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97-444: The M1117 was one of the first U.S. military vehicles to be built on a specialized mine-resistant hull, and after 2001 was adopted in increasing numbers as a direct response to the threat posed by improvised explosive devices to US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. Its armament consists of an Mk 19 grenade launcher and M2HB Browning machine gun , mounted in a turret similar to that used on

194-628: A C-17 aircraft, and airlifting is expensive, at $ 150,000 per vehicle. The US Air Force contracted several Russian Antonov An-124 heavy-cargo aircraft, which became a familiar sight above cities such as Charleston, South Carolina , where some MRAPs were produced. For comparison, sealifting costs around $ 13,000 per vehicle, but takes 3–4 weeks. In December 2007, the Marine Corps reduced its request from 3,700 vehicles to 2,300. The Army also reassessed its MRAP requirements. In January 2010, 400 were flown into Afghanistan, increasing to 500

291-573: A C-17 aircraft, and airlifting is expensive, at $ 150,000 per vehicle. The US Air Force contracted several Russian Antonov An-124 heavy-cargo aircraft, which became a familiar sight above cities such as Charleston, South Carolina , where some MRAPs were produced. For comparison, sealifting costs around $ 13,000 per vehicle, but takes 3–4 weeks. In December 2007, the Marine Corps reduced its request from 3,700 vehicles to 2,300. The Army also reassessed its MRAP requirements. In January 2010, 400 were flown into Afghanistan, increasing to 500

388-527: A combat zone was the 527th MP Company and other elements of the 720th Military Police Battalion . However, the onset of events in Iraq gave new life to the ASV program as HMMWVs proved vulnerable to attacks and prone to numerous casualties. Up-armored HMMWVs were not designed to be armored cars like the M1117, which are designed to withstand hits from small arms, mines and rockets in front-line combat units. Soldiers who used

485-449: A common design presented a logistic challenge, but the diversity of MRAP vehicles also conferred an advantage. Their weight and size limits their use away from main roads, in urban areas, and over bridges, as 72 percent of the world's bridges cannot support the MRAP. Their heft restricts transport by C-130 cargo aircraft or amphibious ships. Three MRAP vehicles (or five Oshkosh M-ATVs) fit in

582-402: A common design presented a logistic challenge, but the diversity of MRAP vehicles also conferred an advantage. Their weight and size limits their use away from main roads, in urban areas, and over bridges, as 72 percent of the world's bridges cannot support the MRAP. Their heft restricts transport by C-130 cargo aircraft or amphibious ships. Three MRAP vehicles (or five Oshkosh M-ATVs) fit in

679-648: A month in February, but the goal of 1,000 a month was scaled back because of distribution and training difficulties. On 31 July 2007, the Marine Corps Systems Command launched an MRAP II pre-solicitation to develop a new vehicle with better protection, particularly against such threats as explosively formed penetrators . While the Frag Kit 6 was designed to handle EFPs, the MRAP ;II competition's purpose

776-424: A month in February, but the goal of 1,000 a month was scaled back because of distribution and training difficulties. On 31 July 2007, the Marine Corps Systems Command launched an MRAP II pre-solicitation to develop a new vehicle with better protection, particularly against such threats as explosively formed penetrators . While the Frag Kit 6 was designed to handle EFPs, the MRAP II competition's purpose

873-549: A platform for "mission command-on-the-move" to protect command-and-control capabilities while moving across the battlefield. Most MRAPs in Korea were redeployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. North Korean military officials claimed MRAPs would be used to safely cross the DMZ to attack the North, and said the forward deployment of such military hardware disturbed peace and stability. However, by August 2013,

970-407: A platform for "mission command-on-the-move" to protect command-and-control capabilities while moving across the battlefield. Most MRAPs in Korea were redeployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. North Korean military officials claimed MRAPs would be used to safely cross the DMZ to attack the North, and said the forward deployment of such military hardware disturbed peace and stability. However, by August 2013,

1067-615: A response to the increased threat of IEDs during the Iraq War . From 2007 until 2012, the MRAP program deployed more than 12,000 vehicles in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan . Production of the first round of MRAP vehicles officially ended in 2012, followed by the launch of the Oshkosh M-ATV vehicle. In 2015, Oshkosh Corporation was awarded a contract to build the Oshkosh L-ATV as

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1164-488: A specially shaped metal plate at high velocity while simultaneously forming it into an armor-piercing projectile. In Iraq, EFP use more than doubled in 2006. In 2007, 11 percent of all roadside bomb fatalities were due to EFPs. In 2007, the Marines had estimated that MRAPs could reduce IED casualties in Iraq by as much as 80 percent. This MRAP weakness was addressed by the next-generation MRAP II. As an interim solution,

1261-438: A specially shaped metal plate at high velocity while simultaneously forming it into an armor-piercing projectile. In Iraq, EFP use more than doubled in 2006. In 2007, 11 percent of all roadside bomb fatalities were due to EFPs. In 2007, the Marines had estimated that MRAPs could reduce IED casualties in Iraq by as much as 80 percent. This MRAP weakness was addressed by the next-generation MRAP II. As an interim solution,

