In lunar calendars , a lunar month is the time between two successive syzygies of the same type: new moons or full moons . The precise definition varies, especially for the beginning of the month.
82-580: In Shona , Middle Eastern , and European traditions, the month starts when the young crescent moon first becomes visible, at evening, after conjunction with the Sun one or two days before that evening (e.g., in the Islamic calendar ). In ancient Egypt , the lunar month began on the day when the waning moon could no longer be seen just before sunrise. Others run from full moon to full moon. Yet others use calculation, of varying degrees of sophistication, for example,
164-487: A tithi may 'stall' as well, that is – the same tithi is associated with two consecutive days. This is known as vriddhi . In English common law , a "lunar month" traditionally meant exactly 28 days or four weeks, thus a contract for 12 months ran for exactly 48 weeks. In the United Kingdom, the lunar month was formally replaced by the calendar month for deeds and other written contracts by section 61(a) of
246-469: A Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa , primarily living in Zimbabwe where they form the majority of the population, as well as Mozambique , South Africa , and a worldwide diaspora. There are five major Shona language/dialect clusters: Manyika , Karanga , Zezuru , Korekore , and Ndau. The Shona people are grouped according to the dialect of the language they speak. Their estimated population
328-403: A lunar month is the time between two successive syzygies of the same type: new moons or full moons . The precise definition varies, especially for the beginning of the month. In Shona , Middle Eastern , and European traditions, the month starts when the young crescent moon first becomes visible, at evening, after conjunction with the Sun one or two days before that evening (e.g., in
410-423: A bad spirit, so during life, people are guided by a culture of unhu so that when they die, they enjoy their afterlife. The Bira ceremony , which often lasts all night, summons spirits for guidance and intercession. Shona religion teaches that the only ones who can communicate with both the living and God are the ancestral spirits, or dzavadzimu . Historically, colonialists and anthropologists wanted to undermine
492-447: A circle. However, the orientation (as well as the shape) of this orbit is not fixed. In particular, the position of the extreme points (the line of the apsides : perigee and apogee ), rotates once ( apsidal precession ) in about 3,233 days (8.85 years). It takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it has moved ahead during one revolution. This longer period is called
574-502: A cleared yard (' ruvanze ). Each hut has a specific function, such as acting as a kitchen or a lounge. Also shona architecture consist of drystone walling that goes back to the ancestors of mordern day shona people also kalanga and venda peoples. This drystone walling consist drystone walls, drystone walled stairs on hill tops and free standing drystone walls known as great Zimbabwe type drystone walling examples great Zimbabwe, chisvingo. Then there are additional types of drystone walling that
656-576: A contract for 12 months ran for exactly 48 weeks. In the United Kingdom, the lunar month was formally replaced by the calendar month for deeds and other written contracts by section 61(a) of the Law of Property Act 1925 and for post-1850 legislation by the Interpretation Act 1978 (Schedule 1 read with sections 5 and 23 and with Schedule 2 paragraph 4(1)(a)) and its predecessors. There are several types of lunar month. The term lunar month usually refers to
738-525: A long period of time, and further groups of immigrants have contributed to this diversity. Although "standard" Shona is spoken throughout Zimbabwe, dialects help identify a speaker's town or village. Each Shona dialect is specific to a sub-group. In 1931, during his attempt to reconcile the dialects into a single standard Shona language, Clement Doke identified five groups and subdivisions: The Shona have traditionally practiced subsistence agriculture . They grew sorghum , beans, African groundnuts , and after
820-468: A mythical dragon , said to live in the lunar nodes and eat the Sun or Moon during an eclipse . A solar or lunar eclipse is possible only when the Moon is at or near either of the two points where its orbit crosses the ecliptic plane ; i.e., the satellite is at or near either of its orbital nodes . The orbit of the Moon lies in a plane that is inclined about 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane. The line of intersection of these planes passes through
