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51-518: Lujiazui is a national-level development zone designated by the government. In 2005, the State Council reaffirmed the positioning of the 31.78 km (12.27 sq mi) Lujiazui area as the only finance and trade zone among the 185 state-level development zones in mainland China. Lujiazui is located in the Pudong New District on the eastern bank of Huangpu River . It forms a peninsula on

102-651: A bend of the Huangpu River, which turns from flowing north to flowing east. The importance of Lujiazui stems from the fact that it lies directly across the river from the Bund , the old financial and business district of Shanghai, and just south of the confluence of the Suzhou Creek with the Huangpu River . Until the 1980s, Lujiazui was a relatively low-built area, featuring residential houses, warehouses, and factories. Following

153-560: A legally protected treaty port . The term " bund " was borrowed into English from Hindustani : बंद / بند , romanized :  band , lit.   'enclosure; dam; embankment', originally referred to a dyke or embankment, which the Hindustani word itself comes from Classical Persian : بند , romanized :  band . Within the Chinese treaty ports, it was applied specifically to an embanked quay which ran along

204-536: A memorial commemorating Chinese revolutionary martyrs, as well as those who have died fighting natural disasters in China. The Bund houses 52 buildings of various architectural styles, generally Eclecticist , but with some buildings displaying predominantly Romanesque Revival , Gothic Revival , Renaissance Revival , Baroque Revival , Neo-Classical or Beaux-Arts styles, and a number in Art Deco style (Shanghai has one of

255-509: A pedestrian transit tunnel under the riverbed crosses the Huangpu River from the Bund. Passengers board slow-moving SK people movers which travel along the tunnel, with light effects projected onto the walls of the tunnel. These effects are marketed as a tourist attraction; the charge for the tunnel is ten times the fee for crossing the river on Line 2 and 20 times the 2 RMB fee for crossing by ferry. There are numerous studies in Chinese and English, and many popular representations . The Bund

306-461: A section of Zhongshan Road (East Zhongshan Road No.1) within the former Shanghai International Settlement , which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River in the eastern part of Huangpu . The area along the river faces the modern skyscrapers of Lujiazui in Pudong . The Bund usually refers to the buildings and wharves on this section of the road, as well as some adjacent areas. This region has

357-456: A significant European influence, with the style of many structures most comparable to that of European cities, particularly Gothic , Baroque , Neoclassical , Romanesque , Art Deco , and Renaissance architecture. Additionally, some of the city's top eateries are located there. From the 1860s to the 1930s, it was the rich and powerful center of the foreign establishment in Shanghai, operating as

408-410: Is a largely circular road which formed the traditional conceptual boundary of Shanghai city "proper". To the west of this stretch of the road stands some 52 buildings of various Western classical and modern styles which is the main feature of the Bund (see Architecture and buildings below). To the east of the road was formerly a stretch of parkland culminating at Huangpu Park . (This park is the site of

459-536: Is a setting (and namesake) of the Hong Kong television series The Bund (1980) and film Shanghai Grand (1996). The story of both involve pre- World War II era gangsters competing for control of the Bund. "The Bund" is a song composed by electronic music group The Shanghai Restoration Project released on the group's first eponymous release, inspired by the Shanghai jazz bands of the 1930s. An instrumental version of

510-595: Is appointed by the NPC upon the nomination by the president , though in practice the premier is chosen within the CCP leadership, including the Politburo Standing Committee . The vice premiers (one executive and generally three others), state councillors, and a secretary-general (who normally also serves as a state councillor) all assist the premier. Each vice premier oversees certain areas of administration in support of

561-617: Is served by Lujiazui station , which is on Shanghai Metro Line 2 and Shanghai Metro Line 14 . Additionally, the Bund Sightseeing Tunnel is a tourist attraction consisting of slow-moving underground vehicles which move between the Bund and Lujiazui accompanied by light and sound effects in the tunnel. State Council of the People%27s Republic of China The State Council of the People's Republic of China , also known as

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612-529: The CCP Central Committee 's leadership over the State Council. The amended law also stipulates the State Council must follow the CCP's ideology and policies. The State Council is composed of the premier , several vice premiers , several state councillors , ministers of ministries, directors of committees, the auditor general, and the secretary-general . The premier leads the State Council and

663-517: The Central People's Government , is the chief administrative authority and the national cabinet of China . It is constitutionally the highest administrative organ of the country and the executive organ of the National People's Congress , the highest organ of state power . It is composed of the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers, chairpersons of commissions, the auditor-general,