1358-601: A tendency to roll over easily. In one study, a majority of MRAP accidents are overturned vehicles. Specialized light armored vehicles designed specifically to resist land mines were first introduced in the 1970s by the Rhodesian Army , and were further developed by South African manufacturers starting in 1974 with the Hippo armored personnel carrier (APC). The first step by the South African Defence Force (SADF)

1455-420: Is a term for United States military light tactical vehicles produced as part of the MRAP program that are designed specifically to withstand improvised explosive device (IED) attacks and ambushes . The United States Department of Defense MRAP program began in 2007 as a response to the increased threat of IEDs during the Iraq War . From 2007 until 2012, the MRAP program deployed more than 12,000 vehicles in

1552-534: Is able to carry one ASV. The following variants are known to be in production/service: With the adoption of the M1117 as the Mobile Strike Force Vehicle (MSFV) by the Afghan National Army , demand increased for much larger-caliber weapon systems mounted on the same chassis, to provide an organic anti-tank and fire support capability. On 22 October 2013, a new fire-support variant of the M1117

1649-506: Is capable of fording 5-foot (1.5 m) depths of water, climbing gradients of 60%, negotiating 30% side slope, and overcoming obstacles of five feet. Its turning radius is 27.5-foot (8.4 m), and it has 18-inch (46 cm) of ground clearance . Six ASVs can be carried on a single Boeing C-17 Globemaster III airlift aircraft, fully loaded and ready to roll off. Also, the Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter

1746-553: Is designed for missions including convoy lead, troop transport, ambulance , explosive ordnance disposal and combat engineering . These Category II MRAP vehicles were ordered or are currently in service: In 2004, the United States Marine Corps reported that no troops had died in more than 300 IED attacks on Cougar vehicles. In 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates decided to increase MRAP vehicle orders. On 8 May 2007, Gates announced that acquisition of MRAPs

1843-540: Is separated into three categories according to weight and size. The Mine-Resistant Utility Vehicle (MRUV) is relatively small and light, designed for urban operations. These Category 1 MRAP vehicles were ordered or are in service: The Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Rapid Response Vehicle ( JERRV ) is designed for missions including convoy lead, troop transport, ambulance , explosive ordnance disposal and combat engineering . These Category II MRAP vehicles were ordered or are currently in service: In 2004,

1940-585: Is unknown whether the gunner was killed by the explosion or by the subsequent vehicle rollover. The v-hull was not compromised. The crew compartment also appeared to be uncompromised, and the three other crew members inside the vehicle survived. Although this was reported as the first MRAP combat death, later reports stated that three soldiers had earlier been killed by IEDs in RG-31s and two by EFPs in Buffalos. As of 6 May 2008, eight soldiers had been reported killed in

2037-485: Is unknown whether the gunner was killed by the explosion or by the subsequent vehicle rollover. The v-hull was not compromised. The crew compartment also appeared to be uncompromised, and the three other crew members inside the vehicle survived. Although this was reported as the first MRAP combat death, later reports stated that three soldiers had earlier been killed by IEDs in RG-31s and two by EFPs in Buffalos. As of 6 May 2008, eight soldiers had been reported killed in

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2134-487: The 709th MP Battalion . The program was canceled in 2002 because of budget priorities. The United States Army believed that existing vehicles could be used without an "unacceptable level of risk." (At $ 800,000 each in 2011, the M1117 was significantly more expensive than the $ 140,000 price for an M1114 and $ 220,000 for an armoured M1114.) When the Iraq War began in 2003, there were 49 ASVs in service, almost all assigned to MP units. The first MP unit to officially use them in

2231-549: The International Steel Group (now part of ArcelorMittal ). The U.S. Department of Defense negotiated to ensure enough steel was available to keep pace with production. The U.S. military's MRAP program was prompted by U.S. casualties from improvised explosive devices (IED)s during the Iraq War . Vehicle designs from various vendors were deployed as part of the MRAP program. MRAPs usually have V-shaped hulls to deflect explosive forces from land mines or IEDs below

2328-608: The Iraq War and War in Afghanistan . Production of the first round of MRAP vehicles officially ended in 2012, followed by the launch of the Oshkosh M-ATV vehicle. In 2015, Oshkosh Corporation was awarded a contract to build the Oshkosh L-ATV as the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle , a lighter mine-resistant vehicle to replace the Humvee in combat roles and supplement the M-ATV. The MRAP's high center of gravity means it has

2425-402: The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle , a lighter mine-resistant vehicle to replace the Humvee in combat roles and supplement the M-ATV. The MRAP's high center of gravity means it has a tendency to roll over easily. In one study, a majority of MRAP accidents are overturned vehicles. Specialized light armored vehicles designed specifically to resist land mines were first introduced in the 1970s by

2522-621: The Rhodesian Army , and were further developed by South African manufacturers starting in 1974 with the Hippo armored personnel carrier (APC). The first step by the South African Defence Force (SADF) was the Bosvark, a Unimog fitted with a shallow mine-deflecting tub on the chassis to protect the crew. Then came the first generation of purpose-built vehicles, including the Hippo and various other light vehicles. They were essentially armoured V-shaped hulls mounted on truck chassis. The next generation

