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31-657: The settlement lies on the banks of the Prut River, about 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of the regional capital Chernivtsi . As of the 2001 census , the town's population is 4,744. Current population: 4,781 (2022 estimate). First mentioned in a 1452 deed, Luzhany belonged to the Danubian Principality of Moldavia until 1774/75, when upon the Russo-Turkish War its northwestern parts (the Bukovina ) were ceded to

62-399: A fluvial hydrologist studying natural river systems may define discharge as streamflow , whereas an engineer operating a reservoir system may equate it with outflow , contrasted with inflow . A discharge is a measure of the quantity of any fluid flow over unit time. The quantity may be either volume or mass. Thus the water discharge of a tap (faucet) can be measured with a measuring jug and

93-403: A minute. Measurement of cross sectional area and average velocity, although simple in concept, are frequently non-trivial to determine. The units that are typically used to express discharge in streams or rivers include m /s (cubic meters per second), ft /s (cubic feet per second or cfs) and/or acre-feet per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating, the discharge of

124-505: A mountainous character, with a steep right bank, sometimes the cross-sectional profile of the channel has the form of a ridge. Near the city of Yaremche is the waterfall of Probiy. The Prut was known in Antiquity as the Pyretus ( Ancient Greek : Πυρετός , romanized :  Pyretós ), or Scythian Porata (possibly), Hierasus ( Ἱέρασος , Hiérasos ) or Gerasius . Herodotus lists

155-736: A rebellion in the Danubian Principalities . Though the Wallachian uprising ultimately failed — due especially to irreconcilable differences between Ypsilantis and his Wallachian ally Tudor Vladimirescu — it did touch off the Greek War of Independence , leading to the Kingdom of Greece gaining independence ten years later. In the Principalities it led to the end of Greek Phanariote rule, and indirectly to increasing self-government and eventually to

186-401: A river is based on a simplified form of the continuity equation . The equation implies that for any incompressible fluid, such as liquid water, the discharge (Q) is equal to the product of the stream's cross-sectional area (A) and its mean velocity ( u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} ), and is written as: where For example, the average discharge of

217-562: A rural settlement. Prut The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth ; Romanian pronunciation: [prut] , Ukrainian : Прут ) is a river in Eastern Europe . It is a left tributary of the Danube , and is 953 km (592 mi) long. Part of its course forms Romania 's border with Moldova and Ukraine . The Prut originates on the eastern slope of Mount Hoverla , in

248-529: A slow recession . Because the peak flow also corresponds to the maximum water level reached during the event, it is of interest in flood studies. Analysis of the relationship between precipitation intensity and duration and the response of the stream discharge are aided by the concept of the unit hydrograph , which represents the response of stream discharge over time to the application of a hypothetical "unit" amount and duration of rainfall (e.g., half an inch over one hour). The amount of precipitation correlates to

279-400: A stopwatch. Here the discharge might be 1 litre per 15 seconds, equivalent to 67 ml/second or 4 litres/minute. This is an average measure. For measuring the discharge of a river we need a different method and the most common is the 'area-velocity' method. The area is the cross sectional area across a river and the average velocity across that section needs to be measured for a unit time, commonly

310-456: Is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m /h or ft /h) of a stream . It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m or ft ). It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO 3 (aq), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms ) in addition to the water itself. Terms may vary between disciplines. For example,

341-416: Is the sum of processes within the hydrologic cycle that increase the water levels of bodies of water. Most precipitation occurs directly over bodies of water such as the oceans, or on land as surface runoff . A portion of runoff enters streams and rivers, and another portion soaks into the ground as groundwater seepage . The rest soaks into the ground as infiltration, some of which infiltrates deep into

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372-404: Is typically expressed in units of cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet per second (cfs). The catchment of a river above a certain location is determined by the surface area of all land which drains toward the river from above that point. The river's discharge at that location depends on the rainfall on the catchment or drainage area and the inflow or outflow of groundwater to or from

403-532: The Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine ( Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ). At first, the river flows to the north. Near Yaremche it turns to the northeast, and near Kolomyia to the south-east. Having reached the border between Moldova and Romania, it turns even more to the south-east, and then to the south. It eventually joins the Danube near Giurgiulești , east of Galați and west of Reni . Between 1918 and 1939,

434-794: The Habsburg monarchy . Incorporated into the Austrian Duchy of Bukovina from 1849, the area was incorporated into Greater Romania after World War I . In 1940, as a result of a secret clause of the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact between Hitler and Stalin , the Romanian state was forced to cede Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union . In 1968, Luzhany received urban-type settlement status. Luzhany became part of independent Ukraine in 1991. Until 18 July 2020, Luzhany belonged to Kitsman Raion . The raion

465-527: The Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second (78,000 cu ft/s) or 190,000,000 cubic metres (150,000 acre⋅ft) per day. Because of the difficulties of measurement, a stream gauge is often used at a fixed location on the stream or river. A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow

496-644: The border between Romania and Moldova . It has a hydrographic basin of 27,540 km , of which 10,990 km (4,240 sq mi) are in Romania and 7,790 km (3,010 sq mi) in Moldova. The largest city along its banks is Chernivtsi , Ukraine . The Stânca-Costești Dam , operated jointly by Moldova and Romania, is built on the Prut. There is also a Hydro-Electric Station in Sniatyn ( Ukraine ). Ships travel from

527-573: The Fanar Quarter of Istanbul ( Phanariotes ). During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 , on 1 August 1700, Russian forces led by Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev defeated a larger Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier Ivazzade Halil Pasha in the Battle of Kagul on the Prut. In 1821, the Greek Nationalist leader Alexander Ypsilantis crossed the Prut river at Sculeni , with the intention of touching off