714-670: The Ministry for National Defense but does not control the People's Liberation Army, which is instead controlled by the Central Military Commission (CMC). The State Council previously had joint command over the People's Armed Police (PAP) together with the CMC, principally through the Ministry of Public Security , though 2018 reforms placed the PAP solely under CMC command. The plenary session of

765-635: The Shanghai World Financial Center in Pudong and its observation deck on the 100th floor. The Bund stretches one mile (1.6 km) along the bank of the Huangpu River. Traditionally, the Bund begins at Yan'an Road (formerly Edward VII Avenue) in the south and ends at Waibaidu Bridge (formerly Garden Bridge) in the north, which crosses Suzhou Creek . The Bund centres on a stretch of the Zhongshan Road , named after Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan Road

816-454: The Bund and Pudong, which had served the area's original purpose, were removed. A number of pleasure cruises still operate from some nearby wharves. In the 1990s, the Shanghai government attempted to promote an extended concept of the Bund to boost tourism, and land value in nearby areas, as well as to reconcile the promotion of "colonial relics" with the Socialist ideology. In its expanded form,

867-458: The Bund was carried out. The first stage of the plan involved the southern end of the Bund, and saw the demolition of a section of the Yan'an Road elevated expressway, including removal of the large elevated expressway exit structure that formerly dominated the confluence of Yan'an Road and the Bund. A second phase involved the year-long restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge at the northern end of

918-405: The Bund. In a third stage, the former 10-lane Bund roadway was reconstructed in two levels, with six lanes carried in a new tunnel. The vacated road space was used to widen the landscaped promenade along the waterfront. The new concrete bridge that was built in 1991 to relieve traffic on Waibaidu Bridge was rendered obsolete by the new double-levelled roadway, and demolished. The Bund was reopened to

969-453: The Bund. The most popular remaining ferry service runs from Jinling Road wharf, near the southern end of the Bund, to Dongchang Road wharf, at the southern end of Lujiazui across the river. A full fare ride on the ferry costs 2 RMB. A number of companies offer Huangpu River cruises (boat tours) departing from the wharf; all of the major buildings in the Bund, and in Pudong, are illuminated each evening. Bund Sightseeing Tunnel (外滩观光隧道),

1020-540: The Dongchang Road ferry terminal provides river-crossing services across the Huangpu River to central and southern central Shanghai. The most popular ferry service for tourists connects Dongchang Road wharf with Jinling East wharf, located on the Bund . At the north end, the Xichang Inn wharf provides river-crossing services across the Huangpu River to northern central Shanghai. The former Lujiazui ferry wharf, once part of

1071-468: The Lujiazui skyline dominate Shanghai tourism materials, and there are 5 five-star hotels in the area, providing approximately 2,443 rooms, and three more five-star hotels are expected in the area in the coming years, adding more than 1,200 luxury units. The modern configuration of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek beyond the old county town of Shanghai is the result of engineering works completed during

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1122-517: The NPC or its Standing Committee; and prepare the economic plan and the state budget for deliberation and approval by the NPC. The State Council has flexibility in decision-making, especially with regard to economic matters, but the Politburo has ultimate authority. In 2024, during the second session of the 14th National People's Congress , the Organic Law of the State Council was amended to mandate

1173-744: The Netherlands, and Belgium, as well as the consulates of Russia and Britain, a newspaper, the Shanghai Club and the Masonic Club. The Bund lies north of the old, walled city of Shanghai. It was initially a British settlement; later the British and American settlements were combined in the International Settlement . Magnificent commercial buildings in the Beaux Arts style sprang up in the years around

1224-450: The Qing dynasty, the construction of levees on the peninsula encouraged settlement in greater numbers, with a number of villages forming in the part of the peninsula within the levees. Mudflats remained outside the levees. The opening of Shanghai as a treaty port in the mid-19th century led to rapid development of Lujiazui as an industrial and commercial area servicing Shanghai. The middle part of

1275-667: The State Council is hosted by the Premier, joined by Vice Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of Ministries and Commissions, the Governor of the People's Bank, the Auditor-General, and the Secretary-General. It usually runs bi-annually and when necessary, non-members can be invited to participate. The Bund The Bund is a waterfront area and a protected historical district in central Shanghai . The area centers on

