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129-423: The eight chapters of the document can be paired thematically: chapters one and two treat the church's nature and historical existence, chapters three and four treat different roles in the church, chapters five and six treat holiness and religious life, while chapters seven and eight discuss the saints and Mary. In its first chapter on ecclesiology, the constitution states that "all the just, from Adam and 'from Abel,

258-534: A cardinal , assigning him the title of cardinal priest of San Roberto Bellarmino , a Jesuit church. Bergoglio was installed there on 14 October. During his trip to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited their father's hometown in northern Italy. As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the Roman Curia . He was a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and

387-558: A janitor as a young man before training to be a chemist and working as a technician in a food science laboratory. After recovering from a severe illness of pneumonia and cysts , he was inspired to join the Jesuits in 1958. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was the Jesuit provincial superior in Argentina. He became the archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and

516-615: A mandate for missions and evangelism and this accompanies the church into the new, Third Millennium . In the very first sentence of its Constitution on the Church, Lumen gentium , the Second Vatican Council affirmed that Christ had sent the church to preach the gospel to every creature (LG 1; cf. Mk 16:15). Evangelism is a theme in multiple Vatican II documents. These documents mentioned "gospel" 157 times, "evangelize" 18 times, and "evangelization" 31 times. For several decades,

645-795: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War . After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the rector of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied. Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy , Dublin. He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986 when, at

774-627: A "communist turd." His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics. However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa , the first female Argentine saint. Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health. The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had

903-433: A "reaffirmation" to "a genuine sacramental episcopal collegiality" which was thrown into the background by the premature ending of Vatican I. He goes on to say: This seems to afford the basis for a recovery of the principle that the papacy—and now we must add the episcopate—is not the source of the actual life of the Church, but the coordinator of that life's various and peripheral spontaneities. This principle of subsidiarity

1032-560: A Theological Institute for the New Evangelization, which offers a Master's of Theological Studies for the New Evangelization. Despite being located at a seminary, the program is designed for laity, deacons, and professed religious. In 2012, Franciscan University of Steubenville established the Father Michael Scanlan Chair of Biblical Theology and the New Evangelization. In 2012, The Catholic Bishops' Conference of

1161-481: A bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior. From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" until after his election as pope. Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and consecrated on 27 June 1992 as titular bishop of Auca , with Cardinal Antonio Quarracino , archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator. He chose as his episcopal motto Miserando atque eligendo . It

1290-680: A central theme of his pontificate from Lumen Gentium § 8 on the Church following Christ in his poverty and humility in order to bring the Good News to the poor. One of the key portions of Lumen gentium is its second chapter, with its declaration that the Church is "the People of God": At all times and in every race God has given welcome to whosoever fears Him and does what is right. God, however, does not make men holy and save them merely as individuals, without bond or link between one another. Rather has it pleased Him to bring men together as one people,

1419-430: A changing approach to formalities at the Vatican. During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica , he wore a white cassock , not the red, ermine-trimmed mozzetta used by previous popes. He also wore the same iron pectoral cross that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors. After being elected and choosing his name, his first act

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1548-407: A chemical technician's diploma. In that capacity, he spent several years working in the food section of Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory, where he worked under Esther Ballestrino . Earlier, he was a bouncer and a janitor. When he was 21 years old, after life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts , Bergoglio had part of a lung excised. Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he

1677-599: A collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War. When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by canon law . Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican. On 21 February 2001, Pope John Paul II made Archbishop Bergoglio

1806-563: A cross and church building in a new town where there was none. Speaking at Mogila Abbey near Nowa Huta in 1979, Pope John Paul II said: "From the Cross of Nowa Huta began the new evangelization". The first papal use of the term new evangelization was by Pope Paul VI in his 1975 apostolic exhortation , Evangelii nuntiandi , which itself built upon documents from the Second Vatican Council including Lumen gentium , Ad gentes , Gaudium et spes , and Dignitatis humanae . The term

1935-561: A diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave. According to the Italian journalist Andrea Tornielli , this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American papabile . La Stampa reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him. According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent

2064-611: A general assembly of the Synod of Bishops on The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith . On June 29, 2013, Pope Francis released a related apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium (English: The Joy of the Gospel) on "the church's primary mission of evangelization in the modern world". In its opening paragraph, Pope Francis urged the entire church "to embark on