902-537: A specific date using the lunar theory of Chapront-Touzé and Chapront (1988) : 29.5305888531 + 0.00000021621 T − 3.64 × 10 T where T = (JD − 2451545.0)/36525 and JD is the Julian day number (and JD = 2451545 corresponds to 1 January AD 2000). The duration of synodic months in ancient and medieval history is itself a topic of scholarly study. The period of the Moon's orbit as defined with respect to
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#1732844848260984-640: A strong identity for children but it serves another function of ensuring that people marry someone they know. In Shona this is explained by the proverb rooranai vematongo which means 'marry or have a relationship with someone that you know'. However, as a result of colonisation, urban areas and migration resulted in people mixing and others having relationships of convenience with people they do not know. This results in unwanted pregnancies and also unwanted babies some of whom are dumped or abandoned. This may end up with children without mutupo . This phenomenon has resulted in numerous challenges for communities but also for
1066-585: Is 13.6 million: During the 11th century, the Karanga people formed kingdoms on the Zimbabwe plateau. Construction, then, began on Great Zimbabwe ; the capital of the kingdom of Zimbabwe . The Torwa dynasty ruled the kingdom of Butua , and the kingdom of Mutapa preceded the Rozvi Empire (which lasted into the 19th century). Brother succeeded brother in the dynasties, leading to civil wars which were exploited by
1148-419: Is 29.53059 days with up to seven hours variation about the mean in any given year. (which gives a mean synodic month as 29.53059 days or 29 d 12 h 44 min 3 s) A more precise figure of the average duration may be derived for a specific date using the lunar theory of Chapront-Touzé and Chapront (1988) : 29.5305888531 + 0.00000021621 T − 3.64 × 10 T where T = (JD − 2451545.0)/36525 and JD
1230-1445: Is 36,525 days from epoch J2000.0. The angular velocity is the first derivative: d A / d t = A ′ = A 1 + ( 2 × A 2 × T ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {d} \!A/\operatorname {d} \!t=A'=A_{1}+(2\times A_{2}\times T)} . The period ( Q ) is the inverse of the angular velocity: Q = 1 A ′ = 1 A 1 + ( 2 × A 2 × T ) = 1 A 1 × 1 1 + ( 2 × A 2 A 1 × T ) = 1 A 1 × ( 1 − 2 × A 2 A 1 × T ) = 1 A 1 − ( 2 × A 2 ( A 1 × A 1 ) × T ) {\displaystyle Q={1 \over A'}={1 \over A_{1}+(2\times A_{2}\times T)}={1 \over A_{1}}\times {1 \over 1+(2\times {A_{2} \over A_{1}}\times T)}={1 \over A_{1}}\times (1-2\times {A_{2} \over A_{1}}\times T)={1 \over A_{1}}-(2\times {A_{2} \over (A_{1}\times A_{1})}\times T)} , ignoring higher-order terms. A 1 in "/cy ; A 2 in "/cy ; so
1312-1444: Is 36,525 days from epoch J2000.0. The angular velocity is the first derivative: d A / d t = A ′ = A 1 + ( 2 × A 2 × T ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {d} \!A/\operatorname {d} \!t=A'=A_{1}+(2\times A_{2}\times T)} . The period ( Q ) is the inverse of the angular velocity: Q = 1 A ′ = 1 A 1 + ( 2 × A 2 × T ) = 1 A 1 × 1 1 + ( 2 × A 2 A 1 × T ) = 1 A 1 × ( 1 − 2 × A 2 A 1 × T ) = 1 A 1 − ( 2 × A 2 ( A 1 × A 1 ) × T ) {\displaystyle Q={1 \over A'}={1 \over A_{1}+(2\times A_{2}\times T)}={1 \over A_{1}}\times {1 \over 1+(2\times {A_{2} \over A_{1}}\times T)}={1 \over A_{1}}\times (1-2\times {A_{2} \over A_{1}}\times T)={1 \over A_{1}}-(2\times {A_{2} \over (A_{1}\times A_{1})}\times T)} , ignoring higher-order terms. A 1 in "/cy ; A 2 in "/cy; so
1394-415: Is at or near either of its orbital nodes . The orbit of the Moon lies in a plane that is inclined about 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane. The line of intersection of these planes passes through the two points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic plane: the ascending node and the descending node . The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive transits of
1476-452: Is between 19 and 26 hours long. The date is named after the tithi ruling at sunrise. When the tithi is shorter than the day, the tithi may jump. This case is called kṣaya or lopa . Conversely a tithi may 'stall' as well, that is – the same tithi is associated with two consecutive days. This is known as vriddhi . In English common law , a "lunar month" traditionally meant exactly 28 days or four weeks, thus
1558-529: Is centuries since the epoch (2000), expressed in Julian centuries of 36,525 days. For calendrical calculations, one would probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time , which follows the somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT ("delta-T"). Apart from the long term (millennial) drift in these values, all these periods vary continually around their mean values because of