558-720: The Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent crossed the Prut during the campaign of Karaboğdan. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711 , on 19 July 1711 Russian forces initially divided among Peter the Great 's army on the west bank and Boris Sheremetev 's army on the east bank of the Pruth and allied with Dimitrie Cantemir , the ruler of Moldova, met with the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier Baltaci Mehmed Pasha . The Turks and Crimean Tatars attacked first against Sheremetev, who then retreated to

589-792: The Prut, under the name of Porata or Pyretus, as being among the five rivers flowing through the Scythian country which swell the Danube. In the second volume of the Ottoman-Bulgarian chronicles of Iman "Jagfar Tarihi" (1680) the Prut River is referred to as Burat. And in the Byzantine treatise of Constantine Porphyrogennetos " On the management of the empire " it is mentioned as the Brut river (Chap. 38) or as Burat (Chapter 42). The following towns are situated along

620-399: The area, stream modifications such as dams and irrigation diversions, as well as evaporation and evapotranspiration from the area's land and plant surfaces. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the stream's discharge hydrograph, a record of how the discharge varies over time after a precipitation event. The stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in

651-485: The corresponding discharge from the rating curve. If a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the stream's discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows (higher discharges) can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force. Larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure. G. H. Dury and M. J. Bradshaw are two geographers who devised models showing

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682-401: The independence of Romania several decades later. In Greek history, Ypsilantis' crossing of the Prut is an important historical event, commemorated in a famous painting displayed at Athens . Sydir Vorobkevych : Within that Prut Valley (Над Прутом у лузі). Within that Prut Valley a cabin rests close In which lives a lassie—a beautiful rose: Her eyes like the bright stars that lighten

713-424: The level of the stream is described by a rating curve . Average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the area give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for several different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, and determining

744-585: The other side to join Peter the Great. Afterwards the Russian army set up a defensive camp between Stănilești and the river, which was then completely surrounded by the Ottoman army. Negotiations started on 21 July 1711 and the Treaty of the Prut was signed on 23 July 1711. After this treaty, Dimitrie Cantemir had to go in exile at Moscow. This treaty led to the end of local dynasties of kings and inauguration of Greek rulers from

775-568: The relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The Bradshaw model described how pebble size and other variables change from source to mouth; while Dury considered the relationships between discharge and variables such as stream slope and friction. These follow from the ideas presented by Leopold, Wolman and Miller in Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology . and on land use affecting river discharge and bedload supply. Inflow

806-877: The river Prut, from source to mouth: Vorokhta , Yaremche , Deliatyn , Lanchyn , Kolomyia , Zabolotiv , Sniatyn , Nepolokivtsi , Luzhany , Chernivtsi , Novoselytsia , Darabani , Lipcani , Ungheni , Leova , Cantemir and Cahul The following rivers are tributaries to the river Prut (source to mouth): Left: Turka , Chorniava , Sovytsia , Rokytna , Rynhach , Cherlena , Larga (Briceni) , Vilia , Lopatnic , Racovăț , Ciuhur , Camenca , Delia , Nârnova , Lăpușna , Sărata , Larga (Cantemir) Right: Pistynka , Rybnytsia , Cheremosh , Derelui , Hertsa , Poiana, Cornești, Isnovăț , Rădăuți, Ghireni , Volovăț , Badu, Bașeu , Corogea , Berza Veche, Râioasa, Soloneț , Cerchezoaia , Jijia , Bohotin , Moșna , Pruteț , Gârla Boul Bătrân, Copăceana, Belciug, Elan , Horincea , Oancea, Stoeneșa, Brănești, Chineja In 1538,

837-598: The river was partly in Poland and partly in Greater Romania (Romanian: România Mare ). Prior to World War I , it served as a border between Romania and the Russian Empire . After World War II , the river once again denoted a border, this time between Romania and the Soviet Union . Nowadays, for a length of 31 km (19 mi), it forms the border between Romania and Ukraine , and for 711 km (442 mi), it forms

868-428: The river's mouth to the port city of Leova (southern Moldova ). The lowermost part of the basin is strongly marshy. The average discharge at its mouth is 110 m /s (3,900 cu ft/s). The average discharge at the city of Leova is 69.2 m /s (2,440 cu ft/s). The slope of the river varies from 100 m/km (near the source) to 0.05 m/km (near the mouth). In the upper reaches (to Delyatyn) it has

899-584: The sky; When you see them, laddie, you'll pause with a sigh. Within that Prut Valley the moon does not shine, 'Tis only a lover has come to his shrine. A sweet conversation in murmur now goes While dreamy old river just quietly flows. Within that Prut Valley the flowers are plucked And wreathes for the wedding with myrtle are tucked; Inside of the cabin play fiddles and bass While friends sing together: To their Happiness! Translated by Waldimir Semenyna (13 October 1933, Ukrainian Weekly ). Discharge (hydrology) In hydrology , discharge

930-420: The volume of water (depending on the area of the catchment) that subsequently flows out of the river. Using the unit hydrograph method, actual historical rainfalls can be modeled mathematically to confirm characteristics of historical floods, and hypothetical "design storms" can be created for comparison to observed stream responses. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and

961-509: Was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Kitsman Raion was split between Chernivtsi Raion and Vyzhnytsia Raion , with Luzhany being transferred to Chernivtsi Raion. On 26 January 2024, a new law entered into force which abolished the status of urban-type settlement in Ukraine, and Luzhany became

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