2193-494: A more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society. In order that the faithful may reach this perfection, they must use their strength accordingly as they have received it, as a gift from Christ. They must follow in His footsteps and conform themselves to His image seeking the will of the Father in all things. They must devote themselves with all their being to the glory of God and

2322-566: A new chapter of evangelism". As of April 2019, Pope Francis was reported to be planning a reorganization of the Curia that will make evangelization its principal focus. A final draft of his apostolic constitution on the Roman Curia, titled Praedicate Evangelium ("Preach the Gospel"), has been submitted for comment to national bishops' conferences and a variety of other bodies. Since Pope John Paul II ,

2451-577: A new evangelization and to the mission ad gentes . No believer in Christ, no institution of the Church can avoid this supreme duty: to proclaim Christ to all peoples. In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI established the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization . When he called for a Year of Faith from 2012 to 2013 on the 50th anniversary of the Second Vatican Council, he opened it with

2580-530: A people which acknowledges Him in truth and serves Him in holiness   [...] Christ instituted this new covenant, the new testament, that is to say, in His Blood, calling together a people made up of Jew and gentile, making them one, not according to the flesh but in the Spirit. This was to be the new People of God. For those who believe in Christ, who are reborn not from a perishable but from an imperishable seed through

2709-474: A political rival to the day he died in October 2010. Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during disturbances in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators. The campaign to enact same-sex marriage legislation

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2838-521: A respiratory infection. In the past, one attack of sciatica in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days. Francis is the first Jesuit pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the Society of Jesus and the Holy See . He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at

2967-566: A traffic collision. His niece, Cristina Bergoglio , is a painter based in Madrid , Spain. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a school of the Salesians of Don Bosco , in Ramos Mejía , Buenos Aires Province. He attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past Argentine president , and graduated with

3096-471: Is carried through to the point at which the lay Catholic is seen as a genuine creative force in the life of the People of God; and to the further point where it is realised that the whole human family, insofar as good will prevails, is a theatre of the operations of the grace-gifts of the Holy Spirit, and is cooperating in the building up of Christ's kingdom. He concludes that the Church which makes contemporary

3225-471: Is drawn from Saint Bede 's homily on Matthew 9:9–13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him". On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed coadjutor archbishop of Buenos Aires and succeeded as metropolitan archbishop after Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998. As archbishop, he established new parishes, restructured the archdiocese, led pro-life efforts, and formed a commission on divorces. One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop

3354-799: Is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State . He is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuit Order), the first from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere , and the first born or raised outside Europe since the 8th-century papacy of the Syrian pope Gregory III . Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina , Bergoglio worked for a time as a bouncer and

3483-472: Is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as "no frills", noting that it is "his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration". On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car. The next day, he visited Cardinal Jorge María Mejía in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff. At his first media audience,

3612-614: Is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the APDH during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the CONADEP . Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything." Ricardo Lorenzetti , President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is "completely innocent" of the accusations. Historian Uki Goñi pointed that, during early 1976,

3741-399: Is not always fully active [in actu pleno]; rather, it acts as a college in the strict sense only from time to time and only with the consent of its head. The phrase 'with the consent of its head' is used to avoid the idea of dependence on some kind of outsider; the term "consent" suggests rather communion between the head and the members, and implies the need for an act which belongs properly to

3870-612: Is set to be published in January 2025. Pope Francis was born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio on 17 December 1936 in Flores , a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . He was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) and Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro ( Province of Asti ) in Italy's Piedmont region. Regina Sívori

3999-482: Is the Church, is the one Mediator and the unique way of salvation." Those who "knowing that the Catholic Church was made necessary by Christ, would refuse to enter or to remain in it, could not be saved."(14) All human beings are called to belong to the Church. Not all are yet fully incorporated into the Church, but "the Church recognizes that in many ways she is linked with those who, being baptized, are honored with

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4128-481: Is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio." Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, Sergio Rubin , that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator Jorge Rafael Videla on their behalf may have saved their lives. Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from

4257-591: The Crónica newspaper. Fernando de la Rúa replaced Carlos Menem as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral on the First National Government holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society. During Argentina's economic depression , the Catholic Church criticized

