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55-613: Biggest tributaries: Luha-Svynoryika, Svynoryika, Rylovytsia (right side); Strypa (left side) Character of the river is plain as it flows through swampy floodplains. Major settlements along the river: Volodymyr , Ustyluh In 2000, local hydrological reserve "Luha" was created along the river. This article related to a river in Ukraine is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Volodymyr (city) Volodymyr ( Ukrainian : Володимир ), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Володимир-Волинський ) from 1944 to 2021,

110-718: A chemical plant are located in the area. The city was the episcopal seat of the Eparchy of Lutsk–Ostroh in the Ruthenian Uniate Church . The city was also the centre of the short-lived Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia . Currently, it is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk and of the Exarchate of Lutsk in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . In

165-673: A chronicle ( letopis ) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is the Eastern Orthodox Basil the Great 's cathedral, which was erected in the 14th or 15th century, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr

220-509: A local branch of the Rurik Dynasty . At certain times the location functioned as the capital of the principality, but the town did not become an important centre of commerce or culture. In 1240, Mongols seized and looted the nearby town but left the castle unharmed. In 1321, George, son of Lev , the last prospective heir of Halych-Volynia, died in a battle with the forces of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania , and Lithuanian forces seized

275-605: A population of 220,986 (2022 estimate). Historically it was a cultural and religious center in Volhynia . Lutsk is an ancient Slavic town, mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle as Luchesk in the records of 1085. The etymology of the name is unclear. There are three hypotheses: the name may have been derived from the Old Slavic word luka (an arc or bend in a river), or the name may have originated from Luka (the chieftain of

330-619: Is a small city in Volyn Oblast , northwestern Ukraine . It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada . It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia ; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Population: 37,910 (2022 estimate). The medieval Latin name of

385-644: Is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine. It was originally a stronghold founded by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great). In 988, the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle . In 1160, the building of the Sobor of Dormition of the Holy Mother of God was completed. By the 13th century, the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of

440-480: The Dulebs ), an ancient Slavic tribe living in this area. The name may also have been created after Luchanii (Luchans), an ancient branch of the tribe mentioned above. The city of Lutsk is also historically known by different names in other languages – Polish : Łuck , IPA: [wutsk] ; Yiddish : לוצק ,לויצק , romanized :  Loytzk, Loutsk ; as well as a number of other names . According to

495-721: The 2001 Ukrainian census : Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 98% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1% spoke Russian. Lutsk has a humid continental climate ( Dfb in the Köppen climate classification ). Lutsk is an important centre of industry. Factories producing cars, shoes, bearings , furniture , machines and electronics , as well as weaveries, steel mills and

550-756: The Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following the Russian Empire 's takeover of the town, in the effect of the Partitions of Poland , both shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, which converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building. There also exists Volodymyr Historical Museum , an architectural monument of

605-649: The Order of Vytautas the Great . In 1429 Lutsk was the meeting place selected for a conference of monarchs hosted by Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany to deal with the Tatar threat. Those invited to attend included Sigismund, King of Hungary and Bohemia ; Grand Duke Vasili II of Russia ; Eric of Pomerania , king of Denmark , Norway and Sweden ; the Grand Master of the Livonian Order Zisse von Rutenberg;

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660-649: The Reichskommissariat Ukraine , and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between 1–3 September 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni . On 13 November 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war but most later emigrated. By 1999, only 30 remained. From September 1941,

715-625: The Russian Partition until 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church. In the 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as part of the Pale of Settlement . By

770-556: The Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian army fired four missiles at Lutsk military airfield killing two Ukrainian servicemen and wounding six. On 28 March, Lutsk was struck by another Russian missile. As of 1 January 2022, the population of the Lutsk city territorial community was 244,678 people, and 215,986 people in the city of Lutsk. Distribution of the population by ethnicity according to

825-707: The Ukrainian People's Republic , with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on 23 January 1919. In the interbellum , the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School ( Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii ) was established in Włodzimierz. Before