1326-434: The State Council meets every six months, composed of all members of the State Council. Between meetings it is guided by an Executive Meeting of the State Council  [ zh ] which is held two to three times a month, and can be called at the discretion of the premier. The Executive Meeting is composed of the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, and the secretary-general. (first-ranked) The Plenary Meeting of

1377-486: The allocation of Lujiazui as a special investment zone in 1992, the development of Lujiazui's skyline begun. This was largely driven by Chinese state owned enterprises investing and developing the property within the area, with the inaugural landmark, the Oriental Pearl Tower , being completed in 1994. The success of Lujiazui in the past 20 years has fueled tourism and business related travel to Shanghai. Pictures of

1428-552: The appearance of the Bund. Near the Nanjing Road intersection stands the only bronze statue along the Bund, a statue of military officer Chen Yi , who served as the first Communist mayor of Shanghai . At the northern end of The Bund, along the riverfront, is Huangpu Park , in which is situated the Shanghai People's Heroes Memorial Tower — a tall, abstract concrete tower constructed by the Shanghai government in 1993 to serve as

1479-520: The bend. This alluvial floodplain was called a "mouth" ( zui ) after its shape. It was named after the family of Lu Shen, a 15th-century scholar-official of the Ming dynasty. Lu's family became one of the most prominent in Ming dynasty Shanghai, and lived in the Yangjing canal area, east of the Huangpu River and close to today's Lujiazui. During the Ming dynasty, fishermen were recorded as living in Lujiazui. During

1530-422: The constituent departments are proposed by the premier and decided by the NPC or its Standing Committee. Bureaus and administrations rank below ministries. In addition to the ministries, there are 38 centrally administered government organizations that report directly to the state council. The heads of these organizations attend full meetings of the state committee on an irregular basis. The State Council controls

1581-418: The day-to-day work of the State Council. The State Council includes 26 constituent departments, and oversees the province-level governments throughout China. Each ministry supervises one sector. Commissions outrank ministries and set policies for and coordinate the related activities of different administrative organs. Offices deal with matters of ongoing concern. The establishment, dissolution, or merger of

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1632-460: The early Ming dynasty . The result is that the wider Huangpu River, flowing north past the county town, then turned east at its confluence with the now narrower Suzhou Creek, proceeding along the former downstream channel of the Suzhou Creek to enter the sea at Wusongkou, the former mouth of Suzhou Creek. The bend in the Huangpu River resulted in the formation of an alluvial beach east and south of

1683-478: The governor of the People's Bank of China, and the secretary-general. The premier is responsible for the State Council and exercises overall leadership of its work. The secretary-general of the State Council, under the leadership of the premier, is responsible for handling the daily work of the State Council and heads the General Office of the State Council. The executive meeting of the State Council, consisting of

1734-407: The industrial facilities. In 1986, as part of reform measures to use Shanghai as a centre for increasing economic development and trade in China, a Chinese government policy document referred to the development of Pudong for the first time, including the creation of a new financial and trading center in Lujiazui. The policy of "developing and opening up Pudong" was officially announced in 1990. Pudong

1785-420: The infamous sign reported to have proclaimed "no dogs or Chinese", although this exact wording never existed. Further information, including an image of the sign, can be found at the article on Huangpu Park.) This area is now much reduced due to the expansion of Zhongshan Road. Further east is a tall levee, constructed in the 1990s to ward off flood waters. The construction of this high wall has dramatically changed

1836-563: The major financial institutions operating in China, including the "big four" national banks in the Republic of China era. However, with the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , many of these financial institutions were gradually moved to Hong Kong in the 1950s . Hotels and clubs were closed or converted to other uses. The statues of colonial figures and foreign worthies which had dotted

1887-627: The most popular river crossing in Shanghai, was closed in 1999, with its wharf structure now used as a waterfront seating area. By road, Lujiazui is connected to the rest of central Shanghai by the Yan'an East Road Tunnel, linking the southern end of the Bund with the centre of Lujiazui. Further away from the centre of Lujiazui, the Renmin Road Tunnel and Fuxing East Road Tunnel link southern Lujiazui with southern central Shanghai, while Xinjian Road Tunnel and Dalian Road Tunnel link northern Lujiazui with northern central Shanghai. By metro, Lujiazui

1938-414: The municipal government to construct a tall levee along the riverfront, with the result that the embankment now stands some 10 metres higher than street level. In the 1990s, Zhongshan Road (named after Sun Yat-sen ), the road on which the Bund is centred, was widened to ten lanes. As a result, most of the parkland which had existed along the road disappeared. Also in this period, the ferry wharves connecting