4386-489: The National Catholic Reporter , John L. Allen Jr. reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave. In September 2005, the Italian magazine Limes published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot. The claims were based on

4515-509: The LGBT community , and has stated that while blessings of same-sex unions are not permitted, the individuals can be blessed , as long as the blessings are not given in a liturgical context. Francis is a critic of unbridled capitalism , consumerism , and overdevelopment ; he has made action on climate change a leading focus of his papacy. Widely interpreted as denouncing the death penalty as intrinsically evil, he has termed it "an attack on

4644-777: The Pallottine community murdered in the San Patricio Church massacre . At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the National Reorganization Process , the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time. Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the Argentine Navy 's kidnapping of two Jesuit priests, Orlando Yorio and Franz Jalics , in May 1976, during Argentina's Dirty War . He feared for

4773-652: The Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum from 1938 to 1976 and peritus during Vatican II, was influential in the redaction of the Lumen gentium . Certain Traditionalist Catholic groups, particularly Sedevacantists , consider Lumen gentium to be the demarcation of when the Roman Church fell into heresy, pointing to the use of " subsistit in " rather than "est" as an abdication of

4902-622: The Synod of Bishops , and, according to the Catholic Herald , created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue". Cardinal Bergoglio was known for his personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and commitment to social justice . His simple lifestyle , including living in a small apartment rather than the elegant bishop's residence, using public transportation, and cooking his own meals, enhanced his reputation for humility. He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits." He

5031-649: The death penalty , helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba , negotiated a deal with China to define how much influence the Communist Party has in appointing Chinese bishops , and has supported the cause of refugees during the European and Central American migrant crises, calling on the Western World to significantly increase immigration levels. In 2022, he apologized for

5160-511: The magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church has been promoting a theme of new evangelization. This includes re-evangelism of Christian people as well as mission Ad gentes to reach new regions and cultures. The birthplace of the new evangelization was Nowa Huta near Kraków in Poland where strenuous efforts for many years were made during communist rule to establish church land and

5289-503: The "right to make his consent dependent on an interpretation determined in advance". The Preliminary Note of Explanation did not in fact alter the value of the statement on collegiality in the text of Lumen gentium : it "strengthened the adherence to the doctrine of the First Vatican Council on the primacy, but it did not subsequently strike out anything from the direct divine origin of the episcopal office and its function, and

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5418-508: The 1980 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship." Graciela Fernández Meijide , member of the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights , also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the Clarín newspaper: "There

5547-576: The Catholic Church is rooted in LG 17 and is one of the signs that the Church is seeking to fulfill Lumen Gentium . As the Father sent the Son, so he too sent the Apostles (Matthdw 28:18–20). The third chapter of the document, which spoke of the bishops as a "college"(22) that, within the Church, succeeds to the place of the "college" or "stable group" of the apostles (19) and is "the subject of supreme and full power over

5676-469: The Church 's role in the " cultural genocide " of the Canadian indigenous peoples . On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the Synod on Synodality , described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council . In October 2024, it was revealed that Pope Francis would be the first sitting pope to publish a memoir, Hope , which

5805-479: The Church's historic (and to them compulsory) identification of itself alone as God's church. In an interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger responded to this criticism: The concept expressed by 'is' (to be) is far broader than that expressed by 'to subsist'. 'To subsist' is a very precise way of being, that is, to be as a subject, which exists in itself. Thus

5934-620: The Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in Santa Fe , from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires. In 1967, Bergoglio began his theological studies at Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel . On 13 December 1969, he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano . He served as the master of novices for

6063-458: The Constitution on the Church. Vatican II was sensitive to the views of other Christians, as the council, at the request of Pope John XXIII, hoped to promote Christian unity, but knew there are different concepts about Mary among other Christians, especially Protestants. The council in its one mention of Mary as " Mediatrix ", spoke of her as strengthening – not lessening – confidence in Christ as

6192-525: The Council Fathers meant to say that the being of the Church as such is a broader entity than the Roman Catholic Church, but within the latter it acquires, in an incomparable way, the character of a true and proper subject. One point of confusion was the document's treatment of the possibility of salvation outside of the Catholic Church. In 2000, Pope John Paul II issued Dominus Iesus with

