62-648: The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina . The tribe represents Lumbee people . They do not hold federal recognition as a Native American tribe . With an estimated 55,000 members, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is the largest tribe in the United States east of the Mississippi River . The Lumbee Regional Development Association (LRDA), a nonprofit organization,
124-558: A Confederate general in the American Civil War and railroad executive. On February 14, 1911, the North Carolina General Assembly voted to create the new Hoke County effective April 1 of that year, with its first government to be appointed by the governor of North Carolina pending the holding of an election. Raeford was designated the county seat , and local officials served out of rented office space until
186-649: A public transport bus service , the Hoke Area Transit Service. Local rail transport is provided by the Aberdeen and Rockfish Railroad. Most of the county is under the public educational jurisdiction of Hoke County Schools, which is governed by an elected school board. A partnership with Sandhills Community College and the county created the SandHoke Early College program, which uses the community college as well as multiple middle and high schools in
248-462: A Native American tribe by a state; however, "Resolutions are statements of opinions and, unlike bills, do not have the force of law." The following is a list of tribes recognized by various states but not by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs . Tribes originally recognized by states that have since gained federal recognition have been deleted from the list below. The list includes state-recognized tribes that have petitioned for federal recognition. By
310-620: A State legislature or by a State commission or similar organization legislatively vested with State tribal recognition authority" can exhibition as a "Native American" or "American Indian" artist. The Administration for Native Americans , a program office within the Department of Health and Human Services, may confer benefits to state-recognized tribes under the Native American Programs Act (NAPA). The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) does not require
372-417: A county courthouse was erected the following year. At the time of its creation, Hoke County comprised about 268,000 acres of land. It had no paved roads and its economy was rooted in agriculture. Its approximately 10,000 residents were mostly white descendants of Scottish Highlanders and African Americans. About 400 Hoke County residents served in the U.S. Army during World War I . Between 1918 and 1923,
434-467: A former LRDA board member as tribal administrator. Within a year, the council decided to use the name "Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina" and finalized a constitution for its organization, largely based on the 1994 LTCI document. The constitution was ratified by a vote of tribal members in November 2001, 2,237 to 412, with a turnout representing less than 10 percent of the tribe's eligible voters. The preamble of
496-736: A liaison, the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns, in 2001, under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, State Parks and Historic Sites Division. In 2007, the state legislature formally recognized the following as American Indian tribes of Georgia: Hawaii has no state-recognized tribes. Idaho has no state-recognized tribes. Illinois has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. Indiana has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. Iowa has no state-recognized tribes. Kansas has an office to manage Indian affairs:
558-828: A process developed by the General Assembly; these were both Piscataway groups, historically part of the large Algonquian languages family along the Atlantic Coast. The Governor announced it to the Assembly by executive order. The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs was created by a legislative act of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1974, to advise the Commonwealth on how best to establish positive relationships with its Indigenous Tribes. In 1976, Governor Michael Dukakis issued Executive Order 126, which clarified
620-472: A state-recognized tribe are still subject to state law and government, and the tribe does not have sovereign control over its affairs. State recognition confers few benefits under federal law. It is not the same as federal recognition , which is the federal government's acknowledgment of a tribe as a dependent sovereign nation. Some states have provided laws related to state recognition that provide some protection of autonomy for tribes that are not recognized by
682-473: Is a group of Native Americans with self-government authority. This defines those tribes recognized by the federal government. By 2021, 574 tribes had been recognized by the federal government, often as a result of the process of treaties setting up reservations in the 19th century. Four federal agencies have the authority to confer benefits to state-recognized tribes: the Department of Health and Human Services ,
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#1732845442119744-831: Is beyond the scope of the duties of the commission outlined in Executive Order 126 and in the administration of the Massachusetts government. The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs announced in August 2023 that it would be establishing a process for state recognition to ensure protections for Native artisans under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 . Michigan has no state-recognized tribes. Minnesota has no state-recognized tribes. The state of Mississippi has offered congratulatory resolutions to unrecognized organizations identifying as Native American descendants, such as
