Johann Ludwig Uhland (26 April 1787 – 13 November 1862) was a German poet , philologist , literary historian , lawyer and politician .
149-528: He was born in Tübingen , Württemberg , and studied jurisprudence at the university there, but also took an interest in medieval literature, especially old German and French poetry. Having graduated as a doctor of laws in 1810, he went to Paris for eight months to continue his studies of poetry; and from 1812 to 1814 he worked as a lawyer in Stuttgart , in the bureau of the minister of justice. He began his career as
298-819: A French absolutist state. They interpreted the social and natural calamities faced by the Württemberg as God 's punishment for the immorality of the ducal court and society and worked to uphold the Estates of Württemberg and co-operation between it and the duke. After the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of the Spanish Succession , the duchy enjoyed a period of peace and increasing fortune, and Württemberg Pietism's character shifted from moral and philosophical criticism of society to quiet theological contemplation. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
447-471: A "small, taxable community." By 1520, the number of these districts had risen to 45, from 38 in 1442, and would number 58 by the end of the 16th century. These varied vastly in size, with Urach containing 76 outlying villages to Ebingen , which only contained its eponymous town. Württemberg was also one of the most populous regions of the Holy Roman Empire , supporting 300,000-400,000 inhabitants (and
596-446: A birthrate that grew 6–7% each year) in the 16th century, 70% of which lived in the countryside. The largest town in the duchy was Stuttgart (9,000), followed by Tübingen, then Schorndorf , and Kirchheim-Teck (2,000-5,000), and over 670 villages that contained the rest of the population. The Duchy of Württemberg was formed when, at the Diet of Worms , 21 July 1495, Maximilian I , King of
745-440: A burgher. The senior bailiff, more free than his counterpart, was not restricted to serving within his own district and would sometimes advise other rulers and even the duke. The senior bailiff was also charged with the defense of his district and so usually would reside in a castle in or near the district seat. Old noble families traditionally served in their districts, giving them experience that some would use to secure positions in
894-597: A campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indigenous allies, today called King William's War by Americans. Louis XIV had emerged from the Franco-Dutch War in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe, an absolute ruler who had won numerous military victories. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, Louis set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in
1043-623: A diet to state publicly his support of the Treaty of Tübingen , then appointed a new Statthalter , Maximilian van Zevenbergen from the Netherlands , and new Chancellor, Heinrich Winckelhofer. They were aided in issuing the Statthalter ' s orders by the regents and other commissioners. Treasury officials were given much more control over the treasury than in Ulrich's reign so as to reestablish order, and
1192-502: A diet. He held it in Tübingen on 26 June 1514 in a move that showed his paranoia of public opinion of him in the capital, and would be the first of three diets in Ulrich's reign, though representatives from 14 towns in the duchy had met previously in Marbach am Neckar in order to effectively pacify the attending commoners. The result of that pre-meeting was the list of 41 articles that became
1341-489: A famous humanist and knight who was also a firebrand publicist, and son of Ludwig von Hutten, a Franconian knight who had also served in the ducal court and was of the von Huttens, one of the most powerful lower noble families in the entire duchy. The political fallout of this murder resulted in the immediate resignation of 18 noblemen from Ulrich's court, demands from the von Huttens for financial compensation, and fiery, printed attacks by Ulrich von Hutten. The second event
1490-523: A higher rank, and they were paid differently. Chamber music began to be considered a major part of the court's musical establishment, on par even with church and table music, as evidenced by various documents following Pez's death (25 September 1716) in May 1717 from Schwartzkopf and Störl that confirmed Pez's view of the Hofkapelle as a pool of multi-talented musicians who could play a wide range of instruments, and
1639-549: A long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559 in Italy during the Renaissance . The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided between several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. The conflicts involved the major powers of Italy and Europe, in a series of events that followed the end of the 40-year long Peace of Lodi agreed in 1454 with the formation of an Italic League . The collapse of