6321-756: The Discipline of the Sacraments , the Congregation for the Clergy , the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life , the Pontifical Council for the Family and the Commission for Latin America . Later that year, when Cardinal Edward Egan returned to New York following the September 11 attacks , Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in

6450-423: The Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience. Nor does Divine Providence deny the helps necessary for salvation to those who, without blame on their part, have not yet arrived at an explicit knowledge of God and with His grace strive to live a good life.(16) The New Evangelization message in

6579-420: The Holy See), French, Portuguese, and English, and he understands the Piedmontese language and some Genoese . Francis chose not to live in the official papal residence in the Apostolic Palace , but to remain in the Vatican guest house , in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since Pope Pius X to live outside the papal apartments. Francis still appears at

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6708-456: The Israelite people to be his own people and established a covenant with it, as a preparation and figure of the covenant ratified in Christ that constitutes the new People of God, which would be one, not according to the flesh, but in the Spirit and which is called the Church of Christ.(9) Consequently, "it [the Council] teaches that the Church, now sojourning on earth as an exile, is necessary for salvation. Christ, present to us in His Body, which

6837-415: The Lord Himself. Moreover, by the sacraments, especially holy Eucharist, that charity toward God and man which is the soul of the apostolate is communicated and nourished. Now the laity are called in a special way to make the Church present and operative in those places and circumstances where only through them can it become the salt of the earth. (33) But the Lord wishes to spread His kingdom also by means of

6966-417: The Muslims, who, professing to hold the faith of Abraham, along with us adore the one and merciful God, who on the last day will judge mankind. Nor is God far distant from those who in shadows and images seek the unknown God, for it is He who gives to all men life and breath and all things, and as Saviour wills that all men be saved. Those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know

7095-430: The Philippines issued a pastoral letter on the new evangelization with a nine year plan to help prepare Catholics for 2021, the 500th anniversary of the arrival of the Gospel in the Philippines. On 12 December 2020, the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe , the Archdiocese of Sydney announced its archdiocese-wide plan for evangelism called "Go Make Disciples". Go Make Disciples is the most far-reaching attempt to harness

7224-410: The Pope, Paul VI , and "the Schema de Ecclesia" to the draft text for the dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium . By "the Modi" is meant the proposals for amendments of that draft text which some of the Council participants had presented. The Note was thus added by papal authority, consistently with the idea that the consent of the Pope, as head of the College of Bishops was necessary, and that he had

7353-408: The Pope. In the latter instance, without the action of the head, the bishops are not able to act as a College: this is clear from the concept of "College." This hierarchical communion of all the bishops with the Supreme Pontiff is certainly firmly established in Tradition. Bishop Christopher Butler , a major contributor to the council and strong proponent of its teachings, finds that the document gives

7482-454: The Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as "the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man", and he added "[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor". In addition to his native Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the "everyday language" of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the official language of

7611-432: The Synod of Bishops gathered from 7–28 October 2012 to discuss the theme: The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith. The Synod reaffirmed that the new evangelization is a summons addressed to all and that it is carried out in three principal settings". The three settings were: 1) ordinary pastoral ministry (to inflame the hearts of the faithful), 2) outreach to "the baptized whose lives do not reflect

7740-412: The allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed. The priests were tortured, but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just

7869-491: The angels with Him and death being destroyed, all things are subject to Him, some of His disciples are exiles on earth, some having died are purified, and others are in glory beholding "clearly God Himself triune and one, as He is"; but all in various ways and degrees are in communion in the same charity of God and neighbor and all sing the same hymn of glory to our God. For all who are in Christ, having His Spirit, form one Church and cleave together in Him. (49) The chapter on Mary

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7998-416: The church's shepherds must have the "smell of the sheep", always staying close to the People of God)." On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster Televisa , Francis said that his " great devotion " was to the Salus populi Romani icon at the Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that his tomb was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be

8127-412: The common priesthood of the faithful and the ministerial or hierarchical priesthood are nonetheless interrelated: each of them in its own special way is a participation in the one priesthood of Christ. The ministerial priest, by the sacred power he enjoys, teaches and rules the priestly people; acting in the person of Christ, he makes present the eucharistic sacrifice, and offers it to God in the name of all