806-492: Is part of the Fayetteville , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area . Hoke County's population has risen in recent decades, largely driven by expansions of Fort Liberty. Between 1990 and 2000, the county's population expanded by 47 percent. From 2000 to 2010, the population grew from about 34,000 to over 45,000 residents. Between the 2010 and 2020 censuses, the county grew by 17.8 percent, adding 5,130 residents. Proportionately,
868-534: Is served by two hospitals, Hoke Hospital and the Hoke Campus of Moore Regional Hospital, both located in the eastern half of the county. County government supports a public health department, which experienced an expanding caseload between the 2010s and early 2020s due to Hoke's demographic growth. In 1984 the county began hosting an annual festival, the Hoke Heritage Hobnob. Overtime, this transformed into
930-551: The Department of Labor , the Department of Education , and the Department of Housing and Urban Development . Under the United States Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA), members of state-recognized tribes may exhibit as identified "Native American" or "American Indian" artists. In addition to citizens of federally recognized tribes and tribally designated artisans, IACA says that members of "any Indian group that has been formally recognized as an Indian tribe by
992-701: The Eastern United States , including the three of largest state-recognized tribes in the US, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina , Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama , and the United Houma Nation of Louisiana , each of which has more than ten thousand members. In late 2007 about 16 states had recognized 62 tribes. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures , only 14 states recognize tribes at
1054-737: The Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe alongside the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc Tribe. The order also recognized Tribal Council of the Herring Pond as its governing body, all in accordance with Dukakis' Executive Order No. 126, for all relevant purposes. The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs lacks the authority to recognize any group, as recognition
1116-487: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 391.68 square miles (1,014.4 km ), of which 390.15 square miles (1,010.5 km ) is land and 1.53 square miles (4.0 km ) (0.39%) is water. It is bordered by Moore , Cumberland , Robeson , Scotland , and Richmond counties. Hoke lies within North Carolina's Sandhills region and Coastal Plain region. It contains several Carolina bays . It drains into
1178-571: The U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2020 census , its population was 52,082. Its county seat is Raeford . The county is home to part of the Fort Liberty military reservation. The original inhabitants of the region eventually constituting Hoke County were Tuscarora Native Americans. Ancestors of the Lumbee Native Americans lived in the area in the early 1700s. European settlers began establishing church congregations in
1240-710: The 21-member Tribal Council (legislative), and the Supreme Court (judicial). The tribal chairperson and the Tribal Council are elected to three-year terms. The current administration includes: The tribe's legislative branch consists of 21 Elected Council Representative members from 14 districts who each serve 3-year terms. The tribe's judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and the Tribal Administrative Courts. The Supreme Court consists of "five (5) sitting judges whom [ sic ] are nominated by
1302-481: The American federal government acquired 92,000 acres of land in the county as part of its efforts to expand Camp Bragg into Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty ). leaving about 150,000 acres leftover. Over 160 Hoke residents served in the armed forces during World War II . After the war, the county's Lumbee population increased. An effort by the U.S. Army to acquire a further 49,000 acres in the county in 1952 for Fort Bragg
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#17328454421191364-994: The Davis-Strong Act of 1984, the state established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission to acknowledge and represent Native American citizens in the state. At that time, it recognized seven tribes that did not have federal recognition. The commission members, representatives of the tribes, have created rules for tribal recognition, which were last updated in 2003, under which three more tribes have been recognized. Alaska has no state-recognized tribes. Arkansas has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. Arizona has no state-recognized tribes. California has no state-recognized tribes. Colorado has no state-recognized tribes. Florida has an office to manage Indian affairs: Florida Governor's Council on Indian Affairs, Inc. Florida has no state-recognized tribes. Georgia established
1426-552: The Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations. Kansas has no state-recognized tribes. Kentucky has no state-recognized tribes. The Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs oversees state–tribal relations. They maintain a list of federally and state-recognized tribes headquartered in Louisiana. Maine has no state-recognized tribes. On January 9, 2012, for the first time the state-recognized two American Indian tribes under
1488-678: The Lumbee people's legitimate governing body since the LRDA had a long-established record of providing social services to the tribe and the LTCI's referendum had garnered significant popular support. It ruled that the LRDA could continue to represent the tribe in petitions for federal recognition until "such time as the Lumbee Tribe selects, by the vote of the Lumbee People, a tribal council or other form of government [...] through its own self-determination ." In 1998,