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#17328559092041788-504: A lyric poet, Uhland must be classed with the writers of the German romantic movement. Like them, he found the Middle Ages appealed most strongly to his imagination. Yet his style has a precision, suppleness and grace which distinguish his most characteristic writings from those of the other German romantics. Like them, Uhland wrote poems in defense of human liberty, and in the states assembly of
1937-580: A major restructuring in European politics. Austria, the dominant power in Central Europe, now had to face the rising power of Prussia in the north. Russia finally grew to become a recognized great power after its success against Sweden in the Great Northern War . And last, Britain's ever-growing might in Europe and America finally challenged the hegemony that France had upheld for years. Nevertheless,
2086-552: A matter could not be solved by the town council, it would be referred to the Chancellor by the bailiff , and he would decide the matter. The Chancellor also represented the Duke for diplomatic missions and occasionally at territorial diets of the Estates . By the mid-16th century, the advisory body to the Duke, the Oberrat , created the position of Vice Chancellor ( Vizekanzler ) in 1556 to aid
2235-695: A past debt. The leader of the Swabian League army was the capable William IV, Duke of Bavaria , and his campaign lasted little over two weeks. It opened with Duke William attacking Hellenstein Castle on 28 March 1519, followed then by attacks on Esslingen , Uhlbach , Obertürkheim , Hedelfingen , the nunnery of Weiler Filstand , Hunddskehle Castle , Teck Castle , and finally stormed Stuttgart in April and forced Ulrich to flee. His first reign had ended, and he would not return for 15 years. The first order of business for
2384-532: A poet in 1807 and 1808 by contributing ballads and lyrics to Seckendorff's Musenalmanach ; and in 1812 and 1813 he wrote poems for Kerner 's Poetischer Almanach and Deutscher Dichterwald . In 1815 he collected his poems in a volume entitled Vaterländische Gedichte , which almost immediately secured a wide circle of readers. To almost every new edition he added some fresh poems. His two dramatic works Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben (1818) and Ludwig der Baier (1819) are unimportant in comparison with his Gedichte . As
2533-554: A publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Württemberg ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. French%E2%80%93Habsburg rivalry The term French–Habsburg rivalry ( French : Rivalité franco-habsbourgeoise ; German : Habsburgisch-französischer Gegensatz ) describes the rivalry between France and the House of Habsburg . The Habsburgs headed an expansive and evolving empire that included, at various times,
2682-544: A rarity and he was typically appointed by the town council and normally from the town's notables. The Burgomaster often came into conflict with the Schultheiss as the former upheld the interests of the town council and the latter of the lord. His chief duties were the accounting of taxes, fines and other town incomes and to present an annual accounting ( Gemeinderechnung ) before the junior bailiff, whom he assisted in daily local administration. The number of Burgomasters throughout
2831-649: A result of conflict between the Protestant estates in Bohemia and their Catholic monarch Ferdinand II , who was heir to Austria. Ferdinand II was deposed as King of Bohemia and replaced by Frederick V of the Palatinate . Eventually, the conflict spread from an intrastate rebellion into a full-scale war between two religious groups: the Protestant North German states (which later included Denmark and Sweden ); and
2980-504: A ruler's wealth and sophistication and the perceptible increase in instrumental specialization in the Hofkapelle (a phenomenon also present at larger German courts), which may have been effected by the employment of foreign musicians. This process was brought about by the formalization of service at the Ducal family's country estates. By 1715, this began to cause financial hardship in Stuttgart, as
3129-460: A seven-member regency would rule the duchy for a period of six years consisting of the Landhofmeister , the Chancellor, a prelate, two nobles, and two burghers, with an eighth regent to be named by the emperor. Ulrich himself was to be dependent on this regency for counsel, and he no longer had control of the duchy, a proposition he was not in agreement with. Ulrich charged many leading members of