880-680: The Wehrmacht had crossed the Bug river , on 14 September the government of Poland left Łuck and headed southwards, to Kosów Huculski , which at that time was located near the Polish–Romanian border. As a result of the invasion of Poland from both sides and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Łuck, along with the rest of western Volyn, was annexed by the Soviet Union. Most of the factories (including

935-419: The partitions of Poland and the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire in 1795, it was called Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky) to distinguish it from Vladimir-on-Klyazma . The name was not in use between 1919 and 1939 when the city was again part of Poland. In 1944, the name Volodymyr-Volynskyi was restored. On 1 October 2021, the city council voted to drop the regional qualifier and change

990-533: The 19th century. Volodymyr is twinned with: Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum Lutsk Lutsk ( Ukrainian : Луцьк , IPA: [lutsʲk] ; see below for other names) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine . It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has

1045-530: The Catholic bishopric, intending to connect it to the Polish Archdiocese of Lwów , while Lithuanian Duke Vytautas sought to diminish Polish influence and develop the city to become Lithuania's second capital after Vilnius . Vytautas invited colonists (mostly Jews , Tatars , and Crimean Karaites ). In 1427 he transferred the Catholic bishopric from Volodymyr to Luchesk. Vytautas was the last monarch to use

1100-815: The Duke of Szczecin Kazimierz V ; Dan II , the Hospodar of Wallachia ; and Prince-electors of most of the countries of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1432, Volhynia became a fief of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lutsk became the seat of the governors, and later the Marshalls of the Land of Volhynia. That same year, the city was granted Magdeburg rights by King Władysław II Jagiełło. It

1155-516: The Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In the city, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases. According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko , a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks. The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR . After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents was displaced to

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1210-613: The Germans operated the Oflag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town, which was reorganized as Stalag 365 in April 1942. In 1943, the city became a shelter for Poles escaping massacres carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Attacks by the UPA took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of

1265-425: The Great , who supposedly built it some time after 992. In 1497, Duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554, another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska , which was later replaced by a new St. Joachim and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755, a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and, in 1780,

1320-416: The Polish king, Casimir the Great , captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland . The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370, and established a Catholic bishopric in the city (known as Włodzimierz), later transferred to nearby Lutsk , which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia . In 1370, it

1375-617: The Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C. The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 and were from a German factory. Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels), who lived on Kovelska Street, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated

1430-471: The almost-finished radio station) were dismantled and sent east to Russia. Approximately 10,000 of the city's Polish inhabitants (chiefly ethnic Poles, but also Polish Jews ) were deported in cattle trucks to Kazakhstan and 1,550 were arrested by the NKVD . After the start of Operation Barbarossa the city was captured by the Wehrmacht on 25 June 1941. Thousands of Polish and Ukrainian prisoners were shot by

1485-474: The area. It was captured by the Red Army on 2 February 1944. After the end of the war, the remaining Polish inhabitants of the city were expelled, mostly to the areas that are sometimes referred to as the Polish Regained Territories . The city became an industrial centre in the Ukrainian SSR . The major changes in the city's demographics had the final result that by the end of the war, the city

1540-635: The castle. In 1349, the forces of King Casimir III of Poland captured the town, then Lithuania soon retook it, but it remained contested by Lithuania and Poland until 1382. The town began to prosper during the period of Lithuanian rule. Prince Lubart (died 1384), son of Gediminas , erected Lubart's Castle as part of his fortification programme. From 1385, it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian union , yet it remained an object of Lithuanian-Polish rivalry. Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło appointed Polish starosts , brought in Dominican monks and staffed

1595-558: The city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat. Włodzimierz was also a garrison town, with the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed there in 1790, and the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade stationed there in 1794. On 17 July 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in

1650-557: The city. In total, more than 25,000 Jews were executed there at point-blank range, men, women and children. The Łuck Ghetto was liquidated entirely through the Holocaust by bullets . In 1941–1942, the German occupiers also operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the city. During the massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in