8256-404: The competence of the head. This is explicitly affirmed in n. 22, 12 and is explained at the end of that section. The word "only" takes in all cases. It is evident from this that the norms approved by the supreme authority must always be observed. Cf. Modus 84 It is clear throughout that it is a question of the bishops acting in conjunction with their head, never of the bishops acting independently of

8385-483: The conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope. As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with Communion and Liberation , a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as associations of the faithful . He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the Rimini Meeting held during the late summer months in Italy. In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for beatification —the third step toward sainthood —for six members of

8514-437: The cultural sector was seen as one of the many priorities of the new evangelization. In recent years, therefore, the Catholic Church promoted her artistic heritage in several countries as a pastoral opportunity for the new evangelization, particularly in Europe. In 2005, the Augustine Institute in Denver was established to train lay Catholics for the new evangelization. In 2011, Saint John's Seminary in Boston established

8643-448: The demands of Baptism" and 3) evangelization to those who do not know Jesus Christ or who have always rejected him. Relative to the second setting, one emphasis has been re-evangelizing of Christians who have fallen away from the faith. There has been a special focus on Europe and the Americas, areas which have traditionally been Catholic but which have been heavily influenced by secularization . The Catholic Church has always had

8772-400: The dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina. The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography El jesuita , is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events. Alicia Oliveira , a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of

8901-405: The dictatorship" in the 1970s, during the Dirty War . Bergoglio regularly celebrated the Holy Thursday foot-washing ritual in jails, hospitals, retirement homes, and slums. In 2007, shortly after Benedict XVI introduced new rules for pre-Vatican II liturgical forms, Cardinal Bergoglio established a weekly Mass in this extraordinary form of the Roman Rite . On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio

9030-449: The discretion of Jesuit superior-general Peter Hans Kolvenbach , he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work. He spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible dissertation topics. He settled on exploring

9159-400: The document of a "college" of bishops), and were now proposing 47 amendments to chapter III. Accordingly, a "Preliminary Note of Explanation" (in Latin , Nota explicativa praevia , often referred to as "the Nota praevia ") intended to reconcile them with the text was added on 16 November 1964. The Note reaffirmed that the college of bishops exercises its authority only with the assent of

9288-574: The dogmatic constitution as a whole. The Note is introduced by the following words: "A preliminary note of explanation is being given to the Council Fathers from higher authority, regarding the Modi bearing on Chapter III of the Schema de Ecclesia; the doctrine set forth in Chapter III ought to be explained and understood in accordance with the meaning and intent of this explanatory note." "Higher authority" refers to

9417-453: The first place we must recall the people to whom the testament and the promises were given and from whom Christ was born according to the flesh. On account of their fathers this people remains most dear to God, for God does not repent of the gifts He makes nor of the calls He issues. But the plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator. In the first place amongst these there are

9546-418: The first pope since Pope Leo XIII to be buried outside the Vatican. Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013, the second day of the 2013 papal conclave , taking the papal name Francis. Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave. The Habemus papam announcement was delivered by the cardinal protodeacon , Jean-Louis Tauran . Cardinal Christoph Schönborn later said that Bergoglio

9675-555: The future be restored as a proper and permanent rank of the hierarchy. It pertains to the competent territorial bodies of bishops, of one kind or another, with the approval of the Supreme Pontiff, to decide whether and where it is opportune for such deacons to be established for the care of souls. With the consent of the Roman Pontiff, this diaconate can, in the future, be conferred upon men of more mature age, even upon those living in

9804-469: The future fulfillment of Bible prophecy in history. It continues themes of sanctification and holiness from earlier sections. It affirms the ancient Church practices of remembering the saints and imploring their intercession. It affirms "the sacred Liturgy, wherein the power of the Holy Spirit acts upon us through sacramental signs" and anticipates worship in heaven. Until the Lord shall come in His majesty, and all

9933-414: The government's austerity measures, which worsened poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to facilitate dialogue between economic and political leaders to address the crisis. Although he claimed to have spoken with Bergoglio about participating, Bergoglio reportedly said the meeting was canceled due to a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant. Bishop Jorge Casaretto doubts this, noting that De la Rúa only made

10062-458: The idea later, including his 1990 encyclical , Redemptoris missio , a Magna Carta of the new evangelization, his 1994 apostolic letter, Tertio millennio adveniente , issued for the Great Jubilee of the year 2000 and his 2001 apostolic exhortation, Novo millennio ineunte . In Redemptoris missio , he wrote: I sense that the moment has come to commit all of the Church's energies to

