998

324-556: The atomic attacks, released in June 1946, used the term liberally, defining it as: For convenience, the term 'ground zero' will be used to designate the point on the ground directly beneath the point of detonation, or 'air zero.' William Laurence , an embedded reporter with the Manhattan Project , reported that "Zero" was "the code name given to the spot chosen for the [Trinity] test" in 1945. The Oxford English Dictionary , citing

351-677: The center of this open space was nicknamed "Cafe Ground Zero". During the September 11 attacks in 2001, two aircraft were hijacked by 10 al-Qaeda terrorists and were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , causing massive damage and starting fires that caused the weakened 110-story skyscrapers to collapse . The destroyed World Trade Center site soon became known as "ground zero". Rescue workers also used

378-491: The center'), also called ground zero or surface zero , is the point on the Earth 's surface directly below a nuclear explosion , meteor air burst , or other mid-air explosion. In seismology , the hypocenter of an earthquake is its point of origin below ground; a synonym is the focus of an earthquake. Generally, the terms ground zero and surface zero are also used in relation to epidemics , and other disasters to mark

405-609: The hypocenter of the attack was Shima Hospital , approximately 800 ft (240 m) away from the intended aiming point at Aioi Bridge . During the Cold War , the Pentagon (headquarters of United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia ) was an assured target in the event of nuclear war . The open space in the center of the Pentagon became known informally as ground zero. A snack bar that used to be located at

432-466: The hypocenters of foreshocks, main shock, and aftershocks of earthquakes allows the three-dimensional plotting of the fault along which movement is occurring. The expanding wavefront from the earthquake's rupture propagates at a speed of several kilometers per second; this seismic wave is what is measured at various surface points in order to geometrically determine an initial guess as to the hypocenter. The wave reaches each station based upon how far away it

459-472: The key ground motion parameter. The final result gives a 'chance' of exceeding a given value over a specified amount of time. Standard building codes for homeowners might be concerned with a 1 in 500 years chance, while nuclear plants look at the 10,000 year time frame. A longer-term seismic history can be obtained through paleoseismology . The results may be in the form of a ground response spectrum for use in seismic analysis . More elaborate variations on

486-435: The maximum size of earthquakes ( maximum magnitude ), etc. Finally, the calculations require formulae that give the required hazard indicators for a given earthquake size and distance. For example, some districts prefer to use peak acceleration , others use peak velocity, and more sophisticated uses require response spectral ordinates. The computer program then integrates over all the zones and produces probability curves for

513-585: The point of the most severe damage or destruction. The term is distinguished from the term zero point in that the latter can also be located in the air, underground, or underwater. The term "ground zero" originally referred to the hypocenter of the Trinity test in Jornada del Muerto desert near Socorro, New Mexico , and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey of

540-493: The site labeled it the " Ground Zero mosque ". In advance of the 10th anniversary of the attacks, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg urged that the "ground zero" moniker be retired, saying, "…the time has come to call those 16 acres [6.5 hectares] what they are: The World Trade Center and the National September 11th Memorial and Museum." The hypocenter of a meteor air burst , an asteroid or comet that explodes in

567-439: The surface from seismometer records; secondly, the impacts from these sources are assessed relative to local geologic rock and soil types, slope angle and groundwater conditions. Zones of similar potential earthquake shaking are thus determined and drawn on maps. The well known San Andreas Fault is illustrated as a long narrow elliptical zone of greater potential motion, like many areas along continental margins associated with

SECTION 20

#1732843945998

594-520: The term "The Big Momma!", referring to the pile of rubble that was left after the buildings collapsed. Even after the site was cleaned up and construction on the new One World Trade Center and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum were well under way, the term was still frequently used to refer to the site, as when opponents of the Park51 project that was to be located two blocks away from

621-518: The theme also look at the soil conditions. Higher ground motions are likely to be experienced on a soft swamp compared to a hard rock site. The standard seismic hazard calculations become adjusted upwards when postulating characteristic earthquakes . Areas with high ground motion due to soil conditions are also often subject to soil failure due to liquefaction . Soil failure can also occur due to earthquake-induced landslides in steep terrain. Large area landsliding can also occur on rather gentle slopes as

648-482: The use of the term in a 1946 New York Times report on the destroyed city of Hiroshima , defines ground zero as "that part of the ground situated immediately under an exploding bomb, especially an atomic one." The term was military slang, used at the Trinity site where the weapon tower for the first nuclear weapon was at "point zero", and moved into general use very shortly after the end of World War II . At Hiroshima,

675-427: Was from the hypocenter. A number of things need to be taken into account, most importantly variations in the waves speed based upon the materials that it is passing through. With adjustments for velocity changes, the initial estimate of the hypocenter is made, then a series of linear equations is set up, one for each station. The equations express the difference between the observed arrival times and those calculated from

702-559: Was more populated than that of Tunguska, resulting in civil damage and injury, mostly from flying glass shards from broken windows. An earthquake's hypocenter or focus is the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is first released, marking the point where the fault begins to rupture. This occurs directly beneath the epicenter , at a distance known as the hypocentral depth or focal depth . The focal depth can be calculated from measurements based on seismic wave phenomena. As with all wave phenomena in physics , there

729-506: Was seen in the Good Friday earthquake in Anchorage, Alaska , March 28, 1964. In a normal seismic hazard analyses intended for the public, that of a "maximum considered earthquake", or "maximum considered event" (MCE) for a specific area, is an earthquake that is expected to occur once in approximately 2,500 years; that is, it has a 2-percent probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The term

#997002