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#17328559092043278-471: A single kettledrummer . Two of those Kapellmeister s, Theodor Schwartzkopf and Johann Georg Christian Störl, Schwartzkopf's former pupil. These two men had a falling out and Störl attempted to have Schwartzkopf and his family ejected from the Kapellhaus , claiming that his residence was unsuitable for the practice of opera. In truth, the small Old Castle was already too small for the Duke's musical retinue, as
3427-496: A sudden end with the War of Spanish Succession and it would have an indelible impact on music at the court in later years. While very little documentation of the musical activity of the first decade of the 18th century, we know that by 1715, the membership of the duchy's Hofkapelle was three concertmasters ( German : Kapellmeister ), 22 instrumentalists, 11 vocalists, and two choirboys ( German : Kapellknaben ) as well as an additional complement of seven trumpeters and
3576-470: Is what our musicians do with the utmost diligence and punctuality; one can make music with two or three people, which is also [the number of musicians] a burgher can afford, but a most Serene Ruling Duke of Württemberg providing for His Most Princely Kapelle and Hofmusik (as I understand the setting and glory of his most princely house) must have more than eight musicians belonging to his musical establishment." Despite its small size and financial strain, Pez
3725-581: The Centner ) on consumables such as meats, wine and grain. Again Ulrich refused to call a diet to discuss the tax, but successfully levied it through local and district officials. This particular tax was intensely unpopular, even more so than the first, as it was implemented by the officials who had dodged the first tax, drove the prices of their food up and, to the chagrin of the lower classes, Ulrich and his government sought to have Roman law officially accepted into Württemberg's legal system. The tax, combined with
3874-702: The Bourbon Restoration was one of peace between France and Austria, as the two monarchies participated in the Quintuple Alliance in 1818. However, this alliance was dissolved following the death of Emperor Alexander I of Russia in 1825 and France's subsequent July Revolution of 1830, in which the Bourbon monarchy was overthrown. Hostilities between the two nations resumed during the Franco-Austrian War in 1859, Franco- Sardinian victory which resulted in
4023-684: The Burgundian Netherlands , in 1477. Nineteen years later, their son Philip the Handsome married Joanna of Castile , who became heir to the Spanish thrones. Joanna and Philip's son, Charles , united all of these possessions in 1519. France had the Habsburgs on three sides as its neighbor, with Spain to the south, the Netherlands to the north, and the Franche-Comté to the east. The Italian Wars were
4172-791: The Catholic League . When the Protestant King of Navarre laid siege to Paris, Spanish commander, the Duke of Parma , helped relieve the city on behalf of the Catholics. Spain also occupied territory in Brittany during the Brittany Campaign . When the King of Navarre became King of France (as Henry IV), he declared war on Spain. This war was ended with the Peace of Vervins . Even though the realm of Charles V
4321-683: The Dauphin of France , who later became King Louis XVI . The alliance was formalised with the signing of the First Treaty of Versailles in 1756. The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria and Britain. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle which had concluded the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 had left Maria Theresa of Austria dissatisfied with the British alliance . Despite having successfully defended her claim to
4470-709: The Ehrbarkeit , and of them killed brothers Conrad and Sebastion Breuning, Conrad Vaut, the bailiff of Cannstatt , and Hans Stickel, the Burgomaster of Stuttgart. After the executions of the Breuning brothers, Maximilian attempted to call another diet to enforce the Treaty of Blaubeuren, but it was here that he realized the fatal flaw of the treaty: it did not involve the Estates and, thanks in part to Maximilian's advanced age, they had neither
4619-491: The Frankfurt Parliament that convened in the course of the 1848 revolution . As a Germanic and Romance philologist , Uhland must be counted among the founders of that science. Besides the treatise Ueber das altfranzösische Epos (1812) and an essay Zur Geschichte der Freischiessen (1828), there are to be especially mentioned Walther von der Vogelweide, ein altdeutscher Dichter (1822); Der Mythus von Thôr (1836),
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4768-661: The French Third Republic declared war on Austria-Hungary in response to Austria's declarations against Serbia and Russia. A western front against Austria-Hungary was opened upon its former ally , the Kingdom of Italy 's entry into the war in 1915. Austro-Hungarian defeat resulted in it ceding Southern Tyrol to Italy through the Armistice of Villa Giusti signed 3 November 1918. At the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , Charles I of Austria renounced participation in state affairs and