1640-404: Is found to be a staple in shona peoples diet due to cattle rearing being very prominent in Zimbabwe. Historically, the wealthy royals would be able to eat beef on a regular (more than three times a week), usually dried; and commoners would eat beef at least once a week, also dried. Cattle was a priced resource, normally reserved for other products like milk. Preserved milk was consumed with sadza, at
1722-493: Is the Julian day number (and JD = 2451545 corresponds to 1 January AD 2000). The duration of synodic months in ancient and medieval history is itself a topic of scholarly study. The period of the Moon's orbit as defined with respect to the celestial sphere of apparently fixed stars (the International Celestial Reference Frame ; ICRF) is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes
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#17328448482601804-480: Is the draconic month. D is the elongation of the Moon from the Sun: its period is the synodic month. Derivation of a period from a polynomial for an argument A (angle): A = A 0 + ( A 1 × T ) + ( A 2 × T 2 ) {\displaystyle A=A_{0}+(A_{1}\times T)+(A_{2}\times T^{2})} ; T in centuries (cy)
1886-497: Is the ecliptic longitude of the Moon w.r.t. the fixed ICRS equinox: its period is the sidereal month. If we add the rate of precession to the sidereal angular velocity, we get the angular velocity w.r.t. the Equinox of the Date: its period is the tropical month (which is rarely used). l is the mean anomaly: its period is the anomalistic month. F is the argument of latitude: its period
1968-461: Is the period of the lunar phases , because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from Earth. Due to tidal locking , the same hemisphere of the Moon always faces the Earth and thus the length of a lunar day (sunrise to sunrise on the Moon) equals the time that the Moon takes to complete one orbit around Earth , returning to the same lunar phase . While
2050-509: Is used to summon spirits, and the 15-key Mbira Nyunga Nyunga is taught from primary school to university. Shona music also uses percussion instruments such as the marimba (similar to a xylophone ), shakers ( ' hosho '), leg rattles, wooden clappers (' makwa' ), and the ' chikorodzi ,' a notched stick played with another stick. Both historically and in contemporary art, the Shona are known for their work in stone sculpture , which re-emerged during
2132-757: The British South Africa Company established the colony of Rhodesia , sparking the First Matabele War which led to the complete annexation of Mashonaland ; the Portuguese colonial government in Mozambique fought the remnants of the kingdom of Mutapa until 1911. The Shona people were also a part of the Bantu migration where they are one of the largest Bantu ethnic groups in sub Saharan Africa. The dialect groups of Shona developed among dispersed tribes over
2214-537: The Hebrew calendar or the ecclesiastical lunar calendar . Calendars count integer days, so months may be 29 or 30 days in length, in some regular or irregular sequence. Lunar cycles are prominent, and calculated with great precision in the ancient Hindu Panchangam calendar, widely used in the Indian subcontinent. In India, the month from conjunction to conjunction is divided into thirty parts known as tithi . A tithi
2296-511: The Islamic calendar ). In ancient Egypt , the lunar month began on the day when the waning moon could no longer be seen just before sunrise. Others run from full moon to full moon. Yet others use calculation, of varying degrees of sophistication, for example, the Hebrew calendar or the ecclesiastical lunar calendar . Calendars count integer days, so months may be 29 or 30 days in length, in some regular or irregular sequence. Lunar cycles are prominent, and calculated with great precision in
2378-413: The Law of Property Act 1925 and for post-1850 legislation by the Interpretation Act 1978 (Schedule 1 read with sections 5 and 23 and with Schedule 2 paragraph 4(1)(a)) and its predecessors. There are several types of lunar month. The term lunar month usually refers to the synodic month because it is the cycle of the visible phases of the Moon . Most of the following types of lunar month, except
2460-407: The anomalistic month and has an average length of 27.554 551 days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent diameter of the Moon varies with this period, so this type has some relevance for the prediction of eclipses (see Saros ), whose extent, duration, and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter of the Moon. The apparent diameter of