10191-400: The inviolability and dignity of the person", "inadmissible", and committed the Church to its abolition , saying that there can be "no going back from this position". In international diplomacy, Francis has criticized the rise of right-wing populism , called for the decriminalization of homosexuality (though still considering same-sex acts as sinful), called for the worldwide abolition of

10320-532: The junta. Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca and José Caravias have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship. Oliveira described the future pope as "anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship" during the Dirty War. Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do." Artist and human rights activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ,

10449-565: The just one, to the last of the elect,' will be gathered together with the Father in the universal Church   [...] a people made one with the unity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit."(2) "Christ made His brothers, called together from all nations, mystically the components of His own Body."(7) It goes on to describe "the sole Church of Christ which in the Creed is professed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic, which our Saviour, after His Resurrection, commissioned Peter to shepherd, and him and

10578-459: The laity, namely, a kingdom of truth and life, a kingdom of holiness and grace, a kingdom of justice, love and peace. (36) The theme of the [[universal call to holiness was built on in the fifth chapter: Thus it is evident to everyone, that all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such

10707-508: The married state. It may also be conferred upon suitable young men, for whom the law of celibacy must remain intact. The laity are gathered together in the People of God and make up the Body of Christ under one Head. Whoever they are they are called upon, as living members, to expend all their energy for the growth of the Church and its continuous sanctification   [...] Through their baptism and confirmation all are commissioned to that apostolate by

10836-434: The military junta still had a good image among society, and that the scale of the political repression was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths. When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the sacramental bread to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by

10965-459: The mystery of Christ and of the Church." Bishop Christopher Butler mentions that prior to Vatican II the one area where Catholic theology was allowed to develop uncritically, apart from the total life of theology, was in devotion to Mary, so that "it began to seem that the Catholicism of the future would approximate more and more to the condition of an Italian tribal cult." This century-long drift

11094-467: The name of Christian, though they do not profess the faith in its entirety or do not preserve unity of communion with the successor of Peter."(15) In addition, the Council describes how non-Christians and non-theists are related to the Church and that God does not deny them the helps necessary for salvation: Finally, those who have not yet received the Gospel are related in various ways to the people of God. In

11223-562: The national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended. In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit Joaquín Piña to win the elections in the Misiones Province and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution. Kirchner considered Bergoglio as

11352-489: The new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a " Copernican shift " in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon. On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This

11481-405: The newspaper Página/12 . The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by

11610-565: The one essential Mediator. The council, in speaking of Mary, used a biblical approach, with strong emphasis on her pilgrimage of faith. They also drew heavily from the Fathers of the Church, which Christians of all denominations respect. Pope Paul VI, in a speech to the council fathers, called the document "a vast synthesis of the Catholic doctrine regarding the place which the Blessed Mary occupies in

11739-417: The opposite". Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery. Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated. The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It

11868-448: The other apostles to extend and direct with authority, which He erected for all ages as 'the pillar and mainstay of the truth.' This Church, constituted and organized as a society in the present world, subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him, although many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside its visible confines."(8) Pope Francis has taken

11997-733: The painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly Die Zeit in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg. As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Stefan Czmil . Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve Divine Liturgy for Czmil. In 1992, Jesuit authorities asked Bergoglio not to live in Jesuit residences due to ongoing tensions with leaders and scholars, concerns about his "dissent," views on Catholic orthodoxy, opposition to liberation theology , and his role as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires. As

12126-468: The people. But the faithful, in virtue of their royal priesthood, join in the offering of the Eucharist. They likewise exercise that priesthood in receiving the sacraments, in prayer and thanksgiving, in the witness of a holy life, and by self-denial and active charity.(10) In the second chapter, the Council teaches that God wills to save people not just as individuals but as a people. For this reason God chose

12255-508: The poor Christ, the humble and cross-bearing Christ in order to be worthy of being sharers in His glory. Every person must walk unhesitatingly according to his own personal gifts and duties in the path of living faith, which arouses hope and works through charity.(40, 41) "The religious state clearly manifests that the Kingdom of God and its needs, in a very special way, are raised above all earthly considerations. Finally it clearly shows all men both