1705-509: The city. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1917, the city was seized by Germany on 7 February 1918. On 22 February 1918 the town was transferred by the withdrawing German army to the forces loyal to Symon Petlura . During the Polish-Bolshevik War , on 16 May 1919, Lutsk was taken over by the forces of Poland's Blue Army after a heavy battle with the Red Army . The city

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1760-582: The dominant language in official circles. Though, the Ukrainian population continued to speak Ukrainian ; the Polish population spoke Polish ; and the Jewish population spoke Yiddish (only in private circles). The Greek Catholic churches was turned into Orthodox Christian ones, which led to the self-liquidation of the Uniates here. In 1845, another great fire struck the city, resulting in further depopulation. In 1850, three major forts were built around Lutsk, and

1815-513: The headquarters of the IV Army under Archduke Josef Ferdinand stationed there. A plague of epidemic typhus decimated the city's inhabitants. On 4 June 1916, four Russian armies under general Aleksei Brusilov started what later became known as the Brusilov Offensive . After up to three days of heavy artillery barrage, the Battle of Lutsk began. On 7 June 1916 the Russian forces reconquered

1870-438: The hostage-taker and that he had expressed dissatisfaction with "Ukraine's system" on social media. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that shots gas had been heard and that the bus had been damaged. The incident led to police blocking off the city centre. The standoff was eventually resolved after several hours, with all of the hostages being freed and the hostage taker being arrested. On 11 March 2022, as part of

1925-453: The legend, Luchesk dates from the 7th century. The first known documentary reference dates were from the year 1085. In the 11th century, along with the region of Volhynia, the town was contested by the Kyivan Rus' and Poland . The town served as the capital of the Principality of Halych-Volynia (founded in 1199) until the rise of Volodymyr . The town grew around a wooden stronghold built by

1980-702: The most important trading towns in the region. After being conquered by Batu Khan in 1240, the city was under the rule of the Mongol Empire , together with other principalities in Rus'. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the First Mongol invasion of Poland . In the early 14th century, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' , Theognostus , resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow . In 1349,

2035-490: The name of the city to just Volodymyr . The decision had to be ratified by Ukraine's national parliament ( Verkhovna Rada ) to take effect. On 14 December 2021 parliament approved the name change (it was supported by 348 people's deputies). The city of Vladimir in Russia opposed the name change, claiming that there can be only one city called Vladimir. Over the centuries its residents and rulers have used various names: The city

2090-534: The outbreak of World War II , the city's population was predominantly Polish and Jewish , with a Ukrainian minority. Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , and the start of World War II , the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941, at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , the city was occupied by Germany and attached to

2145-567: The post-war Polish territories, as the city was annexed from Poland by the Soviets. A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy . Since 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine. A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder , similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre ,

2200-475: The region. By the mid-17th century, Łuck had approximately 50,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest towns in the area . During the Khmelnytsky Uprising , the town was seized by the forces of Colonel Kolodko. Up to 4,000 people were slaughtered, approximately 35,000 fled, and the city was looted and partially burnt. It never fully recovered. In 1781, the city was struck by a fire which destroyed 440 houses, both cathedrals, and several other churches. In 1788, Łuck

2255-452: The retreating NKVD responsible for political prisons. The inmates were offered amnesty and in the morning of June 23 ordered to exit the building en masse. They were gunned down by Soviet tanks. Some 4,000 captives including Poles, Jews and Ukrainians were massacred. Upon Nazi occupation, most of the Jewish inhabitants of the city were forced into a new Łuck Ghetto and then murdered at the execution site on Górka Połonka hill not far from

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2310-401: The second half of the 19th century, they made up the majority of the population. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland , in the late 19th century, the city had 8,336 inhabitants, 6,122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened. Immediately after World War I , the area became disputed by the newly formed Second Polish Republic , Bolshevist Russia , and