2542-402: The apsides : perigee and apogee ), rotates once ( apsidal precession ) in about 3,233 days (8.85 years). It takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it has moved ahead during one revolution. This longer period is called the anomalistic month and has an average length of 27.554 551 days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent diameter of
Lunar month - Misplaced Pages Continue
2624-473: The celestial sphere of apparently fixed stars (the International Celestial Reference Frame ; ICRF) is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes the Moon to return to a similar position among the stars ( Latin : sidera ): 27.321 661 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.6 s). This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle East, India, and China in the following way: they divided
2706-456: The epoch J2000.0 (1 January 2000 12:00 TT ): Note: In this table, time is expressed in Ephemeris Time (more precisely Terrestrial Time ) with days of 86,400 SI seconds . T is centuries since the epoch (2000), expressed in Julian centuries of 36,525 days. For calendrical calculations, one would probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time , which follows
2788-441: The full moon varies with the full moon cycle , which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, as well as the period after which the apsides point to the Sun again. An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in about 8.85 years. Therefore, the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to
2870-460: The synodic month because it is the cycle of the visible phases of the Moon . Most of the following types of lunar month, except the distinction between the sidereal and tropical months, were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy . The synodic month ( Greek : συνοδικός , romanized : synodikós , meaning "pertaining to a synod, i.e., a meeting"; in this case, of the Sun and
2952-560: The 1940s. Shona sculpture developed during the eleventh century and peaked in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, before beginning a slow decline until their mid-20th-century rediscovery. Most of the sculptures are made from sedimentary-stone (such as soapstone ) and depict birds or humans; though some are made with harder stone such as serpentinite . During the 1950s, Zimbabwean artists began carving stone sculptures for sale to European art collectors; these sculptures quickly became popular and were bought and exhibited at art museums around
3034-461: The Columbian Exchange, pumpkins; sorghum was also largely replaced by maize after the crop's introduction . The Shona also keep cattle and goats , since livestock are an important food reserve during droughts. Precolonial Shona states derived substantial revenue from the export of mining products, particularly gold and copper. Traditional clothing were usually animal skins that covered
3116-417: The Moon is orbiting Earth, Earth is progressing in its orbit around the Sun. After completing its § Sidereal month , the Moon must move a little further to reach the new position having the same angular distance from the Sun, appearing to move with respect to the stars since the previous month. Consequently, at 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11.5 seconds, the sidereal month is about 2.2 days shorter than
3198-545: The Moon is orbiting Earth, one rotation every 18.6 years. Therefore, the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to meet the same reference star. Regardless of the culture, all lunar calendar months approximate the mean length of the synodic month, the average period the Moon takes to cycle through its phases ( new , first quarter, full , last quarter) and back again: 29–30 days . The Moon completes one orbit around Earth every 27.3 days (a sidereal month), but due to Earth's orbital motion around
3280-511: The Moon through the same node . Because of the torque exerted by the Sun's gravity on the angular momentum of the Earth–;Moon system, the plane of the Moon's orbit gradually rotates westward, which means the nodes gradually rotate around Earth. As a result, the time it takes the Moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month, lasting 27.212 220 days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The line of nodes of
3362-407: The Moon to return to a similar position among the stars ( Latin : sidera ): 27.321 661 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.6 s).This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle East, India, and China in the following way: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansions , one for each day of the month, identified by the prominent star(s) in them. Just as the tropical year is based on
