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71-610: Málaga ( / ˈ m æ l ə ɡ ə / ; Spanish: [ˈmalaɣa] ) is a municipality of Spain , capital of the Province of Málaga , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . With a population of 578,460 in 2020, it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia and the sixth most populous in the country. It lies in Southern Iberia on the Costa del Sol ("Coast of

142-894: A caliphate) in the city, the taifa of Málaga , complemented by the also Hammudid sister dominion in Ceuta across the Strait of Gibraltar. The city was seized away from the Hammudids by the Granadan Zirids in 1056 or 1057, and also underwent an ephemeral spell under the Sevillian Abbadids by 1066 before returning to the former. By the late 11th century, the Zirids lost the city to the North-African Almoravids . The traveller Ibn Battuta , who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of

213-540: A decade after, in 1971, a policial crackdown seeking to curb "offences against public morality and decency" largely put an end to the appeal of the place, only regaining its status as hub of LGBT leisure and tourism after the death of the dictator. Torremolinos became independent from the municipality of Málaga in September 1988. Málaga is located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula , on the Costa del Sol ( Coast of

284-459: A fine. Additionally, works that were initiated would be subject to public disclosure through tablets or posters on the streets. The character of federated cities, which could use their own legal system, is evident in the fact that citizens of Malaca could present their candidates for local aediles without taking into account imperial designations. The tablets also mention aspects related to the imperial cult . This article about Roman law

355-440: A heading. The first line of each chapter protrudes to the left and begins with one or two larger or interwoven letters; beneath them is the chapter number. The inscription is abundant with large-sized letters, among which some, such as I, T, and L, can be challenging to distinguish. Forgotten words were added in smaller letters. Punctuation marks appear as small triangles placed somewhat haphazardly. Traces of white paint remain, which

426-492: A low number of inhabitants. The area of the municipal territory (Spanish: término municipal ) usually ranges 2–40 km , but some municipalities span across a much larger area, up to the 1,750.33 km of Cáceres ', the largest municipality in the country. The average land area of a Spanish municipality is about 62.23 km (24.03 sq mi), while the average population is about 5,988 people. Municipalities were first created by decree on 23 May 1812 as part of

497-471: A narrow strip of coastline, has a population of 1,066,532 on 827.33 square kilometres (319.43 sq mi) (density 1,289 inhabitants/km – 2012 data). It is formed by Málaga proper together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities: Rincón de la Victoria , Torremolinos , Benalmádena , Fuengirola , Alhaurín de la Torre , Mijas , Marbella and San Pedro Alcántara . The Málaga metropolitan area includes additional municipalities located mostly in

568-488: A period of diminished importance during the early stages of the emiral period already in force since before the conquest, Málaga was fully Islamized by the end of the aforementioned period in the wake of Muhammad I 's attributed intervention in the urban configuration as a medina . The consolidation of the city's importance after 930 (under the Caliphate of Córdoba ) ran parallel to the diminishing fortune of Archidona ,

639-542: A period of industrialisation followed by a decay in all socioeconomic parametres in the last third of the century. The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. Málaga has consolidated as a tech hub, with companies mainly concentrated in the Málaga TechPark (Technology Park of Andalusia). It hosts

710-626: A role both as stopover of the Atlantic international trade (as part of the routes connecting the Central Mediterranean to the North Atlantic) and as regional trading cog of the Kingdom of Granada. By the last rales of Nasrid rule, the city had a population of about 15,000. Málaga was seized by Christian forces on 18 August 1487, after a 3-month 11 days siege, in what was the most violent episode of

781-412: A term often also used to refer to the municipal headquarters (city/town hall). The ayuntamiento is composed of the mayor (Spanish: alcalde ), the deputy mayors (Spanish: tenientes de alcalde ) and the deliberative assembly ( pleno ) of councillors ( concejales ). Another form of local government used in small municipalities is the concejo abierto (open council), in which the deliberative assembly

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852-480: Is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). During the winter, the Málaga Mountains ( Montes de Málaga ) block the passage of cold winds from the north. Its average annual temperature is 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) during the day and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) during the day, 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) at night and

923-802: Is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December. Yearly sunshine hours average between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine per day in July. At Málaga Airport weather station , annual wind speeds average from 14 km/h (8.70 mph) in December, January and February, to 10 km/h (6.21 mph) in September and October. Atmospheric pressure averages from 1015 mbar in July and August to 1023 mbar in January. Visibility averages either 11 or 12 km in all months. The strongest gust of wind recorded at this station