1550-622: The Lumber River basin and Cape Fear River basin. Longleaf pine is native to the region. As of the 2020 census , there were 52,082 people residing in Hoke County, with Raeford recorded as the largest community. It is a majority-minority county; in the 2020 census, 40.4 percent of the community racially identified as white, 32.2 percent as black, 14.8 percent as Hispanic or Latino, 7 percent as Native American, 1.4 percent as Asian, and 0.4 percent as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. Hoke County
1612-511: The MS HR50 in which the legislators "commend and congratulate" Vancleave Live Oak Choctaw Tribe for recognition; however, no laws outline formal state-recognition for this or any other group by the State of Mississippi. Mississippi has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. Missouri has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. Montana has
1674-533: The Montana Office of Indian Affairs but has no state-recognized tribes. Nebraska has no state-recognized tribes. Nevada has no state-recognized tribes. New Hampshire has the New Hampshire State Commission on Native American Affairs but no state-recognized tribes. New Mexico has no state-recognized tribes. Hoke County, North Carolina Hoke County is a county in
1736-525: The Tribal Chairman and appointed by the Tribal Council. Two of the sitting judges shall be graduates of accredited law schools and three shall be lay people. The Chief Judge bears administrative responsibilities and is elected on an annual basis by the sitting judges". The Lumbee's Tribal Administrative Courts "is established to provide due process and further protect the rights of tribal members, and designed to ensure tribal members are treated equally through
1798-411: The U.S. Federal Government or as Nations that are no longer in existence and/or no longer meet the criteria as a Nation to have sovereignty status." Such state recognition has at times been opposed by federally recognized tribes. Journalists Adam Elmahrek and Paul Pringle wrote, "Many Native Americans have long opposed allowing states to recognize tribes, arguing that the federal government should make
1860-414: The United States. The tribe runs a housing program for its members, including rental homes and mortgage assistance. In 2011, the Lumbee Tribe created Lumbee Tribal Holdings Inc., a domestic business, and Lumbee Tribe Enterprises, a limited liability company . According to its constitution, adopted in 2000, the Lumbee tribal government is organized into three branches: the tribal chairperson (executive),
1922-584: The Veterans Affairs pharmacy, and how to arrange transportation to the VA Medical Center for appointments. It is not affiliated with, supported, nor endorsed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The mission of The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina Elder Services is to assist Elders in maintaining an independent, healthy, and productive life by providing opportunities for services through a network of various community resources. Youth Services provides
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1984-536: The administration of tribal programs. The Tribal Administrative Court will hear cases dealing with the administrative issues such as housing, enrollment, and energy assistance". Veterans Affairs of the Lumbee Tribe offers assistance with educational benefits, community resources, and assistance for homeless veterans. They can also help with concerns such as how to get into the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, how to get prescription medications from
2046-486: The area in the mid-to-late 1700s. The area was later placed under the jurisdiction of Cumberland and Robeson counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The community of Raeford was formed in the 1890s and incorporated in 1901. In 1899, the Aberdeen and Rockfish Railroad became the first rail line laid through the area. In the early 1900s, some residents in the far reaches of Cumberland and Robeson began lobbying for
2108-522: The area to draft a constitution for a tribal government. Through dozens of meetings held throughout the year, the LTCI produced a draft constitution with separate branches of government which it wished to submit to the Bureau of Indian Affairs as a governing document if the Lumbee people earned recognition. The constitution provided for a government that could provide social services to Lumbees and represent their interests to other governments. To ascertain whether
2170-461: The bounds of North Carolina's 29th Prosecutorial District, the 19D Superior Court District, and the 19D District Court District. County voters elect a county sheriff and a clerk of Superior Court . Hoke County is politically dominated by the Democratic Party . In the 2024 elections, Hoke County voters narrowly favored Democratic candidates. Hoke County's economy was originally rooted in
2232-434: The children of the Lumbee Tribe with a healthy, positive environment. The Lumbee Tribe is committed to protect and support the tribal youth through their growth into becoming contributing members of the community. Programs offered include: Teen Impact is a tribal-based community service club for teenage members of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina. The Volunteer Program of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina assists and mentors
2294-467: The constitution delineates the territorial jurisdiction of the Lumbee Tribe. This was initially declared to be the entire state of North Carolina. But fears of conflict with other recognized tribes' territories in the state (in the event of further petitions for recognition) and the logistical challenges of delivering services over great distances led this article to be modified by 2003 to only encompass Robeson, Hoke , Cumberland , and Scotland counties. At
2356-504: The constitution of the Lumbee Tribe reads: "In accordance with the inherent power of self-governance of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, the Tribe adopts this Constitution for the purposes of establishing a tribal government structure, preserving for all time the Lumbee way of life and community, promoting the educational, cultural, social, and economic well-being of Lumbee people, and securing freedom and justice for Lumbee people." Article 1 of