Lunar month - Misplaced Pages Continue
3444-403: The Moon varies with this period, so this type has some relevance for the prediction of eclipses (see Saros ), whose extent, duration, and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter of the Moon. The apparent diameter of the full moon varies with the full moon cycle , which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, as well as the period after which
3526-438: The Moon's orbit precesses 360° in about 6,793 days (18.6 years). A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes precess in the opposite direction to that in which the Moon is orbiting Earth, one rotation every 18.6 years. Therefore, the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to meet the same reference star. Regardless of the culture, all lunar calendar months approximate
3608-416: The Moon), also lunation , is the average period of the Moon's orbit with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth: 29 (Earth) days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.9 seconds. This is the period of the lunar phases , because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from Earth. Due to tidal locking , the same hemisphere of the Moon always faces the Earth and thus
3690-613: The North Pole once every tropical month, and likewise at the South Pole. It is customary to specify positions of celestial bodies with respect to the First Point of Aries (Sun's location at the March equinox ). Because of Earth's precession of the equinoxes , this point moves back slowly along the ecliptic . Therefore, it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of 0° than to
3772-568: The Portuguese during the 16th century. The kings ruled a number of chiefs, sub-chiefs and headmen. The kingdoms were replaced by new groups who moved onto the plateau. The Ndebele destroyed the weakened Rozvi Empire during the 1830s; the Portuguese gradually encroached on the kingdom of Mutapa, which extended to the Mozambique coast after it provided valued exports (particularly gold) for Swahili , Arab and East Asian traders. The Pioneer Column of
3854-465: The Shona people follow Christianity , Shona traditional religious beliefs are still present across the country. A small number of the population practice the Muslim faith, often brought about by immigrants from predominantly Malawi who practice Islam. There is also a small population of Jews. In Zimbabwe the mitupo (translated as totems by colonial missionaries and anthropologists, a term which neglects
3936-494: The Shona religion in favour of Christianity. Initially, they stated that Shona did not have a God. They denigrated the way the Shona had communicated with their God Mwari , the Shona way of worship, and chosen people among the Shona. The chosen people were treated as unholy and Shona prayer was labelled as pagan. When compared with Christianity, the Shona religious perspective of afterlife, holiness, worship and rules of life ( unhu ) are similar. Although sixty to eighty percent of
4018-489: The Sun is in the same relative position . This table lists the average lengths of five types of astronomical lunar month, derived from Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou 2002 . These are not constant, so a first-order (linear) approximation of the secular change is provided. Valid for the epoch J2000.0 (1 January 2000 12:00 TT ): Note: In this table, time is expressed in Ephemeris Time (more precisely Terrestrial Time ) with days of 86,400 SI seconds . T
4100-419: The Sun varies during the year. Thus, the angular velocity is faster nearer periapsis and slower near apoapsis . The same is true (to an even larger extent) for the Moon's orbit around Earth. Because of these two variations in angular rate, the actual time between lunations may vary from about 29.274 days (or 29 d 6 h 35 min ) to about 29.829 days (or 29 d 19 h 54 min ). The average duration in modern times
4182-424: The Sun, appearing to move with respect to the stars since the previous month. Consequently, at 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11.5 seconds, the sidereal month is about 2.2 days shorter than the synodic month. Thus, about 13.37 sidereal months, but about 12.37 synodic months, occur in a Gregorian year . Since Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical and not circular , the speed of Earth's progression around
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#17328448482604264-404: The Sun, the Moon does not yet finish a synodic cycle until it has reached the point in its orbit where the Sun is in the same relative position . This table lists the average lengths of five types of astronomical lunar month, derived from Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou 2002 . These are not constant, so a first-order (linear) approximation of the secular change is provided. Valid for