2619-668: The United States Marine Corps reported that no troops had died in more than 300 IED attacks on Cougar vehicles. In 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates decided to increase MRAP vehicle orders. On 8 May 2007, Gates announced that acquisition of MRAPs was the Department of Defense 's highest priority for fiscal year 2007; $ 1.1 billion was earmarked . A 2008 GAO report found that Marine combat planners had delayed "an urgent request in 2005 for 1,169 MRAPs", primarily because then- commandant General Michael Hagee wanted to preserve funding for up-armoring Humvees, believing they were

2716-438: The United States Marine Corps ' Amphibious Assault Vehicle , and a M240H Medium Machine Gun mounted outside the gunner's hatch. The vehicle was utilized by American military police and convoy security units in Iraq and Afghanistan. It is a more heavily protected and heavily armed alternative to the armored M1114 HMMWV aka "Humvee" , which was not originally designed to be a protected fighting vehicle. The vehicle (originally

2813-492: The $ 5 million Stryker. The crew compartment is fully air-conditioned. The ASV uses an advanced modular expandable armor package from IBD Deisenroth Engineering , consisting of ceramic composite appliqué on the exterior and spall liner on the interior. The Guardian's armor is designed to defeat small arms fire, mines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). The armor is angled, presenting no vertical surfaces, and deflects many rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) hits. If an RPG does hit

2910-596: The 14-ton MRAPs had forced insurgents to build bigger, more sophisticated bombs. Those bombs are more difficult to build and set up, increasing the chance of catching the insurgents. According to Marinetimes.com , the Taliban focused their efforts away from anti-materiel IEDs and more toward smaller anti-personnel bombs to target soldiers on patrol. The MRAP program is similar to the United States Army 's Medium Mine Protected Vehicle program. The MRAP program's lack of

3007-486: The 14-ton MRAPs had forced insurgents to build bigger, more sophisticated bombs. Those bombs are more difficult to build and set up, increasing the chance of catching the insurgents. According to Marinetimes.com , the Taliban focused their efforts away from anti-materiel IEDs and more toward smaller anti-personnel bombs to target soldiers on patrol. The MRAP program is similar to the United States Army 's Medium Mine Protected Vehicle program. The MRAP program's lack of

M1117 armored security vehicle - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-465: The 2ID had decided not to utilize the over 80 MRAPs on the peninsula. They determined the vehicles were "not suitable for maneuver battalions to use" and no plans involved adding MRAPs. The vehicles were returned to the Army fleet management system. In 2013 the U.S. government attempted to sell about 2,000 out of the 11,000 MRAPs in Afghanistan. The logistical and financial task of bringing the vehicles back to

3201-418: The 2ID had decided not to utilize the over 80 MRAPs on the peninsula. They determined the vehicles were "not suitable for maneuver battalions to use" and no plans involved adding MRAPs. The vehicles were returned to the Army fleet management system. In 2013 the U.S. government attempted to sell about 2,000 out of the 11,000 MRAPs in Afghanistan. The logistical and financial task of bringing the vehicles back to

3298-641: The 30-ton MRAP II vehicles. The paper also reported that, in addition, the Pentagon might buy some shorter, lighter MRAPs. A senior Pentagon official told them that "the roads are caving in" under the weight of MRAPs and "We want it to weigh less". In 2010 Textron presented the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV), a protective capsule that can increase Humvee survivability to MRAP levels while significantly improving mobility. SCTV consisted of five kits; all five need to be installed before

3395-514: The 30-ton MRAP II vehicles. The paper also reported that, in addition, the Pentagon might buy some shorter, lighter MRAPs. A senior Pentagon official told them that "the roads are caving in" under the weight of MRAPs and "We want it to weigh less". In 2010 Textron presented the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV), a protective capsule that can increase Humvee survivability to MRAP levels while significantly improving mobility. SCTV consisted of five kits; all five need to be installed before

3492-715: The 90   mm Direct Fire Vehicle as a direct response to the Afghan requirement for a more heavily armed MSFV. Afghanistan immediately ordered 50 and offered to purchase the vehicle through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program, with grants from the US government. However, since the 90   mm cannon and most of the turret components were made in Belgium, US military officials blocked the sale until they could qualify and approve that particular combination for export through FMS. In 2014,

3589-437: The ASV's gas particulate air filtration system was designed to provide additional protection, but is currently not in service due to lack of crew masks for the system. The ASV has experienced several rollover incidents. Soldiers have a high survivability rate in rollovers as the turret is fully enclosed, protecting the gunner from ejection. However, there have been at least two incidents of rollovers that resulted in fatalities when

3686-584: The ASV-150) is a purpose-built 21st-century version of Cadillac Gage 's V-100 Commando family of Armored fighting vehicles which was used by the U.S. Army Military Police during the Vietnam War ; whose duties often consisted of providing armed escort for wheeled convoys. The USAF in South Vietnam utilized an open hatched (turret-less) Commando for base security missions. The ASV 150 was a much improved version of