994-571: Is a 130 m (427 ft) high foothill from which the Gibralfaro Castle  [ es ] and the Alcazaba fortress overlook the city. Málaga's climate is a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa , Trewartha +Universal Thermal Scale: Csal ) with mild winters, during which most of the year's rainfall occurs, and hot summers with very little rainfall. Summer to early-autumn tends to be moderately humid, due to

1065-416: Is a bronze tablet bearing Latin local statutes which deal with the official activities of the duoviri iuri dicundo . The tablet was found in the 20th century near Malaca (modern Málaga ) with the lex Salpensana , and it was dated from AD 81–84, i.e. the early reign of Domitian . Malaca was governed under this law, which granted free-born persons the privileges of Roman citizenship . Together with

1136-479: Is extended to Spanish citizens living abroad. A Spaniard abroad, upon registering in a consulate , has the right to vote in the local elections of the last municipality they resided in. A Spanish citizen born abroad must choose between the last municipality his or her mother or father last lived in. As of 2022, there were a total of 8,131 municipalities in Spain, including the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla . In

1207-451: Is formed by all the electors in the municipality. The operation of the municipalities is broadly outlined by the 1985 Local Government Act. The Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities also contain provisions and many sectorial laws from national and autonomous community government determine the functions and powers of ayuntamientos. In general, municipalities enjoy a large degree of autonomy in their local affairs: many of

1278-612: Is located in the northeast of the municipality. The highest point in the range (and in the municipality) is the Pico Reina , rising up to 1,031 m (3,383 ft) above sea level. The city centre is located around the mouth of the Guadalmedina and close to the Guadalhorce 's mouth (where the airport is located). The Totalán Creek constitutes the eastern boundary of Málaga with the municipality of Rincón de la Victoria . The Gibralfaro

1349-429: Is no implied hierarchy or primacy of one over the other. Instead the two entities are defined according to the authority or jurisdiction of each ( Spanish : competencias ). Some autonomous communities also group municipalities into entities known as comarcas (districts) or mancomunidades (commonwealths). The governing body in most municipalities is called ayuntamiento ( municipal council or corporation ),

1420-652: The Crown of Castile . Following the death of regent Ferdinand the city rose in revolt in 1516 on the occasion of the installment of a new court controlled by the Admiral of Castile. It was only on 2 December 1530 when Málaga was freed from the influence of the Admiralty for good, confirming the privileges granted in the past by the Catholic Monarchs. As of 1625, Málaga may have had a population of around 36,000. On 24 August 1704

1491-591: The Flavian dynasty and had strong allies in Hispania. In the year 74, the city of Malaca might have requested the emperor to grant them the Lex Flavia, under the provision of granting Latin rights to all of Hispania. However, this grant of citizenship did not materialize until sometime between the years 81 and 96, during the reign of Domitian , who is mentioned in the oaths of the text. The tablets were discovered in 1851 in

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1562-485: The Granada War . The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments before hunger forced them to surrender; practically the entire remaining population (around 11,000 people) became war captives and were sold into slavery in other Andalusian cities as well as Valencia and Barcelona. Only a minority of around 50 people led by merchant Alí Dordux were allowed to remain in the city. The city's Muslim population

1633-604: The Guadalmedina and served as a waypoint on trade routes between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar . Like other Phoenician colonies, it fell under Carthaginian rule during the 6th or 5th century   BC. The Phoenician and Later Roman urban core developed around an area running from the Gibralfaro Hill to the mouth of the Malaca flumen ( Guadalmedina ). After the Punic Wars ,

1704-488: The King of Spain . In 2018, this high-tech, science and industrial park employs over 16,774 workers, according to its own numbers. In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and research in order to promote

1775-747: The Lex Flavia Malacitana among specialists. For his efforts, he was knighted with the Order of Isabella the Catholic . For years, these tablets were displayed in the Loringiano Museum on the La Concepción estate. However, the Loring family decided to sell their collection of legal bronzes to the state to ensure that this valuable find would not be dispersed after their death. As a result, they became part of

1846-659: The Nasrid period (13th and 14th centuries). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within the city. Originally, it defended the city from the incursions of pirates. Later, in the 11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the Hammudid dynasty . Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees. Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in Islamic Spain,

1917-560: The Phylloxera grapevine pest. The century saw the accumulation of capital in an enriched bourgeoisie class, that invested in the incipient industrial development. The municipality of Málaga annexed the coastal town of Torremolinos in 1924. After the coup of July 1936 the government of the Second Republic retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the Republican navy at