4346-403: The actual time between lunations may vary from about 29.274 days (or 29 d 6 h 35 min ) to about 29.829 days (or 29 d 19 h 54 min ). The average duration in modern times is 29.53059 days with up to seven hours variation about the mean in any given year. (which gives a mean synodic month as 29.53059 days or 29 d 12 h 44 min 3 s) A more precise figure of the average duration may be derived for
4428-488: The amount of time between perceived rotations of the sun around the earth (based on the Greek word τροπή meaning "turn"), the tropical month is the average time between corresponding equinoxes . It is also the average time between successive moments when the moon crosses from the southern celestial hemisphere to the northern (or vice versa), or successive crossing of a given right ascension or ecliptic longitude . The moon rises at
4510-416: The ancient Hindu Panchangam calendar, widely used in the Indian subcontinent. In India, the month from conjunction to conjunction is divided into thirty parts known as tithi . A tithi is between 19 and 26 hours long. The date is named after the tithi ruling at sunrise. When the tithi is shorter than the day, the tithi may jump. This case is called kṣaya or lopa . Conversely
4592-654: The angular velocity w.r.t. the Equinox of the Date: its period is the tropical month (which is rarely used). l is the mean anomaly: its period is the anomalistic month. F is the argument of latitude: its period is the draconic month. D is the elongation of the Moon from the Sun: its period is the synodic month. Derivation of a period from a polynomial for an argument A (angle): A = A 0 + ( A 1 × T ) + ( A 2 × T 2 ) {\displaystyle A=A_{0}+(A_{1}\times T)+(A_{2}\times T^{2})} ; T in centuries (cy)
4674-435: The apsides point to the Sun again. An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in about 8.85 years. Therefore, the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star. A draconic month or draconitic month is also known as a nodal month or nodical month . The name draconic refers to
4756-462: The children who lack part of their identity. It is, however, possible for a child to be adopted and receive a mutupo . Shona people, as with most Bantu-speaking groups in southern Africa and central Africa, do not have Eurasian DNA. The drystone walls in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries has already proven by genetic DNA testing that the bodies of royal chiefs, kings, their wives, and children do not have any archaic Eurasian DNA. It finally put to
4838-484: The complex orbital effects of the Sun and planets affecting its motion. The periods are derived from polynomial expressions for Delaunay's arguments used in lunar theory , as listed in Table 4 of Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou 2002 W1 is the ecliptic longitude of the Moon w.r.t. the fixed ICRS equinox: its period is the sidereal month. If we add the rate of precession to the sidereal angular velocity, we get
4920-457: The distinction between the sidereal and tropical months, were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy . The synodic month ( Greek : συνοδικός , romanized : synodikós , meaning "pertaining to a synod, i.e., a meeting"; in this case, of the Sun and the Moon), also lunation , is the average period of the Moon's orbit with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth: 29 (Earth) days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.9 seconds. This
5002-465: The environment to communicate with his people. Some of the chosen people have powers to prophecy, heal and bless. People can also communicate with God directly through prayer. Deaths are not losses but a promotion to the stage where they can represent the living through the clan spirits. When someone dies, according to Shona religion, they join the spiritual world. In the spiritual world, they can enjoy their afterlife or become bad spirits. No one wants to be
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#17328448482605084-414: The equinoxes , this point moves back slowly along the ecliptic . Therefore, it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of 0° than to the same point amid the fixed stars . This slightly shorter period, 27.321 582 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s), is commonly known as the tropical month by analogy with Earth's tropical year . The Moon's orbit approximates an ellipse rather than
