The Volkswagen Lupo ( Typ 6X) is a city car that was produced by the German car manufacturer Volkswagen , from 1998 to 2005. It shares most of its aspects with the Volkswagen Group's SEAT Arosa , both derived from the Volkswagen Polo Mk3 platform. Main differences are found in styling and equipment. The Lupo name is Latin, meaning wolf , and is named after its home town of Wolfsburg .
47-759: The Lupo was introduced in October 1998, to fill a gap at the bottom of the Volkswagen model range caused by the increasing size and weight of the Polo . The right-hand-drive version for the UK market was launched in the spring of 1999. In Japan, it was launched in July 2001. Lupo uses the A00 platform which is a shortened version of the Polo/Ibiza A0 platform . Initially only available in two trim variants,
94-489: A half-life of 717,000 years. Excessive quantities of stable Mg have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . This anomalous abundance is attributed to the decay of its parent Al in the inclusions, and researchers conclude that such meteorites were formed in the solar nebula before the Al had decayed. These are among
141-490: A magnesium-based engine . Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals. Although it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk, magnesium metal will ignite. Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for thermite , a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at
188-571: A Japanese economy driver, Dr. Miyano, used it to set a new world record for the most frugal circumnavigation of Britain in a standard diesel production car, with an average fuel economy figure of 119.48 mpg or 2.36 L/100 km. In November 2003, Gerhard Plattner covered a distance of 2,910 miles through twenty European countries in a standard Lupo 3L TDI. He achieved his aim of completing this journey, which started in Oslo , Norway, and finished in The Hague in
235-434: A brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine . It is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium. In the cosmos , magnesium is produced in large, aging stars by the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas , much of
282-527: A common reservoir. Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with iron in molarity . It is found in large deposits of magnesite , dolomite , and other minerals , and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. Although magnesium is found in more than 60 minerals , only dolomite , magnesite , brucite , carnallite , talc , and olivine are of commercial importance. The Mg cation
329-506: A high purity product is easily achievable. China is almost completely reliant on the silicothermic Pidgeon process . Besides the Pigeon process, the second most used process for magnesium production is electrolysis . This is a two step process. The first step is to prepare feedstock containing magnesium chloride and the second step is to dissociate the compound in electrolytic cells as magnesium metal and chlorine gas . The basic reaction
376-429: A solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral dolomite , which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates: Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon. A ferrosilicon alloy is used rather than pure silicon as it is more economical. The iron component has no bearing on the reaction, having the simplified equation: The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding
423-520: A true successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk1 , one of the first true hot hatches . The GTI can be identified by its fully body coloured bumpers and twin central exhausts. In March 2002, a six speed gearbox was added, together with improved throttle response, and was suggested as a competitor to the Mini Cooper , or the larger Volkswagen Polo GTI . The GTI features much more standard equipment which
470-545: A variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including magnesium carbonate , magnesium chloride , magnesium citrate , magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium oxide , magnesium sulfate , and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ( Epsom salts ). As recently as 2020, magnesium hydride was under investigation as a way to store hydrogen. Magnesium has three stable isotopes : Mg , Mg and Mg . All are present in significant amounts in nature (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg
517-408: A very high temperature. Organomagnesium compounds are widespread in organic chemistry . They are commonly found as Grignard reagents , formed by reaction of magnesium with haloalkanes . Examples of Grignard reagents are phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylmagnesium bromide . The Grignard reagents function as a common nucleophile , attacking the electrophilic group such as the carbon atom that
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#1732858436344564-438: Is Mg . The isotope Mg is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times. The nuclide Mg has found application in isotopic geology , similar to that of aluminium. Mg is a radiogenic daughter product of Al , which has
611-658: Is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K (650 °C)) and the lowest boiling point (1,363 K (1,090 °C)) of all the alkaline earth metals. Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along shear bands . It becomes much more malleable when alloyed with small amounts of other metals, such as 1% aluminium. The malleability of polycrystalline magnesium can also be significantly improved by reducing its grain size to about 1 μm or less. When finely powdered, magnesium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas: However, this reaction
658-480: Is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode O is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. It was reported in 2011 that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over
705-431: Is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic table ) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with
752-582: Is as follows: The temperatures at which this reaction is operated is between 680 and 750 °C. The magnesium chloride can be obtained using the Dow process , a process that mixes sea water and dolomite in a flocculator or by dehydration of magnesium chloride brines. The electrolytic cells are partially submerged in a molten salt electrolyte to which the produced magnesium chloride is added in concentrations between 6-18%. This process does have its share of disadvantages including production of harmful chlorine gas and