1988-486: The Principality of Asturias , municipalities are officially named concejos (councils). The average population of a municipality is about 5,300, but this figure masks a huge range: the most populous Spanish municipality is the city of Madrid , with a population of 3,305,408 (2022) , while several rural municipalities have fewer than ten inhabitants ( Illán de Vacas , had a population of three in 2022 ). Almost 40% of

2059-602: The Roman Republic took control of the town known to them as Malaca . By the 1st century BC, Strabo alluded to its Phoenician profile, in contrast to the hellenized characteristics of the neighbouring settlement of Mainake . Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the Lex Flavia Malacitana . A Roman theatre was built at this time. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , it

2130-544: The lex Salpensana and the lex Irnitana it provides the most complete version of the lex Flavia municipalis , or the Flavian municipal law . and has allowed new insights into the workings of Roman law. The tablets are exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid . Since the tablets provide the only surviving copy of large parts of the Flavian municipal law, they have provided new insights into

2201-829: The mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. The current mayor is Francisco de la Torre ( People's Party ), who has won several mandates since becoming mayor in 2000. The city hall is located at the Casona del Parque  [ es ] , a Neo-Baroque building inaugurated in 1919. Málaga is the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in Spain behind Madrid , Barcelona and Valencia . The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. The Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) (In Spanish, " Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía "), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by

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2272-409: The 6th century   BC the city was under the hegemony of Ancient Carthage , and from 218   BC, it was under Roman rule, economically prospering owing to garum production. In the 8th century, after a period of Visigothic and Byzantine rule, it was placed under Islamic rule. In 1487, the Crown of Castile gained control in the midst of the Granada War . In the 19th century, the city underwent

2343-493: The Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the Gibralfaro (this was the only exchange between the two sites). Due to its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive operations, also affording privacy to

2414-697: The Municipium Malacitanum was a transit and exchange hub within the Via Herculea , invigorating the city both economically and culturally. It connected the city with other settlements in the interior of Hispania and with other ports in the Mediterranean . Following the civil wars that occurred in the Empire in 68-69 (known as the " Year of the Four Emperors "), Vespasian emerged as the victor. He founded

2485-419: The Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every year as all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual increase in population. Málaga is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 31 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest

2556-467: The Spanish population resides in just 62 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. 84% (6,817) of municipalities have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Castile and León alone account for 28% of municipalities but they constitute less than 6% of the population of Spain. A European report said that one of the most important problems facing local governments in Spain is the very high number of little towns with

2627-627: The Sun ) on the northern side of the Alboran Sea (the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea ). It lies about 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 kilometres (81 miles) east of Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about 130 km (81 miles) to the north of Africa. The Montes de Málaga mountain range (part of the Penibaetic System )

2698-532: The Sun") of the Mediterranean , primarily in the left bank of the Guadalhorce . The urban core originally developed in the space between the Gibralfaro Hill and the Guadalmedina . Málaga's history spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe . According to most scholars, it was founded about 770   BC by the Phoenicians from Tyre as Malaka . From

2769-505: The appointment of municipal patrons; and regulations for the management of public funds. It demonstrates a census-based organization, which distributes obligations and rights based on the economic capacity of the citizens. A portion of the law aligns almost verbatim with the two Hispalense fragments from the Lex Salpensana (related to Utrera) and Lex Irnitana , which address the obligation to reimburse municipal treasury funds as well as

2840-644: The area of Monte de El Ejido, in the city of Málaga by local workers. Their initial intention was to sell these pieces as scrap metal to the Luque family, who were bronze craftsmen. Before they could be melted down, news of the tablets' existence reached the Malaga-based couple Amalia Heredia Livermore and Jorge Loring Oyarzábal. They acquired the tablets with the intention of starting an archaeological collection. Subsequently, Manuel Rodríguez de Berlanga y Rosado, Jorge Loring's brother-in-law, studied, translated, and disseminated

2911-454: The average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record 34.8 °C (94.6 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) on 4 February 1954. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring 119 km/h (73.94 mph). Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the beginning of the 20th century, Málaga city has only recorded snow on one day, on 2 February 1954. Annual average relative humidity

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2982-455: The average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F). In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from 26 to 34 °C (79 to 93 °F) during the day, above 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 23 °C (73 °F). Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) on 18 July 1978, equalled on 19 July 2023. In August 1881,

3053-674: The beginning of the Spanish Civil War . It suffered heavy bombing by Italian warships which took part in breaking the Republican navy's blockade of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga. After the Battle of Málaga and the Francoist takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed, as they were trying to flee the city through