3783-629: The Excess Defense Articles program. It offered to buy them and transport from Afghanistan to Pakistan. After the US rejected the offer, Pakistan bought 200 new MRAPs. MRAP (armored vehicle) Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected ( MRAP ; / ˈ ɛ m r æ p / EM -rap ) is a term for United States military light tactical vehicles produced as part of the MRAP program that are designed specifically to withstand improvised explosive device (IED) attacks and ambushes . The United States Department of Defense MRAP program began in 2007 as

3880-449: The M1117 is lighter than the 20-ton Stryker ICV or 25-ton M2 Bradley armored vehicle. It can reach 20 miles per hour in 7 seconds. It is only 7 feet 9 + 1 ⁄ 2  inches (2.375 meters) wide, compared to 11 feet 9 + 1 ⁄ 2  inches (3.594 meters) for a Bradley. Buttoned up, the crew has 360° visibility. In size and capability, it fits between the Humvee and

3977-548: The M1117. 500 are in service. Bulgaria uses a variant of the M1117 APC fitted with a NSVT heavy machine gun instead of the M2. Not all vehicles have been converted this way. The Iraqi armored personnel carrier ASV variant is configured for transport. Iraq has also modified some of its ASV turrets to accommodate an anti-aircraft capability. MRAP Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected ( MRAP ; / ˈ ɛ m r æ p / EM -rap )

M1117 armored security vehicle - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-627: The M1117s, and some members of Congress visiting Iraq, favored them over other mine-protected vehicles . In response to urgent United States Army requirements in the mid-2000s, production increased more than forty-fold, from one ASV every three weeks to 56 vehicles per month. The production plant, located in New Orleans , was heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. The manufacturing facilities were later rebuilt and expanded to five buildings, while

4171-565: The MRAP production line. As of that date, 27,740 MRAP vehicles had been fielded from seven manufacturers, 12,726 vehicles were still in Afghanistan, about 870 were sold to foreign militaries, and 700 were on foreign order. In early July 2012, five MRAP vehicles were delivered to the 2nd Infantry Division in the Korean Peninsula . The 2ID tested over 50 vehicles to see how they would be used there and whether their capabilities were right for Korea. In addition to force protection, MRAPs provided

4268-507: The MRAP production line. As of that date, 27,740 MRAP vehicles had been fielded from seven manufacturers, 12,726 vehicles were still in Afghanistan, about 870 were sold to foreign militaries, and 700 were on foreign order. In early July 2012, five MRAP vehicles were delivered to the 2nd Infantry Division in the Korean Peninsula . The 2ID tested over 50 vehicles to see how they would be used there and whether their capabilities were right for Korea. In addition to force protection, MRAPs provided

4365-661: The MRAP program are often criticized for their bulk. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle is designed to provide the same protection as an MRAP vehicle with lower weight and greater maneuverability. In 2015, Oshkosh was awarded a contract to produce up to 49,100 vehicles for the US Army and Marine Corps based on its successful MRAP ATV. Following the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan , questions arose as to what to do with MRAPs, as they were designed specifically for asymmetric warfare . The Army decided they would keep them in some sort of service. Of

4462-566: The MRAP program are often criticized for their bulk. The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle is designed to provide the same protection as an MRAP vehicle with lower weight and greater maneuverability. In 2015, Oshkosh was awarded a contract to produce up to 49,100 vehicles for the US Army and Marine Corps based on its successful MRAP ATV. Following the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan , questions arose as to what to do with MRAPs, as they were designed specifically for asymmetric warfare . The Army decided they would keep them in some sort of service. Of

4559-537: The MRAP program. However, in early 2008, Textron was awarded a contract worth $ 228 million to build 329 ASVs, to be delivered with the latest fragmentation protection kits. The total number of ASVs produced and remaining to be delivered to the U.S. Army at the time was 2,058 vehicles. In April 2019, the M1117 was added to the Master Divestiture List. In time, they will be replaced with the M-ATV . At about 15 tons,

4656-410: The MRAP vehicles raised their centers of gravity , and the weight can damage the badly built/poorly maintained roads in rural Iraq or Afghanistan to the point of collapse. Almost 40 of the 66 MRAP accidents between 7 November 2007 and 8 June 2008 were due to rollovers. In many of the rollovers, troops were injured. In two separate incidents, five soldiers were killed by rolling over into a canal, trapping

4753-410: The MRAP vehicles raised their centers of gravity , and the weight can damage the badly built/poorly maintained roads in rural Iraq or Afghanistan to the point of collapse. Almost 40 of the 66 MRAP accidents between 7 November 2007 and 8 June 2008 were due to rollovers. In many of the rollovers, troops were injured. In two separate incidents, five soldiers were killed by rolling over into a canal, trapping

4850-527: The Marine Corps planned to replace all Humvees in combat zones with MRAP vehicles, although that changed. As armored vehicles were considered an urgent need in Afghanistan, the MRAP program was primarily funded under an "emergency war budget". Originally, Brigadier General Michael Brogan was in charge of the Marine MRAP program; he was succeeded by Brigadier General Frank Kelley, Commander, United States Marine Corps Systems Command. The Army MRAP program

