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41-474: Lycksele ( Swedish: [ˈlʏ̌kːsɛlɛ] ; Southern Sami : Liksjoe ; Ume Sami : Likssjuo ) is a locality and the seat of Lycksele Municipality in Västerbotten County , province of Lapland , Sweden with 8,513 inhabitants in 2010. Until the 1600s there were no settled communities in southern Lapland . The area was used as grazing land by the forest Sami but had no permanent population. As

82-528: A ⟨c⟩ that represents /s/ is almost never normalized to ⟨s⟩ in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived from Latin roots retain ⟨c⟩ in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegian sentrum vs Danish centrum . The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of

123-475: A full overview of the alternations: On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation . Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi nomme 'name' : nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sámi namma  : namas , with

164-463: A major winter settlement for the Sami in the area). Öhn was designated as a church and marketplace in southern Lapland by Charles IX in 1607, and Lycksele thus celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2007. As the settlement expanded around the church, it became clear that the relatively small peninsula was no longer suitable for further growth. In 1785, the parish assembly decided to build a new church and moved

205-413: A meeting place. After the arrival of the railway, Lycksele developed into a typical small town with smaller industries and important public institutions such as a hospital, a high school, and a district court. The first Swedish Sami school , Skytteanska skolan , was built here already in 1634. After a population peak in the 1970s, the town's population declined, but this trend has recently slowed due to

246-400: A plural object in the nominative: dellie then manne 1 . SG . NOM naarra-h snare- NOM . PL tjeegk-i-m set.up- PST - 1SG dellie manne naarra-h tjeegk-i-m then 1.SG.NOM snare-NOM.PL set.up-PST-1SG "Then I set up snares." Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness. The verb agrees with

287-403: A singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker. Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are

328-407: A stressed syllable in one of a pair of homographs that have different stresses, for example en dreng 'a boy' versus én dreng 'one boy', or alle 'all, every, everyone' versus allé 'avenue'. Less often, any vowel including ⟨ å ⟩ (where it is however recommended to avoid diacritics) may be accented to indicate stress on the word, as this can disambiguate the meaning of

369-415: Is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers. The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called differential object marking , and here

410-697: Is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet : In 1976, the Sámi Language Council recommended the use of ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden. This is in accordance with the usage in Norwegian and Swedish , based on computer or typewriter availability. The ⟨Ï ï⟩ represents a back version of ⟨I i⟩ ; however, many texts fail to distinguish between

451-781: Is mostly spelled without diacritic signs. The only exception is one word of Norwegian origin, namely fôr , to be distinguished from for (see below) as well as any subsequent compound words, eg kåpefôr (coat lining) and dyrefôr (animal feed). There are also a small number of words in Norwegian which use the acute accent. The words are allé (avenue), diaré (diarrhea), kafé (cafe), idé (idea), entré (entrance), komité (committee), kupé (compartment), moské (mosque), supé (supper), trofé (trophy) and diskré (discreet). An acute accent can also be used to differentiate en / ei (a) from én / éi (one) eg. én gutt (one boy) en gutt (a boy). The diacritic signs in use include

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492-600: Is the first letter of the alphabet, ⟨aa⟩ is the last. In Norwegian (but not in Danish), this rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under ⟨a⟩ , but list the Danish town of Aabenraa under ⟨å⟩ . In Danish, the ⟨aa⟩ rule is applied, as long as it denotes one sound, for example German Aachen or Dutch kraal, but if it denotes 2 sounds like in ekstraarbejde (extra work),

533-583: The Swedish alphabet , where it has been in official use since the 16th century. Similarly, the letter ⟨å⟩ was introduced in Danish in 1948, but the final decision on its place in the alphabet was not made. The initial proposal was to place it first, before ⟨a⟩ . Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955. The former digraph ⟨aa⟩ still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. In Norway, geographical names tend to follow

574-405: The acute accent , grave accent and the circumflex . A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is for : Also used is the cedille, but only on a ⟨c⟩ in loanwords, when pronounced like ⟨s⟩ . The letter ⟨å⟩ ( HTML å) was introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing ⟨aa⟩ . The new letter came from

615-733: The Danish families that use the surname Skov (meaning 'forest') spell it Schou . The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant ⟨ä⟩ instead of ⟨æ⟩ , and the variant ⟨ö⟩ instead of ⟨ø⟩ , similarly to German . Also, the collating order for these three letters is different in Swedish: Å, Ä, Ö . ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ä⟩ are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, as well as Finnish, and so are ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ . The below pronunciations of

656-516: The Swedish government sought to strengthen its position, the need for permanent meeting places arose. Churches and marketplaces were established at these locations, where Sami, traders, and settlers could meet. Additionally, taxes were also collected there. This took place on a peninsula in the Ume River , upstream from the present city center, at Öhn (now known as Gammplatsen, which had previously served as

697-453: The above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to

738-403: The basic structure SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of

779-852: The climate is relatively mild compared to other places at similar latitude because of the Gulf Stream . Southern Sami language In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right. It is possible to study Southern Sámi at Nord University in Levanger Municipality , Umeå University in Umeå Municipality , and Uppsala University in Uppsala Municipality. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in