3124-783: The city as a reference and focal point for many global business initiatives and projects. Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has been a growing source of revenue, driven by the presence of a major airport, the improvement of communications, and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the Contemporary Art Centre and Trade Fair and Congress, which have drawn more tourists. Municipalities in Spain Although provinces are groupings of municipalities , there

3195-458: The collection of the National Archaeological Museum . Currently, the city council owns a copy of these tablets, which is displayed in its Plenary Hall. A replica can also be seen in the Customs House of Málaga . The Lex Flavia Malacitana consists of municipal tablets typically placed in a prominent location within the forum, which was the political and religious center of cities. Their purpose

3266-410: The evaporation of warm water off the adjacent Mediterranean Sea being blown on shore by a sea breeze . This humidity is most pronounced at this time of year as the sea water is at its warmest in relation to the rest of the year. On particularly humid days, which occasionally occurs, the apparent temperature feels higher than the actual temperature would suggest, especially when the wind is light. When

3337-550: The formation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 13th century, Málaga became a part of it. The export-oriented harbour traded silk fabrics, dry nuts (raisins, almonds and the famous Rayya figs, reportedly exported to as far as China), vine, cutlery, leather and the famous regional lustreware . In the 15th century, Málaga was the main Nasrid port (followed by Almería), featuring a notable presence of Genoese merchants. It played

3408-495: The functions of the comarcas and provinces are municipal powers pooled together. All citizens of Spain are required to register in the municipality they live in, and after doing so, they are juridically considered "neighbors" (residents) of the municipality, a designation that grants them various rights and privileges, and which entail certain obligations as well, including the right to vote or be elected for public office in said municipality. The right to vote in municipal elections

3479-640: The headquarters of the region's largest bank, Unicaja , and it is the fourth-ranking city in Spain in terms of economic activity behind Madrid , Barcelona and Valencia . Regarding transportation, Málaga is served by the Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport and the Port of Málaga , and the city was connected to the high-speed railway network in 2007. Phoenicians from Tyre founded a colony named Málaka ( Ancient Greek : Μάλακα ) or Malake about 770   BC ( Punic : 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀 , MLKʾ ). The town controlled access to

3550-534: The indecisive Battle of Málaga , the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession , took place in the sea south of Málaga. The city's economy profited from an early industrialisation in the first third of the 19th century and the population steadily increased until the last years of the century, when the population decreased between 1887 and 1897 due to the economic crisis  [ es ] induced by

3621-422: The largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and... abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian pomegranates have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard. After

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3692-446: The late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork. Other sights include: As of 2018, the population of Málaga is 571,026, accounting for 527,463 Spanish nationals and 43,563 foreign citizens. The number of resident foreign nationals has risen significantly in Málaga since the 1970s. As of 2020, Málaga has a foreign population of 50,080. The urban area, stretching mostly along

3763-468: The latter of which Málaga replaced as the capital of the corresponding kura of Rayya. The early 10th-century chronicle of Aḥmad al-Rāzī mentions the vineyards of Málaga, extolling the unparalleled quality of its raisins . In the 11th century, following the unravelling of Umayyad authority across the caliphate, Málaga became a centre of power of the Hammudids , who established a petty kingdom (nominally also

3834-570: The liberal reforms associated with the new Spanish Constitution of 1812 and based on similar actions in revolutionary France. The idea was to rationalise and homogenise territorial organisation, do away with the prior feudal system and provide equality before the law of all citizens. Between 1812 and 1931, the legislation regarding municipal organisation was changed more than 20 times, and there were 20 addition and unsuccessful proposals for change. Lex Flavia Malacitana Lex Malacitana or Lex Flavia Malacitana (" Flavian law of Malaca")

3905-518: The monumental Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje , the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above. The Church of Santiago ( Saint James ) is an example of Gothic vernacular Mudéjar , the hybrid style that evolved after the Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the Iglesia del Sagrario , which

3976-483: The mountains area north of the coast and also some on the coast: Cártama , Pizarra , Coín , Monda , Ojén , Alhaurín el Grande and Estepona on west; Casabermeja on north; Totalán , Algarrobo , Torrox and Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga; centered Málaga urban area (Málaga, Rincón de la Victoria , Torremolinos , Benalmádena , Fuengirola , Marbella , Mijas ) and Alhaurín de la Torre . Together about 1.3 million (max. 1.6 million) people live in

4047-578: The obligation to report to the decurions for transactions made with public funds. Similarly to the Salpensa law, interpolations of the original text, the Lex Flavia Municipal, are common. The urban character of the Roman Empire is evident in its provisions. For instance, the stipulation that owners of buildings destroyed, whether with sufficient reason or not, should rebuild them within a year or face