4917-716: The Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims. Leopold I and the German princes resolved to resist, and when the States General and William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France, the French king faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions. The main fighting took place around France's borders in the Spanish Netherlands ,
5066-760: The Holy Roman Empire , the Spanish Empire , Austria , Bohemia and Hungary from the Diet of Augsburg in the High Middle Ages until the dissolution of the monarchy following World War I in the late modern period . In addition to holding the Austrian hereditary lands , the Habsburg dynasty ruled the Low Countries (1482–1794), Spain (1504–1700) and the Holy Roman Empire (1438–1806). All these lands were in personal union under Emperor Charles V . The expansion of
5215-470: The Kingdom of Württemberg , he played a distinguished part as one of the most vigorous and consistent of the Old Liberals among its members. In 1815 , Württemberg was to be granted a new constitution, replacing the old constitution of the Estates of Württemberg ( Landstände ) which had been abolished in 1806. Uhland became a prominent proponent of the old rights of the estates during the controversy of
5364-518: The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), and the succession wars of Jülich (1609-1614), Mantua (1628–1631), Spain (1700–1713), Poland (1733–1736) and Austria (1740–1748). During the late Middle Ages, the Habsburgs, whose dominions consisted principally of Austria, and later Spain, sought alliances, principally through marriage, a policy which had the added benefit of gaining territory through marital inheritance. Territorial expansion in this way allowed
5513-613: The Rhineland , the Duchy of Savoy and Catalonia . The fighting generally favoured France's armies, but by 1696 his country was in the grip of an economic crisis. The Maritime Powers (England and the Dutch Republic) were also financially exhausted, and when Savoy defected from the Alliance, all parties were keen to negotiate a settlement. By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) France retained
5662-693: The Swabian Alb to the east. The very southeastern part of the duchy, on the other side of the Swabian Alb, is the Danube river basin. The Duchy of Württemberg was over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of pastures, forests, and rivers. Politically, it was a patchwork of 350 smaller territories governed by many different secular and ecclesiastical landlords. As early as the 14th century, it had dissolved into many districts (called Ämter or Vogteien in German ), which originally were called " Steuergemeinde ,"
5811-510: The Swabian League occupation was to set Württemberg's government in order. One of the most crucial steps to achieve this was to settle the Duchy's enormous 1.1 million gulden debt, and few wanted to help finance this. The knights, who were at this time most able to assist, did not want to as they felt that they did not constitute an estate of the duchy and were thus without obligation to it. Since
5960-502: The Swabian League . The Estates would continue to exercise their right to approve taxation to the duchy's frequent wars, a right that would be extremely tested during Ulrich's reign. Despite its urbanization, the duchy's economy was very agricultural, its most important product being wine. The peasantry harvested such grains as rye , barley , hay , and oats . Other products, wool , wood , cloth , linen , and glass and metal wares, followed in importance. Frequent trading partners were
6109-451: The Treaty of Tübingen , the most significant piece of legislation of Ulrich's reign, at the Diet on 8 July 1514. The Estates agreed to pay Ulrich 920,000 florins over the next decade to annul his debts in exchange for requiring the consent of the Estates prior to any declaration of war, the prosecution of criminals to be instigated only with a regular legal procedure, and the right all citizens of
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6258-571: The history of music in the West: the emergence of the orchestra , importance of chamber music and the growing number of Italian composers and musicians employed at the courts of German princes in the 18th century. Although the duchy was recognized by Peter H. Wilson as "one of the weaker middle ranking territories within the Empire," the Dukes went to great - and expensive - lengths by the ducal court to be ahead of