2418-602: The county is a part of the Fort Liberty Military Reservation . It is located in the North Carolina Senate 's 24th district , and the North Carolina House of Representatives ' 48th district . Hoke is one of the four counties within the jurisdiction of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina , and tribal members within the county elect some members of the tribal council. Hoke County lies within
2480-449: The county. Sections in Fort Liberty are served by schools in the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), for grades K-8. High school-level students living on Fort Liberty attend the local public high schools operated by the respective county they live in. According to the 2021 American Community Survey , an estimated 19.8 percent of county residents have attained a bachelor's degree or higher level of education. Hoke County
2542-591: The court created the Lumbee Self-Determination Commission, composed of equal numbers of LRDA and LTCI delegates plus a group of Lumbees not associated with either organization. The commission surveyed tribal members' preferences for the structure of their governing organization. By November 2000, the commission had decided upon a 23-person tribal council representing 17 districts where Lumbees resided, with more councilors allotted to more-populated areas and one additional at-large district. While most of
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2604-402: The creation of a new county, complaining of long and dangerous travel to their county courthouses. In 1907 and 1909 there were unsuccessful efforts to lobby the state government led by State Senator J. W. McLauchlin to create a new "Glenn County" out of portions of Cumberland and Robeson. In 1911 a third attempt was made and conjoined with an effort to name a county in honor of Robert F. Hoke ,
2666-507: The decision because states often fail to properly screen groups." The Cherokee Nation opposes state-recognized tribes, as well as Cherokee heritage groups and others with no documented descent who claim Cherokee identity. Other groups that identify as being Native American tribes but lack federal or state recognition are listed in the List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes . Most state-recognized tribes are located in
2728-510: The districts represented areas in southeast North Carolina in and around Robeson County, four of the districts respectively encompassed Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh, and Baltimore, Maryland , which had significant Lumbee populations. Elections were held for the council and its chairman, which were then inaugurated in January 2001 in Lumberton . Pembroke mayor Milton Hunt became chairman and selected
2790-401: The document had the support of the Lumbee community, the LTCI hosted a referendum on it during the 1994 Lumbee Homecoming, with all tribal members over 18 years of age eligible to vote. The document was approved 8,010—223, a vote total including more than 20 percent of tribal members. Voters also elected Dalton Brooks to serve as the tribal chairman under the constitutional framework. Following
2852-497: The federal government or museums to consult with state-recognized tribes. State-recognized tribes may request the repatriation of cultural items or human remains only in cooperation with federally recognized tribes. Other federal Indian legislation does not apply to state-recognized tribes. For example, Indian Preference in hiring and the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 do not apply to these organizations. Typically,
2914-612: The federal government. For example, in Connecticut, state law recognizing certain tribes also protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes. Non-recognized tribes is a term for "groups that have no federal designation and are not accepted as sovereign entities under U.S. law," which includes state-recognized tribes. "An additional sub-designation under this classification are 'Federally Non-Recognized' tribes, which includes groups that have previously held federal recognition, either under governments prior to
2976-567: The federally recognized tribe in North Carolina, was established in 1971. Pembroke, North Carolina, is the headquarters of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and members mainly live in Robeson County , as well as Hoke , Cumberland , and Scotland counties in south-central North Carolina. The tribal headquarters, known as the Turtle, was built in Pembroke in 2009. Individual tribal members live across
3038-428: The interest of Lumbees. They also felt that its limited jurisdiction meant it could not satisfy the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs ' recognition criterion for groups with a "continuous political authority." To address these concerns, in 1993, a group of Lumbee community leaders formed a constitutional assembly, the Lumbee Tribe of Cheraw Indians (LTCI), and gathered delegates from historically-Indian church congregations in
3100-443: The lumber and turpentine industries, and over the course of the 20th century expanded to cover the cultivation of cotton and grain crops and eventually the rearing of livestock. Poultry production and processing in particular grew after World War II. The county has experienced economic growth in recent decades due to its proximity to Fort Liberty. Poultry production remains a key part of the local economy. County government supports
3162-604: The referendum, a dispute over the governance of the Lumbee tribe developed between the LRDA and LTCI. The LTCI sought to secure recognition from the state of North Carolina that it was the elected government of the tribe and was thus the only suitable organization to petition the federal government for recognition, a role played by the LRDA since 1984. The LTCI sued the LRDA for this privileged status in Robeson County Superior Court in 1995. The court ultimately found that neither organization had full claim to serving as