5166-593: The front and the back, and were called ' mhapa' and ' shashiko .' These later evolved when the Shona people started trading for cloth with other groups, such as the Tsonga , and native cloths began to be manufactured. Shona traditional music 's most important instruments are ngoma drums and the mbira . The drums vary in size and shape, depending on the type of music they are accompanying. How they are played also depends on drum size and music type. Large drums are typically played with sticks, and smaller drums with an open palm;
5248-567: The grave dehumanizing claims that a pure authentic African people couldn't do anything for themselves, meant to uphold outdated racial hierarchy claims. references: Alonso A.Andelinovic S.Martin P.Sutlovic D.Erceg I.Huffine E.de Simon L. F.Albrran C.Definis-Gojanovic M.Fernandez-Rodriguez A.Garcia P.Drmic I.Rezic B.Kuret S.Sancho M.Primorac D2001 "DNA Typing from Skeletal Remains: Evaluation of Multiplex and Megaplex STR Systems on DNA Isolated from Bone and Teeth Samples" Croation Medical Journal 422001260266 Lunation In lunar calendars ,
5330-403: The length of a lunar day (sunrise to sunrise on the Moon) equals the time that the Moon takes to complete one orbit around Earth , returning to the same lunar phase . While the Moon is orbiting Earth, Earth is progressing in its orbit around the Sun. After completing its § Sidereal month , the Moon must move a little further to reach the new position having the same angular distance from
5412-415: The mean length of the synodic month, the average period the Moon takes to cycle through its phases ( new , first quarter, full , last quarter) and back again: 29–30 days . The Moon completes one orbit around Earth every 27.3 days (a sidereal month), but due to Earth's orbital motion around the Sun, the Moon does not yet finish a synodic cycle until it has reached the point in its orbit where
5494-435: The moon crosses from the southern celestial hemisphere to the northern (or vice versa), or successive crossing of a given right ascension or ecliptic longitude . The moon rises at the North Pole once every tropical month, and likewise at the South Pole. It is customary to specify positions of celestial bodies with respect to the First Point of Aries (Sun's location at the March equinox ). Because of Earth's precession of
5576-440: The nodes gradually rotate around Earth. As a result, the time it takes the Moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month, lasting 27.212 220 days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The line of nodes of the Moon's orbit precesses 360° in about 6,793 days (18.6 years). A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes precess in the opposite direction to that in which
5658-923: The numerical conversion factor then becomes 2 × B1 × B1 ÷ B2 = 2 × 1,296,000. This would give a linear term in days change (of the period) per day, which is also an inconvenient unit: for change per year multiply by a factor 365.25, and for change per century multiply by a factor 36,525. C 2 = 2 × 1,296,000 × 36,525 × A 2 ÷ (A 1 × A 1 ). Then period P in days: P = C 1 − C 2 × T {\displaystyle P=C_{1}-C_{2}\times T} . Example for synodic month, from Delaunay's argument D : D′ = 1602961601.0312 − 2 × 6.8498 × T "/cy; A 1 = 1602961601.0312 "/cy; A 2 = −6.8498"/cy; C 1 = 47,336,400,000 ÷ 1,602,961,601.0312 = 29.530588860986 days; C 2 = 94,672,800,000 × −6.8498 ÷ (1,602,961,601.0312 × 1,602,961,601.0312) = −0.00000025238 days/cy. Shona people The Shona people ( / ˈ ʃ oʊ n ə / ) are
5740-563: The organizational system) are a system of identifying clans and sub-clans, which are named after and signified by emblems, commonly indigenous animals or animal body parts. Mitupo (the plural of mutupo singular) have been used by the Shona people since the Shona culture developed. They have provided a function in avoiding incest, and also build solidarity and identity. They could be compared to heraldry in European culture. There are more than 25 mitupo in Zimbabwe. In marriage, mitupo help create
5822-572: The result Q is expressed in cy/" which is a very inconvenient unit. 1 revolution (rev) is 360 × 60 × 60" = 1,296,000"; to convert the unit of the velocity to revolutions/day, divide A 1 by B 1 = 1,296,000 × 36,525 = 47,336,400,000; C 1 = B 1 ÷ A 1 is then the period (in days/revolution) at the epoch J2000.0. For rev/day divide A 2 by B 2 = 1,296,000 × 36,525 = 1,728,962,010,000,000. For A 2 ÷ ( A 1 × A 1 ) {\displaystyle A_{2}\div (A_{1}\times A_{1})}
5904-570: The result Q is expressed in cy/" which is a very inconvenient unit. 1 revolution (rev) is 360 × 60 × 60" = 1,296,000"; to convert the unit of the velocity to revolutions/day, divide A 1 by B 1 = 1,296,000 × 36,525 = 47,336,400,000; C 1 = B 1 ÷ A 1 is then the period (in days/revolution) at the epoch J2000.0. For rev/day divide A 2 by B 2 = 1,296,000 × 36,525 = 1,728,962,010,000,000. For A 2 ÷ ( A 1 × A 1 ) {\displaystyle A_{2}\div (A_{1}\times A_{1})}