6407-424: The "fourteen great monastic trusts," and the Duke or the Estates could spend this money on the duchy's defense or on other projects. While he supervised this revenue, his clerks recorded it account books called Kirchenkastenrechungen . Of the positions only held by nobility, most were created in the 15th century and required little or no education, paid much more than burgher, and often involved constant contact to
6556-572: The 15th century, the membership of the council and court were, by the end of the 16th century, made up completely by the town's notables, people like rich artisans, merchants, and local guild members. One of the leading officials in the local government was a kind of village mayor called the Schultheiss . The origins of this position date back to the 13th century, the first recorded instances being in Rottweil in 1222 and in Tübingen in 1247. In that time,
6705-488: The 17th and 18th centuries, the duchy being directly in the path of French and Austrian armies who were engaged in the long rivalry between the House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg . In 1803, Napoleon raised the duchy to be the Electorate of Württemberg . On 1 January 1806, the last elector assumed the title of King of Württemberg. Later that year, on 6 August 1806, the last Emperor, Francis II , abolished (de facto)
6854-610: The American continent and consolidated Prussian gains in Europe to Austria's detriment. The French Revolution was opposed by the Habsburgs in Austria, who sought to destroy the Revolutionary Republic with assistance from several coalitions of monarchical nations, including Britain and several states within the Holy Roman Empire. According to Chris McNab: "The problems faced by the Austrian Emperor were in large part due to past Habsburg successes. Primarily through marriages, they had acquired many provinces with varied ethnic and racial populations – therefore, no universal language existed in
7003-455: The Catholic powers of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs as well as the German Catholic League . France later joined the conflict, and like in the Jülich War and the 80 Years War, fought on the side of the Protestants in spite of the fact that France's national religion was Catholicism. This was for the political reason of attempting to prevent the Habsburgs from achieving total hegemony over the German lands. French minister, Cardinal Richelieu ,
7152-409: The Chancellor, by now struggling with his workload, and to substitute for the Chancellor in his absence, and to serve as the secretary for sessions of the privy council ( Geheimer Rat ). More than any other official in the central government, the chamber secretary, Kammersekretär , charged with the organizing the Duke's schedule, writing Ducal correspondence, and processing documents, worked solely for
7301-447: The County of Löwenstein-Wertheim and the districts of Weinsberg , Neuenstadt am Kocher , and Möckmühl from the Palatinate as well as Heidenheim an der Brenz and the abbeys of Königsbronn , Anhausen , and Herbrechtingen . Ulrich's ability to rule, on the other hand, was less reliable. The first crisis he faced was financial: since the beginning of his reign to 1514, he had racked up a debt of more than 600,000 florins in addition to
7450-402: The Duke or other nobles. Originally, the Württemberg court had a Hofmeister , but this office was broken into the offices of territorial governor, Landhofmeister , and the court steward, Haushofmeister . The most powerful of the nobles in court traditionally was the territorial governor, Landhofmeister , who served as the Duke's foremost adviser and controlled the chancery. With the creation of
7599-401: The Duke's advisers were arrested or fled, Eberhard II himself was banished to Lindenfels Castle and granted an annuity of 6000 florins until his death in 1504. The one accomplishment of Eberhard II's reign was the establishment of the Hofkapelle for the performance of religious music, and this system of music patronage would remain uninterrupted until the Thirty Years' War . Ulrich, of
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#17328559092047748-404: The Duke, but he became even more powerful during the Habsburg occupation of the duchy, as three were appointed to set the duchy's finances in order. However, this title too became increasingly honorary; by the 1570s, there were long periods wherein there were no Kammermeister as the Kammersekretär had largely taken over his responsibilities. The final noble-held office in the central government
7897-465: The Duke, increasingly short on cash because of the war and the construction of Ludwigsburg Palace , issued a massive retrenchment that dramatically shrank the Hofkapelle . This strain would still be felt in 1714, and Pez commented: "...four hours of Tafelmusik , two to three and a half hours of chamber music, Tafelmusik once again, and from time to time, a ball as well, that [is a workload] eight musicians could not manage without alternation, which