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#17328454421193224-771: The responsibilities of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and identified three historic and continuous tribes in the Commonwealth: the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head , the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc . The Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head and the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe have federal recognition as of 1987 and 2007, respectively. On November 19, 2024, Governor Maura Healey issued Executive Order No. 637, which recognized
3286-584: The same time, the four districts and council seats representing areas outside this region were abolished. Article 2 defines the criteria for tribal membership. Similar to the LRDA's original enrollment requirements, a person must demonstrate their direct descent from a person who was identified as Indian on several documents dating from around 1900, including censuses, tax lists, the petitioners for federal recognition in 1888, an Indian school enrollment list, and church records. The article further requires that members must "historically or presently maintain contact with
3348-497: The service areas of Cumberland, Hoke, Robeson, and Scotland Counties. Programs offered under the Lumbee housing program include: This program provides vocational rehabilitation to any Lumbee Indian with a disability living in the Lumbee Tribal area. The objective of the program is to prepare for, obtain, or retain gainful employment. Their goal is to improve the quality of life for Lumbee Indians with disabilities. In November 2022,
3410-469: The state legislature or state agencies involved in cultural or Native American affairs make the formal recognition by criteria they establish, often with Native American representatives, and sometimes based on federal criteria. Statutes that clearly identify criteria for recognition or that explicitly recognize certain tribes remove ambiguity from their status. Many organizations try to assert that various congratulatory resolutions constitute recognition as
3472-515: The state level by 2017. The Native Nations Institute of the University of Arizona lists 15 states as having state-recognized tribes in 2024. The United States Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, gives ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the American Indian tribes to the United States federal government. Under US federal law and regulations, an American Indian tribe
3534-481: The teens who donate service hours to a community cause of their choice. The Tribal Low Income Energy Assistance Program (LIEAP) provides a one-time payment to assist eligible American Indian families pay their heating costs. The application process is held annually in the first two weeks of November. The mission of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina Housing Program is to provide opportunities for affordable, safe, and sanitary housing options for Lumbee Indian families in
3596-748: The tribe opened a Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to promote Lumbee farmers and local food sovereignty . State-recognized tribe State-recognized tribes in the United States are organizations that identify as Native American tribes or heritage groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by a process established under assorted state government laws for varying purposes or by governor's executive orders. State recognition does not dictate whether or not they are recognized as Native American tribes by continually existing tribal nations. Individual states confer state-recognition "for their various internal state government purposes." Members of
3658-574: The tribe." The North Carolina Assembly formally recognized the Lumbees in 1885. They amended their recognition, using the name Tribe of Indians of Robeson County in 1911 and Cherokee Indians of Robeson County in 1913. Responding to pressure from the tribe, the state recognized the name Lumbee in 1953. Governor Mike Easley affirmed in 2004 that the state had continuously recognized the Lumbee Tribe since 1885. The North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs , which oversees state-recognized tribes and works with
3720-717: The white population shrank by 4.9 percent, while the Hispanic/Latino population expanded by 2.4 percent. From 2020 to 2021, the population rose faster than the average state rate of demographic growth. Hoke County's government is seated in Raeford and led by a five-person county commission . Hoke County is a member of the Lumber River Council of Governments , a regional planning board representing five counties. The county also has its own Soil and Water Conservation District led by two elected supervisors. The northern third of
3782-494: Was abandoned after intense lobbying by local residents. In 1958, Little River Township, a section of north Hoke which was cut off from the rest of the county due to the presence of the Fort Bragg Military Reservation, was moved into the jurisdiction of Moore County . Public schools, which had been originally racially segregated for whites, blacks, and Native Americans, were integrated in the 1960s. According to
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#17328454421193844-468: Was initially responsible for maintaining Lumbee tribal membership rolls and providing social services to the members. After an attempt by the LRDA to gain full federal recognition for the Lumbee people as a Native American tribe in 1991 failed, some Lumbees began to criticize the LRDA as an inadequate representative for the group. The LRDA had a board of self-appointed directors and no constitution, which critics felt made it ill-equipped to genuinely represent
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