4947-531: The TSG/FPI Cougar was designed by a British-led U.S. team, to U.S. Marine Corps requirements. It became the springboard from which the MRAP program was launched. Only two "armor quality" steel mills operate in the U.S.: the Russian-owned Oregon Steel Mills and the International Steel Group (now part of ArcelorMittal ). The U.S. Department of Defense negotiated to ensure enough steel

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5044-694: The U.S. ($ 50,000 per vehicle), or destroying some in-country, was prohibitive. Destruction costs were estimated to be $ 10,000 per vehicle. In September 2014, the U.S. approved a $ 2.5 billion deal with the United Arab Emirates Army for over 4,500 surplus U.S. MRAPs. 1,150 vehicles were Caimans. The U.S. government approved transferring 930 MRAP vehicles to Egypt using the Excess Defense Articles Grant Program. The MRAP vehicles were donated, although Egypt had to pay for shipment and refurbishment. Pakistan requested MRAPs through

5141-547: The U.S. ($ 50,000 per vehicle), or destroying some in-country, was prohibitive. Destruction costs were estimated to be $ 10,000 per vehicle. In September 2014, the U.S. approved a $ 2.5 billion deal with the United Arab Emirates Army for over 4,500 surplus U.S. MRAPs. 1,150 vehicles were Caimans. The U.S. government approved transferring 930 MRAP vehicles to Egypt using the Excess Defense Articles Grant Program. The MRAP vehicles were donated, although Egypt had to pay for shipment and refurbishment. Pakistan requested MRAPs through

5238-435: The U.S. Marine Corps System Command ordered 773 RG31 (1) MRAPs ($ 552M) from General Dynamics Land Systems Canada for delivery by April 2009. On 19 June 2007 the U.S. Army ordered an additional 44 BAE RG-31 Mk 5 vehicles and an additional 369 M1117 ASVs . The MRAP Armor Weight Reduction Spiral (MAWRS) Program reduced weight by 40 percent, and was fielded on more than 10,000 MRAP vehicles in 2008. The program

5335-435: The U.S. Marine Corps System Command ordered 773 RG31 (1) MRAPs ($ 552M) from General Dynamics Land Systems Canada for delivery by April 2009. On 19 June 2007 the U.S. Army ordered an additional 44 BAE RG-31 Mk 5 vehicles and an additional 369 M1117 ASVs . The MRAP Armor Weight Reduction Spiral (MAWRS) Program reduced weight by 40 percent, and was fielded on more than 10,000 MRAP vehicles in 2008. The program

5432-452: The approximately 20,000 MRAPs in service, 30 percent (6,000) would stay in brigade combat teams as troop transports and route clearance vehicles, 10 percent (2,000) would move to training, and the rest would go into storage. MRAPs were to be superseded by the JLTV in 2016. They may still be used until 2022, when the JLTV achieves sufficient numbers. On 1 October 2012, the Pentagon officially closed

5529-405: The approximately 20,000 MRAPs in service, 30 percent (6,000) would stay in brigade combat teams as troop transports and route clearance vehicles, 10 percent (2,000) would move to training, and the rest would go into storage. MRAPs were to be superseded by the JLTV in 2016. They may still be used until 2022, when the JLTV achieves sufficient numbers. On 1 October 2012, the Pentagon officially closed

5626-554: The development of up-armored models. Many generals doubted the benefits, but the Military Police Corps, tasked with patrolling the "safe" rear area behind the battle line, insisted that the Army fund a slow but steady production of the bullet-resistant M1114 Humvee. In 1999, the United States Army began buying a limited number of M1117s for the Military Police Corps. They were field-tested by MP units in Kosovo, mostly by members of

5723-473: The dropdown stairs at the rear of some versions was claimed to hamper vehicle exit. Troops riding in the rear could easily hit their heads on the ceiling in rough terrain, thereby risking serious brain and spinal injuries. Earlier reports had stated that the MRAP was well received, with US troops stating that they would rather be hit by an IED in an MRAP than in a Humvee. A 13 June 2008 Marine Corps report exposed concerns about rollovers. The V-shaped hulls of

5820-473: The dropdown stairs at the rear of some versions was claimed to hamper vehicle exit. Troops riding in the rear could easily hit their heads on the ceiling in rough terrain, thereby risking serious brain and spinal injuries. Earlier reports had stated that the MRAP was well received, with US troops stating that they would rather be hit by an IED in an MRAP than in a Humvee. A 13 June 2008 Marine Corps report exposed concerns about rollovers. The V-shaped hulls of

5917-457: The earlier Cadillac Gage vehicle, with improved armor protection and better maneuverability due to the use of Timoney 's independent suspension system. In the 1980s, U.S. military doctrine emphasized two distinct types of equipment. Tanks and infantry fighting vehicles were for frontline combat, and unarmored utility vehicles for transport behind the lines. In 1993, the military had to fight through Mogadishu in unarmored Humvees , leading to

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6014-406: The low-pressure cannon was that, in spite of its relatively large caliber, it could be mounted on a vehicle weighing only 18 metric tonnes, or about 40,000 pounds, combat loaded. The new armament was also fitted with a single-baffle muzzle brake and concentric hydro-spring recoil mechanism as standard to reduce the pressure exerted on the relatively light chassis. According to Textron, it invested in