4118-433: The palatial residential quarters. The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates, open yards with gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, one finds the 11th- and 14th-century Governor's palace. It was organised around a central rectangular courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of

4189-454: The procedural side of municipal courts. In December 2016 a petition to Congreso de los Diputados was offered to give it back to the Museo de Málaga . The Ministerio de Cultura studied the case, and on 12 March 2018 Spanish Government denied it. The Romanization of Málaga, as in most of the southern Hispania Ulterior , was peaceful and conducted through agreements, foedus aequum , of mutual friendship and equality. During this era,

4260-415: The road to Almería . Torremolinos—originally a small coastal town—greatly developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming an international tourist centre. The first gay bar in Spain was opened in Torremolinos in 1962 (and the first lesbian club in 1968), and the place acquired a lively LGBT life, to the point of being described as "the most 'cosmopolitan' and gay-friendly place in all of Spain". Nearly

4331-404: The rooms have been preserved to this day. An open 11th-century mirador (belvedere) to the south of this area affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring 2.5 square metres (27 square feet), this small structure highlighted scalloped, five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and a Cyclopean well (penetrating forty metres or 130 feet below ground), a hammam, workshops and

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4402-402: The south. In the north it is surrounded by mountains, the Montes de Málaga (part of the Baetic Cordillera ) lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the Guadalmedina – the historic center is located on its left bank – and the Guadalhorce , which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean, in the Churriana district. The oldest architectural remains in the city are

4473-416: The tablet weighs 90 kg. The inscription appears to have been engraved prior to the frame's assembly, as the frame would have hindered the burin's movement during the engraving process. The tablet contains a portion of the version of the Lex Latii given by Domician to the new Flavian Municipality of Malaca. It retains chapters 51 through 66. Each chapter is preceded by its title, indented, and introduced by

4544-427: The walls of the Phoenician city, which are visible in the cellar of the Museo Picasso Málaga . The Roman theatre of Málaga, which dates from the 1st century BC, was rediscovered in 1951. The Moors left posterity the dominating presence of the Castle of Gibralfaro , which is connected to the Alcazaba , the lower fortress and royal residence. Both were built during the Taifa period (11th century) and extended during

4615-423: The wind is stronger, this effect is lessened somewhat, and the heat feels more manageable. Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40–45 with precipitation annually.. Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000. The average maximum temperature during the day in the period from December to February

4686-412: Was 130 km/h (80.78 mph) on 27 January 1948 at 02:30. On 12 December 2023, Málaga broke Spain 's and Europe 's all-time December temperature record, settling a new record of 29.9 °C (85.8 °F) at the AEMET station of Málaga and 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) at the airport of Málaga. Málaga is divided into 11 municipal districts. The old historic centre of Málaga reaches the harbour to

4757-437: Was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamented portal in the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city. The Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace were planned with Renaissance architectural ideals but there was a shortfall of building funds and they were finished in Baroque style. The Basílica y Real Santuario de Santa María de la Victoria , built in

4828-443: Was commonly used to highlight letters on bronze inscriptions. Domiciano's name was erased after his death due to the damnatio memoriae ordered by the Senate upon the rise of Nerva . The Lex Flavia Malacitana, in its current state, preserves only nineteen chapters related to the system and processes of accessing magistracies. Contained within it are the procedures for the election and voting of magistrates by popular assemblies;

4899-442: Was converted to Catholic Christianity and the city was swiftly repopulated by Christian settlers coming from different locations of the Iberian Peninsula . Málaga became an exporting centre for Andalusia via the link of the city with Antequera and Córdoba, maintaining its trading character despite the nearly complete replacement of the population. The city did not escape a series of typhus fever outbreaks following its annexation to

4970-535: Was ruled first by the Visigoths . The city was taken c.  552 by the Byzantine Empire ; either Malaca or Carthago Nova possibly then becoming the capital of the province of Spania . The Byzantines restored and expanded the docks, thus consolidating the fishing and trading tradition the city already enjoyed. The city was retaken by the Visigoth King Sisebuto in 615. The Islamic conquest of Málaga (rendered as مالقة — Mālaqah —in Arab sources) by Arab and Berber forces took place in 711 or perhaps 713. Following

5041-442: Was to ensure that all citizens were familiar with the municipality's regulations. Originally composed of five bronze tablets, only one remains. This preserved tablet measures approximately 89 cm in height and 122 cm in width, with a thickness varying from 0.9 cm on the left to 0.5 cm on the right. Its top and bottom edges are irregular, while the sides are smooth. Including its frame, the total dimensions extend to 94 cm by 130 cm, and

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