799-479: Is first treated with lime (calcium oxide) and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide is collected: The hydroxide is then converted to magnesium chloride by treatment with hydrochloric acid and heating of the product to eliminate water: The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the cathode , the Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal: At the anode , each pair of Cl ions
846-441: Is much less dramatic than the reactions of the alkali metals with water, because the magnesium hydroxide builds up on the surface of the magnesium metal and inhibits further reaction. The principal property of magnesium metal is its reducing power. One hint is that it tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals , an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium
893-401: Is oxidized to chlorine gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit: The carbothermic route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follows: C + MgO → CO + Mg A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the reaction to quickly revert. To prevent this from happening,
940-514: Is present within the polar bond of a carbonyl group. A prominent organomagnesium reagent beyond Grignard reagents is magnesium anthracene , which is used as a source of highly active magnesium. The related butadiene -magnesium adduct serves as a source for the butadiene dianion. Complexes of dimagnesium(I) have been observed. The presence of magnesium ions can be detected by the addition of ammonium chloride , ammonium hydroxide and monosodium phosphate to an aqueous or dilute HCl solution of
987-447: Is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Direct reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen at ambient pressure forms only the "normal" oxide MgO. However, this oxide may be combined with hydrogen peroxide to form magnesium peroxide , MgO 2 , and at low temperature the peroxide may be further reacted with ozone to form magnesium superoxide Mg(O 2 ) 2 . Magnesium reacts with nitrogen in
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#17328584363441034-495: Is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body and is essential to all cells and some 300 enzymes . Magnesium ions interact with polyphosphate compounds such as ATP , DNA , and RNA . Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives and antacids (such as milk of magnesia ), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as eclampsia . Elemental magnesium
1081-541: Is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about 1 ⁄ 8 the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. To extract the magnesium, calcium hydroxide is added to the seawater to precipitate magnesium hydroxide . Magnesium hydroxide ( brucite ) is poorly soluble in water and can be collected by filtration. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to magnesium chloride . From magnesium chloride, electrolysis produces magnesium. World production
1128-450: The 3L was significantly changed from the standard Lupo to include: The 3L, along with the GTI and FSI, had a completely different steel body to other Lupos, using thinner but stronger steel sheet. The car had an automated manual transmission with a Tiptronic mode on the selector and electro-hydraulic actuation system for the clutch and shifting. The car also had an ECO mode. When engaged it limited
1175-510: The 3L. Early 3L and FSi models had aluminium tailgates which were lighter and more aerodynamic than their standard Lupo counterparts. Early FSi models also had a unique spoiler while later ones without the aluminium tailgates were fitted with the same spoiler as the Lupo GTI. The FSi was only sold in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The 1.6 L Lupo GTI , introduced in the year 2000, has been labelled
1222-506: The Fox instead of developing any genuine replacement for the Lupo. The Lupo's spiritual successor, Volkswagen up! , was released in 2011. The Volkswagen Lupo 3L ( Typ 6E ) was a special edition made with the intent of being the world's first car in series production consuming as little as 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78 miles per US gallon or 94 miles per Imperial gallon). To achieve this,
1269-428: The Lupo 3L with an average consumption of 4.9L/100 km. This direct injection engine next to a conventional engine with similar power uses around 30% less fuel. It had a similar automated gearbox to the 3L but with different gear ratios. Outwardly, it was almost identical to a 3L but with a different front grill, slightly wider wheels with a different design and lacked the magnesium steering wheel and rear bumper of
1316-522: The Lupo 3L, the 3L engine also runs on Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) without any changes to the engine. During the period of series production of the Lupo 3L, Volkswagen also presented the 1L Concept , a prototype made with the objective of proving the capability of producing a roadworthy vehicle consuming only 1 litre of fuel per 100 kilometres (235 miles per US gallon). The Lupo FSi was the first direct injection petrol powered production vehicle Volkswagen produced. A 5L/100 km 1.4 16v petrol version of
1363-536: The Lupo is shown below: Volkswagen Polo Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 385672329 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:33:56 GMT Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It
1410-514: The Netherlands, with just €100 worth of fuel. In fact, all he required was 90.94 euros, which corresponds to an average consumption of 2.78 litres per 100 km (101.6 mpg). The Lupo 3L shared its engine and special gearbox with the Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L . As a result of this and other changes, this Audi A2 is also capable of reaching the same results as the Lupo 3L. According to the instruction manual of
1457-505: The budget E trim and the upgraded S trim; the range later expanded to include a Sport and GTI variant. Petrol engines ranged from 1.0 to 1.4 (1.6 for the GTI) with diesels from 1.2 to 1.7. The differences between the E and S trim included painted door mirrors, door handles and strip, central locking, electric windows, double folding seats and opening rear windows. The Sport also got a chrome centre exhaust and front foglights as standard. The Lupo