8046-404: The Duke. This job was also always held by a burgher, as he had to have clerical expertise, but almost never had a university education. At first, the Vice Chancellor held no political power, but then Duke Christoph enlarged the role of the Kammersekretär by allowing him to advise on policies concerning the chancery, church council , and even to oversee the treasury, a right no other official but
8195-474: The Emperor. This entire event, the metaphorical last straw of Ulrich's reign, was in complete violation of the Treaty of Tübingen. It angered the other Free Cities, most of whom were in the Swabian League , from which Württemberg had been expelled in February 1512 against the wishes of Maximilian I. They prepared for war while Ulrich coerced 80,000 florins from the Estates and received 10,000 crowns from Francis I of France in February 1519 to fund his war and repay
8344-418: The Estates but were rebuked, despite Ulrich's now widespread unpopularity out of loyalty to him and a lack of influence in Württemberg on Sabina's part. The Bavarians resorted to attacking the duchy, causing Maximilian I to intervene and call a diet in Stuttgart on 18 September 1515 to limit Ulrich's power and to create a balanced system of government. This resulted in the Treaty of Blaubeuren, which mandated that
8493-462: The Estates helped organize it like its counterpart in Austria , which was separate from the Chancery and was called the Kammer and was operated by three treasurers. This control over the treasury and state expenditure would be the most important reform of the Habsburg occupation. The government of the Duchy of Württemberg was one composed of several hundred people. One group, called the "Notables," or Ehrbarkeit , made up of powerful local families,
8642-433: The Estates often to consent to new taxation and to raise troops for Austria during the War with the Turks . Unfortunately for the Habsburgs , the tenures of the Statthalter tended to be short. Despite this, their office would continue into the second reign of Duke Ulrich and would become especially important in the regency of Duke Ludwig. Beneath the councilors were the secretaries , clerks , and accountants who ran
8791-429: The Estates, as they authored a government based on collegiate principle, with four nobles acting as regents and two prelates as advisers. The Estates voiced the interests of the towns to the regency, but during the Swabian War this regency became opposed to the wishes of the local burghers, among whom the war was very unpopular. The Estates would continue to vote more men and money to the war, which would end in defeat for
8940-472: The French, determined to impede further Prussian progress, were now willing to support Austria whose force had grown less intimidating. Several months after the signing of the treaty, the Seven Years' War, which involved Prussia , Great Britain, Russia , France, and Austria, broke out. France and Austria expanded upon the First Treaty with a further treaty concluded in 1757 and, along with Russia, fought against an alliance of Great Britain and Prussia , which
9089-422: The Great , who had occupied it during the war. That acquisition had further advanced Prussia as a great European power, which now posed an increasing threat to Austria's central European position, and the growth of Prussia was welcomed by the British, who saw it as a means of balancing French power and reducing French influence in Germany, which might otherwise have grown in response to Austria's weakness. Conversely,
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#17328559092049238-408: The Habsburg throne and had her husband, Francis Stephen , crowned Emperor in 1745, she had been forced to relinquish valuable territory in the process. Under British diplomatic pressure, Maria Theresa had given up most of Lombardy and occupied Bavaria , as well as ceding Parma to Spain and the house of Bourbon . Finally, the valuable Bohemian crown land of Silesia had been given up to Frederick
9387-414: The Habsburgs into western Europe increasingly led to border tensions with the Kingdom of France, which found itself encircled by Habsburg territory. The subsequent rivalry between the two powers became a cause for several conflicts. These include parts of the Anglo-French Wars (1066–1815), the War of the Burgundian Succession (1477–1482), the Italian Wars (1494–1559), the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648),
9536-407: The Habsburgs to gain territories throughout Europe such as the Spanish Road , Burgundy , Milan and the Low Countries . This practice was described by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus ' quote: Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria, nube! – "Let others wage war. You, happy Austria, marry!" Following this tradition, Archduke Maximilian married Mary , the last Valois ruler of Burgundy and