6111-472: The military installed a variant of the Humvee 's IED-defeating Frag Kit 6 armor, which adds significant weight and width. In July 2008, the U.S. military reported the number of EFP attacks had dropped by 70 percent. On 19 January 2008, a 3rd Infantry Division U.S. Army soldier, Specialist Richard Burress, operating as the exposed turret gunner was killed in a Navistar MaxxPro MRAP by an ANFO IED estimated at 600 lb (270 kg). It

6208-472: The military installed a variant of the Humvee 's IED-defeating Frag Kit 6 armor, which adds significant weight and width. In July 2008, the U.S. military reported the number of EFP attacks had dropped by 70 percent. On 19 January 2008, a 3rd Infantry Division U.S. Army soldier, Specialist Richard Burress, operating as the exposed turret gunner was killed in a Navistar MaxxPro MRAP by an ANFO IED estimated at 600 lb (270 kg). It

6305-696: The number of personnel at the plant more than doubled. As of mid-2007, 1729 vehicles were delivered or under contract, with many being dispersed not just to MP units, but also to numerous other military units including the Iraqi National Police . A variant was to be evaluated by the United States Marine Corps as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicle program. In May 2007, after its vehicle submission failed ballistics testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Textron received word that it would not receive further orders as part of

6402-578: The potential sale with Afghan officials in 2017. Around the same time, Iraq requested an undisclosed number of 90   mm Direct Fire Vehicles from Textron for its ongoing campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . The sale was pending review by the US government in February 2017. The Textron Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle (TAPV) used by the Canadian Army is a heavy-armoured upgrade of

6499-593: The procurement process was suspended when the US canceled its funding for the sale of almost 300 MSFVs, including the 50 Direct Fire Vehicles, to the Afghan National Army, citing budgetary constraints. The US military had not yet finished its testing of the Belgian weapons system at the time, so none were ever delivered. As Kabul's requirement for a fire support variant of the MSFV remained unfulfilled, Textron agreed to revisit

6596-424: The quickest way to protect Marines from roadside bomb threats. In late 2007, the Marine Corps planned to replace all Humvees in combat zones with MRAP vehicles, although that changed. As armored vehicles were considered an urgent need in Afghanistan, the MRAP program was primarily funded under an "emergency war budget". Originally, Brigadier General Michael Brogan was in charge of the Marine MRAP program; he

6693-528: The soldiers underwater with no means of escape. The report said 75% of all rollovers occurred in rural areas, often where roads had been built above grade with an adjacent ditch or canal. The report also raised concerns associated with MRAP vehicles snagging on low-hanging power lines or its antennas passing close enough to create an electric arc, which might electrocute the passengers. The MRAP may not be sufficiently effective against Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFP), which use an explosive charge to propel

6790-528: The soldiers underwater with no means of escape. The report said 75% of all rollovers occurred in rural areas, often where roads had been built above grade with an adjacent ditch or canal. The report also raised concerns associated with MRAP vehicles snagging on low-hanging power lines or its antennas passing close enough to create an electric arc, which might electrocute the passengers. The MRAP may not be sufficiently effective against Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFP), which use an explosive charge to propel

6887-530: The thousands of MRAPs in Iraq. In June 2008, USA Today reported that roadside bomb attacks and fatalities were down almost 90%, partially due to MRAPs. "They've taken hits, many, many hits that would have killed soldiers and Marines in unarmored Humvees," according to Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Major General Rick Lynch, who commanded a division in Baghdad, told USA Today that

6984-426: The thousands of MRAPs in Iraq. In June 2008, USA Today reported that roadside bomb attacks and fatalities were down almost 90%, partially due to MRAPs. "They've taken hits, many, many hits that would have killed soldiers and Marines in unarmored Humvees," according to Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Major General Rick Lynch, who commanded a division in Baghdad, told USA Today that

7081-436: The turret broke away from the vehicle. Since these incidents, Textron began adding 15 additional bolts to the vehicle turret. The typical mission profile of an ASV involves 50% travel on primary roads, 30% travel on secondary roads, and 20% cross-country travel. The vehicle has a model MD3560 Allison Transmission . Front and rear independent suspension provides smooth highway speeds of up to 70 mph (110 km/h), while it

7178-458: The vehicle can be properly called an SCTV. The vehicle features a monocoque V-shaped hull and angled sides to help deflect rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) with scalable levels of protection. It has greater engine power, replacing the 6.5 liter diesel engine with a Cummins 6.7 liter diesel and Allison 6-speed transmission, as well as stronger suspension, improved brakes, higher ground clearance, and many other modifications. Vehicles built as part of

7275-458: The vehicle can be properly called an SCTV. The vehicle features a monocoque V-shaped hull and angled sides to help deflect rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) with scalable levels of protection. It has greater engine power, replacing the 6.5 liter diesel engine with a Cummins 6.7 liter diesel and Allison 6-speed transmission, as well as stronger suspension, improved brakes, higher ground clearance, and many other modifications. Vehicles built as part of