2365-404: The title of "Duke of Volhynia" and to reside in Lubart's Castle. The town grew rapidly, and by the end of the 15th century, there were 19 Orthodox and two Catholic churches. It was the seat of two Christian bishops, one Catholic and one Orthodox. Because of that, the town was sometimes nicknamed "the Volhynian Rome ." The cross symbol of Lutsk features the highest Lithuanian Presidential award,

2420-494: The town " Lodomeria " became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , of which the town itself was not a part. Five kilometres (three miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne , where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volhynia is located. The city was named after Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who was born in the village of Budiatychi , about 20 km from Volodymyr, and later also abbreviated Lodomeria , Ladimiri . Following

2475-446: The town became a small fortress called Mikhailogorod . Neglected under Russian rule, by the late 19th century, the city lost its leading economic position in Volhynia to Rivne , Kovel and Zdolbuniv . During the First World War , the town was seized by Austria-Hungary on 29 August 1915. The town sustained a small amount of damage. During more than a year of Austro-Hungarian occupation, Lutsk became an important military centre with

2530-403: The town had 316,970 inhabitants, including 59% Ukrainians, 19.5% Poles, 14% Jews and approximately 23,000 Czechs and Germans . On Thursday 7 September 1939, at about 5 p.m., the Polish government, which had left Warsaw the day before, arrived at Łuck. German intelligence quickly found out about it, and the city was twice bombed by the Luftwaffe , on 11 and 14 September. After panzer units of

2585-405: The vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated a Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795 when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia , including Zviahel , which became Novohrad-Volynskyi. Volodymyr-Volynskyi stayed within

2640-418: The view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish. Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries. The oldest place of worship in the town is the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in

2695-414: Was almost entirely Ukrainian. During the Cold War , the city hosted the Lutsk air base . As one of the largest cities in western Ukraine, Lutsk became the seat of the General Consulate of Poland in 2003. On 21 July 2020, a hostage crisis took place, involving a man armed with a firearm and explosives who stormed a bus and took 16 people hostage at about 9:25 a.m. Police said that they had identified

2750-431: Was designated by the newly-reborn nation of Poland as the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship . The city was connected by railroad to Lviv (then Lwów) and Przemyśl . Several brand new factories were built both in Łuck and on its outskirts producing farming equipment, wood, and leather products among other consumer goods. New mills and breweries opened. An orphanage was built, and a big new bursary. The first high school

2805-421: Was devastated and largely depopulated. It witnessed the Soviet counter-offensive of 1920 and was taken on 12 July 1920. It was recaptured by Poland's 45th Rifles regiment and field artillery on 15 September 1920. According to American sociologist Alexander Gella "the Polish victory [over the Red Army] had gained twenty years of independence not only for Poland but at least for an entire central part of Europe. Łuck

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2860-491: Was one of the minor centers of Armenians in Poland , with an Armenian church. In 1497, Alexander Jagiellon confirmed the city's old privileges . In 1569, Volhynia was fully incorporated into the Polish kingdom and the town became the capital of both the Łuck powiat and Volhynian Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . After the Union of Lublin , the local Orthodox bishop converted to Eastern Catholicism . The city continued to prosper as an important economic centre of

2915-466: Was soon inaugurated. In 1937, an airport was established in Łuck with an area of 69 hectares (170 acres). The 13th Kresowy Light Artillery Regiment was stationed in the city, together with a Łuck National Defense (Poland) Battalion. In 1938, construction of a large modern radio transmitter began in the city (see Polish Radio Łuck ). As of 1 January 1939 Łuck had 39,000 inhabitants (approximately 17,500 Jews and 13,500 Poles). The powiat formed around

2970-409: Was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union ) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland . In the meantime, the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500, it was invaded by Tatars . From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship . It was a royal city of Poland. Most of

3025-536: Was the 25th largest city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The city embraced the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . In 1795, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland , the Russian Empire annexed Lutsk. The Voivodeship was liquidated and the town lost its significance as the capital of the province (which was moved to Zhytomyr ). After the November Uprising (1830–1831), efforts increased to remove Polish influence. Polish schools were closed in 1831 and Catholic monasteries were seized in 1840–1853. Russian became

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