9685-477: The Handsome who married Joanna the Mad (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile ) to reinforce the anti-French alliance between Austria and Spain. The son of Philip and Joanna would become Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 succeeding Maximilian and controlling an Habsburg empire inclusive of Castile , Aragon , Austria , and the Burgundian Netherlands , thus encircling France. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which put an end to
9834-411: The Holy Roman Empire. Much of the territory of the Duchy of Württemberg lies in the valley of the Neckar river, from Tübingen to Heilbronn , with its capital and largest city, Stuttgart , in the center. The northern part of Württemberg is wide and open, with large rivers making for decent arable land. The southern part of Württemberg is mountainous and wooded, with the Black Forest to the west and
9983-399: The Italian Wars, had mixed results: France renounced its claims to territories in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the Pale of Calais and the Three Bishoprics . The Italian Wars also coincide with the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre , where France supported the King of Navarre (from the French House of Albret ) against the Spanish Habsburgs. The result of this
10132-415: The Romans and Holy Roman Emperor , declared the Count of Württemberg ( German : Graf von Württemberg ), Eberhard V "the Bearded," Duke of Württemberg ( German : Herzog von Württemberg ). This would be the last elevation to dukedom of the Medieval era. The House of Württemberg had reigned over the territory since the 11th century, and Duke Eberhard I himself ascended to the throne in 1450 at
10281-412: The Spanish throne for his grandson Philip V , which caused the War of the Spanish Succession. In the treaty of Utrecht , Louis succeeded in installing the Bourbon dynasty in a Spain that was by now a second-rank power, and in bringing the Habsburg encirclement of France to an end. After two centuries, the rivalry had lost its original cause. After the potent decline of Spain, the 18th Century witnessed
10430-400: The Urach line of the House of Württemberg , succeeded Eberhard II in 1498, in his minority. His regency was controlled by four nobles: Counts Wolfgang von Fürstenberg and Andreas von Waldburg, Hans von Reischach (the senior bailiff of Mömpelgard ), and Diepolt Spät (the senior bailiff of Tübingen ). Two other men, the abbots of Zwiefalten and Bebenhausen , also held advisory positions in
10579-528: The War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy. It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, North America and in India. It is sometimes considered the first global war . The conflict encompassed the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite risings in Scotland, where William III and James II struggled for control of England and Ireland, and
10728-561: The age of 14, over a territory split in two states: the Württemberg ruled by the Württemberg-Stuttgart line, and the Württemberg of the Württemberg-Urach line. In 1482, he united the two parts of the future duchy, fusing the governments of both counties into what would be the basis of the duchy's central government. After Eberhard's death in 1496, he was succeeded by his cousin, Eberhard II , and he would make little change to
10877-575: The alliance in the 1490s left Italy open to the ambitions of Charles VIII of France , who invaded the Kingdom of Naples in 1494 on the ground of a dynastic claim. The French were however forced to leave Naples after the Republic of Venice formed an alliance with Habsburg Austria and Spain . An important consequence of the League of Venice was the political marriage arranged by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor for his son, through Mary of Burgundy , Philip
11026-756: The army." Due to difficulties such as this, the Austrian Army suffered defeats during the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars . After the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition , the ability of the Habsburgs to govern the Holy Roman Empire was dramatically weakened. This led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , which was divided between France and
11175-455: The authority of the Schultheiss eroded. Despite this, he could still preside over the district court in the absence of the bailiff. Subordinate to the Schultheiss was the town's Burgomaster ( Burgermeister ), the only official to be elected by the citizenry and another office with its origins in the 13th century (the first documented one in Rottweil in 1283). However, popular election was still