12384-583: The poor, and commitment to interreligious dialogue . He is known for having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors, for instance choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guesthouse rather than in the papal apartments of the Apostolic Palace used by previous popes. Francis has made women full members of dicasteries in the Roman Curia . He maintains that the Catholic Church should be more sympathetic toward members of

12513-529: The pope, thus safeguarding the primacy and pastoral independence of the pope. The Note achieved its purpose: on the following day, 17 November, the No votes against chapter III dropped to 46, a number that may have included some who opposed it because they felt the Preliminary Note of Explanation had weakened the concept of collegiality. In the final vote on 18 November only five of the 2200+ participants voted against

12642-664: The presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world. In his homily Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph , the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated. New Evangelization The new evangelization is the particular process by which baptized members of the Catholic Church express the general Christian call to evangelization . According to Pope Francis in Evangelii gaudium in 2013: "the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of

12771-626: The president in advancing necessary legislation. During police repression of the riots of December 2001 , he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters. When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 First National Government holiday, President Néstor Kirchner attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements. Kirchner celebrated

12900-491: The priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order. In 2005, Myriam Bregman , a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping. Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied

13029-495: The province there and became a professor of theology. Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, tertianship , at Alcalá de Henares , Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the fourth vow of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973. He was named provincial superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979. In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made

13158-656: The religious career. As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in Santiago , Chile. After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of poverty, chastity and obedience of a member of the order. In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo de San José in San Miguel , Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and psychology at

13287-621: The request in newspaper interviews, not formally to the church. In the 2001 elections , the Justicialist Party won a majority in Congress and appointed Ramón Puerta as Senate president. With Vice-President Carlos Álvarez having resigned, the opposing party was next in line . Bergoglio met with Puerta and was positively impressed. Puerta assured him that the Justicialist Party was not planning to oust De la Rúa and promised to support

13416-662: The resources of the Catholic Church within Australia in the service of the new evangelisation called for by all the modern popes since Pope Paul VI . It represents the personal vision of Archbishop Anthony Fisher for the future of the Archdiocese of Sydney. New media tools such as the internet, social media and smartphones are being used as vehicles for expressing the new evangelization. Media organizations like EWTN , National Catholic Register , Word on Fire , Catholic Answers , Relevant Radio , Shalom World , Shalom TV see using

13545-563: The responsibility of the College of Bishops for the Universal Church." Part 4 of the Note reads: As Supreme Pastor of the Church, the Supreme Pontiff can always exercise his power at will, as his very office demands. Though it is always in existence, the College is not as a result permanently engaged in strictly collegial activity; the Church's Tradition makes this clear. In other words, the College

13674-432: The saving truth of the gospel "is the sign and the instrument of the unity of the whole human race." This part of the document also endorsed the revival of the office of deacon as found in the early church, as a permanent vocation rather than a stage through which candidates for the priesthood pass, as had been the case since about the 5th century, and that it should open to married men. It said that: [T]he diaconate can in

13803-438: The service of their neighbor. In this way, the holiness of the People of God will grow into an abundant harvest of good, as is admirably shown by the life of so many saints in Church history. The classes and duties of life are many, but holiness is one—that sanctity which is cultivated by all who are moved by the Spirit of God, and who obey the voice of the Father and worship God the Father in spirit and in truth. These people follow

13932-687: The theme of "the unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church". He later stated in an encyclical, Redemptoris Missio , "The universality of salvation means that it is granted not only to those who explicitly believe in Christ and have entered the Church." This affirmed the belief that not only Catholics can achieve salvation and sanctification . Such a belief would prove to be controversial among many traditionalist Catholics, even to this day. Pope Francis God Schools Relations with: Pope Francis ( Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; 17 December 1936)

14061-508: The time appeared as the only other viable candidate. He is also the first from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere . Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was Gregory III from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is ethnically European ; his father and maternal grandparents were from northern Italy. As pope, his manner

14190-447: The universal Church, provided we understand this body together with its head, the Roman Pontiff."(22) Conservative bishops in the council were fearful that the idea of the College of Bishops would be interpreted as a new conciliarism , a 15th-century idea that an ecumenical council was the supreme authority under Christ in the Catholic Church. Of the members of the council, 322, a substantial minority, voted against any mention whatever in