5986-403: The same point amid the fixed stars . This slightly shorter period, 27.321 582 days (27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s), is commonly known as the tropical month by analogy with Earth's tropical year . The Moon's orbit approximates an ellipse rather than a circle. However, the orientation (as well as the shape) of this orbit is not fixed. In particular, the position of the extreme points (the line of
6068-405: The same star. A draconic month or draconitic month is also known as a nodal month or nodical month . The name draconic refers to a mythical dragon , said to live in the lunar nodes and eat the Sun or Moon during an eclipse . A solar or lunar eclipse is possible only when the Moon is at or near either of the two points where its orbit crosses the ecliptic plane ; i.e., the satellite
6150-481: The shona people did in Rozvi state that is platform terraces drystone walling.In what is the eastern province of Zimbabwe there is ziwa type drystone walling with cattle crawls for an indigenous Africa species of cattle still exist today and underground homes with drystone walled varandas. Sorghum and maize are used to prepare the staple dish, a thickened porridge ( sadza ), and the traditional beer known as hwahwa . Beef
6232-415: The sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansions , one for each day of the month, identified by the prominent star(s) in them. Just as the tropical year is based on the amount of time between perceived rotations of the sun around the earth (based on the Greek word τροπή meaning "turn"), the tropical month is the average time between corresponding equinoxes . It is also the average time between successive moments when
6314-543: The small drum used for the ' amabhiza' dance is played with a hand and a stick. The stick rubs, or scratches, the drum to produce a screeching sound. The mbira has become a national instrument of sorts in Zimbabwe. It has a number of variants, including the nhare , mbira dzavadzimu , the Mbira Nyunga Nyunga , njari mbira , and matepe . The mbira is played at religious and secular gatherings, and different mbiras have different purposes. The 22–24-key mbira dzavadzimu
6396-526: The somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT ("delta-T"). Apart from the long term (millennial) drift in these values, all these periods vary continually around their mean values because of the complex orbital effects of the Sun and planets affecting its motion. The periods are derived from polynomial expressions for Delaunay's arguments used in lunar theory , as listed in Table 4 of Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou 2002 W1
6478-477: The synodic month. Thus, about 13.37 sidereal months, but about 12.37 synodic months, occur in a Gregorian year . Since Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical and not circular , the speed of Earth's progression around the Sun varies during the year. Thus, the angular velocity is faster nearer periapsis and slower near apoapsis . The same is true (to an even larger extent) for the Moon's orbit around Earth. Because of these two variations in angular rate,
6560-452: The time made by sorghum. At present, beef is consumed normally mixed with greens, kale being the most commonly used. The traditional religion of Shona people is centred on Mwari (God), also known as Musikavanhu (Creator of man/people) or Nyadenga (one who lives high up). God communicates with his people on earth directly or through chosen family members in each family believed to be holy people . At times God uses natural phenomena and
6642-424: The two points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic plane: the ascending node and the descending node . The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive transits of the Moon through the same node . Because of the torque exerted by the Sun's gravity on the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, the plane of the Moon's orbit gradually rotates westward, which means
6724-468: The world. Many of the sculptures depict the transformation of spirits into animals or vice versa, and some are more abstract. Many Zimbabwean artists carve wood and stone to sell to tourists. Pottery is also a traditionally practiced craft, with the storage and serving pots being the most decorative, contrasted with those used for cooking. In Shona clay earthenware pots are known as hari . Traditional Shona housing ( musha ) are round huts arranged around
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