820-582: The conditional. In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes. An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come': The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable. Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Southern Sámi, like Finnish,

861-430: The consonant gradation mm  : m . Southern Sámi has eight cases : Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker

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902-516: The current orthography, meaning that the letter ⟨å⟩ will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and therefore retain the digraph ⟨aa⟩ where ⟨å⟩ would be used today. ⟨aa⟩ remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. ⟨aa⟩ is treated like ⟨å⟩ in alphabetical sorting , not like two adjacent letters ⟨a⟩ , meaning that while ⟨a⟩

943-428: The essive marks a state or a function. Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems. An overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish': Earlier, in the comitative singular and in the plural, besides the nominative i, umlaut of the root vowel to öö took place: Gen. Pl. göölij etc. Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of

984-527: The expanding mining industry. However, the town still faces depopulation, although perhaps to a slightly lesser extent than comparable towns in the interior of Norrland. In the year 2000, Lycksele had 8,692 residents. Five years later, the number had decreased to 8,597. The following sports clubs are based in Lycksele: Lycksele has a subarctic climate ( Dfc ) with short mild summers and long cold and snowy winters. Despite its extremely northern latitude,

1025-461: The following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish): The letters ⟨c⟩ , ⟨q⟩ , ⟨w⟩ , ⟨x⟩ and ⟨z⟩ are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve loan words' original spellings. In particular,

1066-431: The language at Umeå University. Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area. Southern Sámi is one of the eight Sámi languages that have an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling

1107-496: The language from its closest relatives, like SOV instead of SVO as basic constituent order, no stem gradation, and a genitive possessive. Nevertheless, most features of Southern Sámi are commonly found in other Uralic languages. Danish and Norwegian alphabet The Danish and Norwegian alphabet is the set of symbols, forming a variant of the Latin alphabet , used for writing the Danish and Norwegian languages. It has consisted of

1148-585: The marketplace to a location known as Heden a bit downstream. In 1926, Lycksele was granted municipal status (Lycksele köping ), two years after the section of the railway line between Hällnäs and Storuman was completed. The remaining section to Storuman was finished in 1930. Lycksele was granted city rights in 1946, becoming the first city in Lapland. The town is often referred to as "Lappstockholm" and markets itself as "the city in Lapland," highlighting both its status as Lapland's first city and its early importance as

1189-459: The meaning of words ( homonyms ) that would otherwise be identical. One example is ein gut ("a boy") versus éin gut ("one boy"). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ⟨ü⟩ , ⟨á⟩ , ⟨à⟩ and ⟨é⟩ , following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels ⟨æ⟩ , ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨å⟩ never take diacritics. Bokmål

1230-492: The names of the letters do not necessarily represent how the letters are used to represent sounds. The list includes the number of each letter when following official ordering. When sorting in alphabetical order in Danish, the numbers provided in the list above is used. Some peculiarities exist, however. Danish orthography has no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of an acute accent ( accent aigu ) for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on ⟨e⟩ marks

1271-405: The northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics: The non-high vowels /e/ , /æ/ , /o/ , and /ɑ/ contrast in length : they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short. The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs : In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position. In Southern Sámi, the vowel in

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1312-458: The noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and

1353-448: The other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb . In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (first, second, and third), and number (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. Northern Sámi , which do not conjugate according to tense. Like Skolt Sámi and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has

1394-606: The phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below. The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable. The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, æ, o). The vowel phonemes of

1435-417: The ring above ⟨å⟩ and the strike through ⟨ø⟩ are not regarded as diacritics, as these are separate letters. Nynorsk uses several letters with diacritic signs: ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ , ⟨ê⟩ , ⟨ó⟩ , ⟨ò⟩ , ⟨ô⟩ , and ⟨ù⟩ . The diacritic signs are not compulsory, but can be added to clarify

1476-489: The same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for

1517-430: The second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut . The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows: The following table gives

1558-421: The sentence or ease the reading otherwise. For example: jeg stód op 'I was standing' versus jeg stod óp 'I got out of bed' (i.e. unit accentuation). Alternatively, some of these distinctions can be made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining). The Retskrivningsordbogen dictionary explicitly allows the use of further diacritics when quoting names from other languages. This also means that

1599-452: The subject in person and number. The TAM categories mentioned above are based on non-finite verb forms and are expressed in periphrastic constructions with an auxiliary. The subject agrees with the auxiliary, but it is not obligatory. It is either marked on the pronoun or inferred from context. The imperative second singular uses the same non-finite irrealis form also used in negation constructions. Southern Sámi has some features that separate

1640-553: The two ⟨a⟩ s are sorted as two. In current Danish and Norwegian, ⟨w⟩ is recognized as a separate letter from ⟨v⟩ . In Danish, the transition was made in 1980 ; before that, the ⟨w⟩ was merely considered to be a variation of the letter ⟨v⟩ and words using it were sometimes alphabetized accordingly (e.g., Wandel, Vandstad, Wanscher, Varberg in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon , 1904). The Danish version of

1681-507: The two. ⟨C c⟩ , ⟨Q q⟩ , ⟨W w⟩ , ⟨X x⟩ , and ⟨Z z⟩ are only used in words of foreign origin. Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants. Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation. There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small;

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