1989-457: The peninsula became a town called Lannidu (烂泥渡, literally "Mud Ferry"), named after one of the wharves on the river bank. British, American, French, German and Japanese interests built a series of factories, warehouses and storage yards, and wharves to service them. A busy commercial street developed in Lannidu to service the commodities trade as well as the daily needs of the many workers employed by

2040-507: The policies of the CCP. Aside from a few, members of the State Council are also members of the CCP's Central Committee . The State Council is described by the Chinese constitution as the executive organ of the National People's Congress (NPC), as well as the "highest state administrative organ". Constitutionally, the main functions of the State Council are to formulate administrative measures, issue decisions and orders, and monitor their implementation; draft legislative bills for submission to

2091-491: The premier, vice premiers, state councillors and the secretary-general, meets two to three times a month, while the plenary session, consisting of all members of the State Council, meets every six months. The State Council directly oversees provincial-level People's Governments, and in practice maintains membership with top levels of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The State Council is legally required to implement

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2142-489: The premier. In practice, the vice premiers and State Councillors assume responsibility for one or more sectors or issues, and remain in contact with the various bodies responsible for policy related to that area. This allows the Standing Committee to oversee a wide range of government functions. Each State Councillor performs duties as designated by the Premier. The secretary-general heads the General Office which handles

2193-436: The public on Sunday 28 March 2010 after restoration for the 2010 Expo . A stampede occurred on December 31, 2014, at 11:36 p.m. in the waterfront. At least 36 people were killed and 47 injured in the incident. The primary incident took place near Chen Yi Square , where a large crowd, estimated at around 300,000, had gathered for the new year celebration. The bund is one of the most prominent features when viewed from

2244-440: The richest collections of Art Deco architectures in the world). From the south, the main buildings are: While Shanghai Metro Line 2 crosses the Bund, there are no plans to build a station on the Bund. The closest station is East Nanjing Road , about a five-minute walk up Nanjing Road . East-1 Zhongshan Road is a major bus route. There were previously frequent ferry services operating by Shanghai Ferry from wharves on and near

2295-399: The riverside were also removed. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the thawing of economic policy in the People's Republic of China , buildings on the Bund were gradually returned to their former uses. Government institutions were moved out in favour of financial institutions, while hotels resumed trading as such. Also during this period, a series of floods caused by typhoons motivated

2346-537: The shore. The Chinese name for the Bund is unrelated in origin: it literally means "outer bank ", and distinguishes this part of the riverfront from the "inner bank" adjacent to the old city of Shanghai . The Shanghai Bund has dozens of historical buildings, lining the Huangpu River, that once housed numerous banks and trading houses from the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan,

2397-482: The skyline of Lujiazui since it was completed in 1995, although there are now two skyscrapers taller than it. In 2015, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone was expanded to include Lujiazui. Landmark buildings in Lujiazui include: By water, Lujiazui is linked to the rest of central Shanghai by ferry services from two wharves, located at the northern and southern ends of the area respectively. At the southern end,

2448-521: The term "Bund" (as "New Bund" or "Northern Bund") was used to refer to areas south of Yan'an Road , and a stretch of riverfront north of the Suzhou River ( Zhabei ). Such use of the term, however, remains rare outside of tourism literature. On March 28, 2010, the eve of the opening of the World Expo, the Bund fully completed its renovation project. From 2008, a major reconfiguration of traffic flow along

2499-471: The turn of the 20th century as the Bund developed into a major financial center of East Asia. Directly to the south, and just northeast of the old walled city, the former French Bund (the quai de France , part of the Shanghai French Concession ) was of comparable size to the Bund but functioned more as a working harbourside. By the 1940s, the Bund housed the headquarters of many, if not most, of

2550-557: Was featured in the 1984 novel Empire of the Sun by British author J. G. Ballard , based on his experiences as a boy during the Japanese invasion and occupation. The book was made into a film by Steven Spielberg . The opening pages of the 1999 novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson are set on the Bund in November 1941, as civil order collapses under the threat of Japanese invasion. The Bund

2601-401: Was quickly transformed over the next few decades from its industrial past into a financial and commercial centre. As well as a large number of skyscrapers housing the offices of corporations, banks and professional service firms, the area also features a number of hotels and shopping centres, and a convention centre by the waterfront. The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower has dominated

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