7372-619: The vehicle directly, the armor can still function, although crew survivability varies with the location of the RPG hit. Angled armor is more resistant to attack than vertical armor due to the V-shaped hull deflecting explosive forces, as opposed to a single-plane hull which takes the entire impact force. ASVs in Iraq and Afghanistan have withstood several IED attacks, some vehicles multiple times. One ASV returned 28 miles (45 km) after an IED destroyed all four tires. As for chemical and biological attacks,

7469-540: The vehicle, thereby protecting vehicle and passengers. MRAPs weigh 14 to 18 tons, are up to 9 feet (2.7 m) high, and cost between US$ 500,000 and US$ 1,000,000. These companies submitting designs: The MRAP class is separated into three categories according to weight and size. The Mine-Resistant Utility Vehicle (MRUV) is relatively small and light, designed for urban operations. These Category 1 MRAP vehicles were ordered or are in service: The Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Rapid Response Vehicle ( JERRV )

7566-577: Was available to keep pace with production. The U.S. military's MRAP program was prompted by U.S. casualties from improvised explosive devices (IED)s during the Iraq War . Vehicle designs from various vendors were deployed as part of the MRAP program. MRAPs usually have V-shaped hulls to deflect explosive forces from land mines or IEDs below the vehicle, thereby protecting vehicle and passengers. MRAPs weigh 14 to 18 tons, are up to 9 feet (2.7 m) high, and cost between US$ 500,000 and US$ 1,000,000. These companies submitting designs: The MRAP class

7663-533: Was developed for the SADF after 1980; this was the inspiration for the American MRAP program and the basis for some of the program's vehicles. In 2004, the TSG/FPI Cougar was designed by a British-led U.S. team, to U.S. Marine Corps requirements. It became the springboard from which the MRAP program was launched. Only two "armor quality" steel mills operate in the U.S.: the Russian-owned Oregon Steel Mills and

7760-425: Was expected to be $ 48.5 billion (FY10-11). The MRAP program was criticized for its nearly $ 50 billion cost, the potential logistical difficulties due to high fuel consumption and varied designs, decreased connection between troops and the local population due to MRAPs' size and appearance, which conflicted with counter-insurgency (COIN) strategy, and unclear disposal routes. In 2007, the post-war fate of MRAPs

7857-425: Was expected to be $ 48.5 billion (FY10-11). The MRAP program was criticized for its nearly $ 50 billion cost, the potential logistical difficulties due to high fuel consumption and varied designs, decreased connection between troops and the local population due to MRAPs' size and appearance, which conflicted with counter-insurgency (COIN) strategy, and unclear disposal routes. In 2007, the post-war fate of MRAPs

7954-571: Was later disqualified due to limited forward armor. The two qualified designs were an upgraded Caiman designed by Armor Holdings (later acquired by BAE Systems), and the Bull , a combined effort between Ideal Innovations Inc, Ceradyne and Oshkosh . Both designs weighed 40,000 lb or more. According to the Army Times , the Pentagon had already decided to buy first-generation 14- to 24-ton MRAP I vehicles with extra Frag Kit 6-derived armor, not

8051-473: Was later disqualified due to limited forward armor. The two qualified designs were an upgraded Caiman designed by Armor Holdings (later acquired by BAE Systems), and the Bull , a combined effort between Ideal Innovations Inc, Ceradyne and Oshkosh . Both designs weighed 40,000 lb or more. According to the Army Times , the Pentagon had already decided to buy first-generation 14- to 24-ton MRAP I vehicles with extra Frag Kit 6-derived armor, not

8148-651: Was led by the Army Research Laboratory . Forecasting the need for better and lighter protection from IEDs, ARL developed aggressive weight-reduction goals and set out to demonstrate practical technology options by the end of the 2008 financial year. The program's technical approach was to exploit computing and terminal-effects experimentation to scale known technologies, understand the most viable armor mechanisms for penetrator defeat, and to introduce light-weight composites, new materials, and enhanced ballistic mechanisms to reduce weight. The ARL's MAWRS program

8245-585: Was led by the Army Research Laboratory . Forecasting the need for better and lighter protection from IEDs, ARL developed aggressive weight-reduction goals and set out to demonstrate practical technology options by the end of the 2008 financial year. The program's technical approach was to exploit computing and terminal-effects experimentation to scale known technologies, understand the most viable armor mechanisms for penetrator defeat, and to introduce light-weight composites, new materials, and enhanced ballistic mechanisms to reduce weight. The ARL's MAWRS program

8342-520: Was managed by Kevin Fahey, U.S. Army Program Executive Officer for Combat Support and Combat Service Support. In 2007, the Pentagon ordered about 10,000 MRAPs at a cost of over $ 500,000 each, and planned to order more. On 14 March 2008, the U.S. military ordered 1,024 (2) Caimans from BAE (worth $ 481.8 million), 743 (1) MaxxPros from Navistar ($ 410.7 million), and special command vehicles and ambulances from BAE ($ 234 million). On 17 July 2007,