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1504-573: The corrosion rate of magnesium in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten. Magnesium's tendency to creep (gradually deform) at high temperatures is greatly reduced by alloying with zinc and rare-earth elements . Flammability is significantly reduced by a small amount of calcium in the alloy. By using rare-earth elements, it may be possible to manufacture magnesium alloys that are able to not catch fire at higher temperatures compared to magnesium's liquidus and in some cases potentially pushing it close to magnesium's boiling point. Magnesium forms
1551-424: The magnesium can be dissolved directly in a suitable metal solvent before reversion starts happening. Rapid quenching of the vapour can also be performed to prevent reversion. A newer process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The anode
1598-495: The magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron , oxygen and silicon ), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle . It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine . This element
1645-530: The oldest objects in the Solar System and contain preserved information about its early history. It is conventional to plot Mg / Mg against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochron dating plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al / Mg . The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al / Al ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from
1692-664: The overall reaction being very energy intensive, creating environmental risks. The Pidgeon process is more advantageous regarding its simplicity, shorter construction period, low power consumption and overall good magnesium quality compared to the electrolysis method. In the United States, magnesium was once obtained principally with the Dow process in Corpus Christi TX , by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brine and sea water . A saline solution containing Mg ions
1739-401: The power to 41 bhp (31 kW; 42 PS) (excluding kick down) and programmed the transmission to change up at the most economical point. ECO mode also activated the start/stop function, a feature that was new to European cars at the time. To restart, the driver simply takes his foot off the brake and presses the accelerator. In ECO mode, the clutch was disengaged when the accelerator pedal
1786-443: The quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient manganese overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs. Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts arsenic reduces
1833-455: The salt. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of magnesium ions. Azo violet dye can also be used, turning deep blue in the presence of an alkaline solution of magnesium salt. The color is due to the adsorption of azo violet by Mg(OH) 2 . As of 2013, magnesium alloys consumption was less than one million tonnes per year, compared with 50 million tonnes of aluminium alloys . Their use has been historically limited by
1880-518: The shores of the Great Salt Lake . In September 2021, China took steps to reduce production of magnesium as a result of a government initiative to reduce energy availability for manufacturing industries, leading to a significant price increase. The Pidgeon process and the Bolzano process are similar. In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as
1927-573: The solid state if it is powdered and heated to just below the melting point, forming Magnesium nitride Mg 3 N 2 . Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal; this reaction happens much more rapidly with powdered magnesium. The reaction also occurs faster with higher temperatures (see § Safety precautions ). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run
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1974-403: The tendency of Mg alloys to corrode, creep at high temperatures, and combust. In magnesium alloys, the presence of iron , nickel , copper , or cobalt strongly activates corrosion . In more than trace amounts, these metals precipitate as intermetallic compounds , and the precipitate locales function as active cathodic sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium. Controlling
2021-505: The very stable calcium silicate. The Mg/Ca ratio of the precursors can be adjusted by the addition of MgO or CaO. The Pidgeon and the Bolzano process differ in the details of the heating and the configuration of the reactor. Both generate gaseous Mg that is condensed and collected. The Pidgeon process dominates the worldwide production. The Pidgeon method is less technologically complex and because of distillation/vapour deposition conditions,
2068-609: Was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt). The United States was in the 20th century the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Since the Chinese mastery of the Pidgeon process the US market share is at 7%, with a single US producer left as of 2013: US Magnesium, a Renco Group company located on
2115-558: Was designed by Jozef Kabaň . Sales of the Lupo were slow and missed Volkswagen's targets. In 2001 a Volkswagen source claimed that it was decided the Lupo would eventually be discontinued and replaced by a model built in China. Production of the Lupo was discontinued in June 2005, and was replaced on the European market by the Brazilian designed Fox . Due to the decision taken by Volkswagen, to use
2162-517: Was not available on any other in the Lupo range, including bi- xenon headlights, 15 inch Bathurst alloy wheels and an off black interior. With a DOHC sixteen valve four cylinder engine producing 125 PS (92 kW), the GTI had a top speed of 127 mph (204 km/h) and could accelerate 0 to 60 mph in 7.8 seconds. More than 480,000 units of the Volkswagen Lupo have been produced through its lifetime. The total production per year of
2209-730: Was released for maximum economy, so the car freewheels as much as possible, with the clutch re engaging as soon as the accelerator pedal or brake pedal is touched. The 3L also has only four-wheel bolts and alloy brake drums at the rear, along with many aluminium suspension components. Initially, there were very few options on the 3L, as options added weight which affected fuel consumption. Those available initially were electrically heated and electrically controlled mirrors, fog lights, and different paint colours. In order to increase sales, other options were offered, including all electric steering, electric windows, and air conditioning. These options, however, increased fuel consumption slightly. In July 2001,
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