14319-455: The unsurpassed breadth of the strength of Christ the King and the infinite power of the Holy Spirit marvelously working in the Church." It is considered a "deepening of the baptismal character ". The religious life is conducive to the building up of other persons and of the world in Christ. Chapter 7 affirms the oneness of the Church on earth with the Church in heaven. It makes an indirect allusion to

14448-530: The window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday Angelus . As a Jesuit pope, he has been "making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as "clericalism" (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says

14577-476: The word of the living God, not from the flesh but from water and the Holy Spirit, are finally established as "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people   [...] who in times past were not a people, but are now the people of God.(9) The three-fold ministry of Christ is also exercised by every baptized. Thus in a sense all the baptized share in the priesthood of Christ: Though they differ from one another in essence and not only in degree,

14706-551: The work of the German / Italian theologian Romano Guardini , particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work Der Gegensatz . He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a confessor and spiritual director to the Jesuit community in Córdoba . It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of Mary, Untier of Knots in Augsburg and brought a copy of

14835-480: Was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin. Mario José's family left Italy in 1929 to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini . According to María Elena Bergoglio (born 1948), the pope's only living sibling, they did not emigrate for economic reasons. His other siblings were Oscar Adrián (1938–deceased), Marta Regina (1940–2007), and Alberto Horacio (1942–2010). Two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in

14964-460: Was a particularly tense period in their relations. When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper Página/12 published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the National Library described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating

15093-544: Was bestowing the Urbi et Orbi blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square . Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome". Francis held his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in

15222-492: Was brought to an end by the Council on October 29, 1963, "a fixed point of the Marian paradigm shift," the date on which the Council decided, in a very close vote, to not give Mary a separate document but to situate her properly within the larger Church. [I]n the most holy Virgin the Church has already reached that perfection whereby she is without spot or wrinkle. (65) Marie Rosaire Gagnebet O.P. (1904–1983) professor of theology at

15351-714: Was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II . He led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina . The administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him to be a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, a papal conclave elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 March. He chose Francis as his papal name in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi . Throughout his public life, Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on God's mercy, international visibility as pope, concern for

15480-400: Was devoted to St. Thérèse of Lisieux and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her "a great missionary saint". After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended his funeral and was considered one of the papabile for succession to the papacy. He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In

15609-461: Was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented "if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit". Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the papal throne , Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of

15738-655: Was elected president of the Argentine Episcopal Conference for a three-year term (2005–08). He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008. He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina , and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines. While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued

15867-417: Was named ordinary for those Eastern Catholics in Argentina who lacked a prelate of their own church. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires. In 2000, Bergoglio

15996-547: Was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day . He passed by a church to go to confession , and was inspired by the priest. Bergoglio studied at the archdiocesan seminary , Inmaculada Concepción Seminary , in Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires, and, after three years, entered the Society of Jesus as a novice on 11 March 1958. Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing

16125-605: Was popularized by Pope John Paul II who used it during an address to the Latin American bishops in Port-au-Prince , Haiti on May 9, 1983. He declared that the fifth centenary of the first evangelization of the Americas (1492–1992) should mark the beginning of a new era of evangelization, "evangelization will gain its full energy if it is a commitment, not to re-evangelize but to a New Evangelization, new in its ardor, methods and expression". Pope John Paul II then expounded on

16254-405: Was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations. Página/12 removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by Horacio Verbitsky , from their web page, as a result of this change. Before Javier Milei 's election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as "imbecile" and

16383-539: Was the only church official to reconcile with Jerónimo Podestá , a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the Argentine Revolution military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage. That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed "to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of

16512-461: Was the subject of debate. Original plans had called for a separate document about the role of Mary, keeping the document on the Church " ecumenical ," in the sense of "non-offensive" to Protestant Christians, who viewed special veneration of Mary with suspicion. However, the Council Fathers insisted, with the support of the Pope, that, as Mary's place is within the Church, treatment of her should appear within

16641-535: Was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled. This work led to him being called the "Slum Bishop." Early in his tenure as archbishop, Bergoglio sold the archdiocese's bank shares and moved its accounts to regular international banks. This ended the church's high spending habits, which had nearly led to bankruptcy, and enforced stricter fiscal discipline. On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he

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