8439-487: Was recognized by U.S. Army Materiel Command as among the "Top Ten Great Inventions of 2008." Oshkosh was awarded a $ 1.06 B firm-fixed-priced delivery order to exercise an option for 1,700 MRAP All Terrain Vehicles. A similar Army contract for 1,700 MRAP ATVs was valued at a further $ 1.06 B. By 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had spent $ 20 billion on the MRAP program. Total MRAP program expenditure with final deliveries

8536-436: Was recognized by U.S. Army Materiel Command as among the "Top Ten Great Inventions of 2008." Oshkosh was awarded a $ 1.06 B firm-fixed-priced delivery order to exercise an option for 1,700 MRAP All Terrain Vehicles. A similar Army contract for 1,700 MRAP ATVs was valued at a further $ 1.06 B. By 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense had spent $ 20 billion on the MRAP program. Total MRAP program expenditure with final deliveries

8633-454: Was represented by the Buffel , a Unimog chassis with a mine-protected cab and a mine-protected crew compartment mounted on it. These early vehicles overloaded their chassis and they were clumsy off-road. The Casspir infantry mobility vehicle was developed for the SADF after 1980; this was the inspiration for the American MRAP program and the basis for some of the program's vehicles. In 2004,

8730-602: Was succeeded by Brigadier General Frank Kelley, Commander, United States Marine Corps Systems Command. The Army MRAP program was managed by Kevin Fahey, U.S. Army Program Executive Officer for Combat Support and Combat Service Support. In 2007, the Pentagon ordered about 10,000 MRAPs at a cost of over $ 500,000 each, and planned to order more. On 14 March 2008, the U.S. military ordered 1,024 (2) Caimans from BAE (worth $ 481.8 million), 743 (1) MaxxPros from Navistar ($ 410.7 million), and special command vehicles and ambulances from BAE ($ 234 million). On 17 July 2007,

8827-434: Was the Department of Defense 's highest priority for fiscal year 2007; $ 1.1 billion was earmarked . A 2008 GAO report found that Marine combat planners had delayed "an urgent request in 2005 for 1,169 MRAPs", primarily because then- commandant General Michael Hagee wanted to preserve funding for up-armoring Humvees, believing they were the quickest way to protect Marines from roadside bomb threats. In late 2007,

8924-558: Was the Bosvark, a Unimog fitted with a shallow mine-deflecting tub on the chassis to protect the crew. Then came the first generation of purpose-built vehicles, including the Hippo and various other light vehicles. They were essentially armoured V-shaped hulls mounted on truck chassis. The next generation was represented by the Buffel , a Unimog chassis with a mine-protected cab and a mine-protected crew compartment mounted on it. These early vehicles overloaded their chassis and they were clumsy off-road. The Casspir infantry mobility vehicle

9021-658: Was to find a vehicle that did not need the upgrade kit. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory worked to ensure the technologies used in Frag Kit ;6 would be available to MRAP II designers. The 2007 solicitation asked for greater flexibility. Initial testing at Aberdeen Proving Grounds disqualified Force Dynamics (reinforced Cougar ), GDLS Canada (upgraded BAE OMC RG-31 ), Navistar subsidiary IMG (upgraded MaxxPro ), Textron 's upgraded M1117 , and Protected Vehicles, Inc's upgraded Golan vehicle. Blackwater USA ( Grizzly APC with Ares EXO Scale appliqué armor )

9118-602: Was to find a vehicle that did not need the upgrade kit. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory worked to ensure the technologies used in Frag Kit 6 would be available to MRAP II designers. The 2007 solicitation asked for greater flexibility. Initial testing at Aberdeen Proving Grounds disqualified Force Dynamics (reinforced Cougar ), GDLS Canada (upgraded BAE OMC RG-31 ), Navistar subsidiary IMG (upgraded MaxxPro ), Textron 's upgraded M1117 , and Protected Vehicles, Inc's upgraded Golan vehicle. Blackwater USA ( Grizzly APC with Ares EXO Scale appliqué armor )

9215-507: Was uncertain, given their high transport and operational costs. MRAP funding pulled money away from other tactical vehicle programs, most noticeably the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle , which was delayed by two years. According to Army Times , troops openly wondered about some MRAPs. One question centered around the inwards-facing design of the rear seats, given that an outward-facing design would have allowed troops to fire through ports, which some versions lacked. The height and steepness of

9312-507: Was uncertain, given their high transport and operational costs. MRAP funding pulled money away from other tactical vehicle programs, most noticeably the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle , which was delayed by two years. According to Army Times , troops openly wondered about some MRAPs. One question centered around the inwards-facing design of the rear seats, given that an outward-facing design would have allowed troops to fire through ports, which some versions lacked. The height and steepness of

9409-741: Was unveiled by Textron at the annual Association of the United States Army (AUSA) exhibition. This model, described as the Commando Select 90   mm Direct Fire Vehicle, was designed with an exceptionally large turret ring and carried a Cockerill Mk III 90   mm low-pressure cannon. This provided the M1117 with an extremely potent form of firepower for its size and weight class, firing canister , high explosive , high-explosive squash head , and high-explosive anti-tank shells, as well as an armour-piercing discarding sabot round capable of destroying older main battle tanks . One advantage of

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