11324-606: The brief War of the Reunions (1683–84). The Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed France's new borders for twenty years, but Louis's subsequent actions – notably his Edict of Fontainebleau (the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) in 1685 – led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance. Louis's decision to cross the Rhine in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure
11473-455: The bureaucracy of the duchy and adhered to a strict discipline and worked long hours. These men held no political power of their own, but often, this was the starting place for burghers looking to climb the ladder. Secretaries and clerks ( Schreiber ) copied and filed important documents for the various branches of the government. The growth of the central government's bureaucracy also meant the number of clerks growing from 25 in 1520 to over 80 by
11622-478: The burghers that attended the Landtag of 1520, all of them belonged to the court and council of 44 towns, all of them Ehrbarkeit . The lack of resistance on their part to Ulrich's strong government shows that the Estates had neither a strong leader and popular support nor a permanent position in the duchy's constitution and could be easily coerced. The Estates became useful to the Duke for the payment of his debts and for
11771-399: The capital, Stuttgart . The supervision of the count's court income and grain and wine had become too great for the 15th century Hofmeister and cellarer, prompting the creation of the receipt department ( Zentralkasse ), staffed by the territorial clerk ( Landschreiber ) and ducal treasurer ( Kammermeister ). To complement this was the central financial office ( Landschreiberei ), in essence
11920-441: The central government of the duchy. By the end of the 17th century, the title of senior bailiff had become almost entirely honorary and only about 25 were employed by the duchy. The junior bailiff was a much more executive officer, being charged with law and order through the district courts, and he also supervised the district's finances and the levying of new taxes. If he was unable to rectify any given situation, he would refer it to
12069-512: The chamber master ( Kammermeister ) possessed. In the reign of Duke Ludwig , he would become one of the most influential officers in the central government, assuming the role of personal adviser and close friend to the Duke, rivaling only the territorial governor, Landhofmeister in influence on policy. Following the Reformation , new positions that worked during the Visitation were created. With
12218-469: The chancery in 1482, the same year as the reunification of the duchy (then county) and establishment of Stuttgart as capital, the Landhofmeister and the Chancellor worked closely together, and this association remained important until the Kammersekretär supplanted the chancellor in importance. The Haushofmeister , who once accompanied the Duke on hunting trips and managed the court income and servants,
12367-587: The chancery in Stuttgart, and the Chancellor ( Kanzler ) would decide the matter. This position, the link between local, district, and central government, was very common among officials who would later join the central government. Two more offices completed district government: the Cellarer ( Keller or Pfleger ) and the Forester ( Forstmeister or Waldvogt ), of whom there were never more than 12. The cellarer oversaw
12516-414: The chancery, because of the legal knowledge required. The growing influence of the chancery meant the growing influence of the Chancellor, normally the best educated of the Duke's councilors, typically holding a doctorate in canon and civil law as well as extensive administrative power. As one of the burgher elite, he was the link between the central government and local communities for settling disputes. If
12665-600: The church council director, or Kirchenratdirektor , who worked with the church council on Ducal policy in religious matters, helped with the appointing of local preachers and administrating of church lands, and supervised the monasteries. Supervision of the monasteries and nunneries was important to the duchy, as the Reformation made their exorbitant spending no longer acceptable, though they were still allowed to exist in Lutheran Württemberg. The government placed levies on
12814-457: The citizenry, who resented the increasing taxes and restrictions placed on the forest's use. The primary power in local government were the town council and court ( Rat und Gericht ). The council handled the town's daily affairs while the court exercised civil jurisdiction in the town and jurisdiction of non-capital criminal affairs for the entire district. Though the bailiff was originally charged with appointing members of either organization in
12963-462: The collection and stockpiling of the district's grain and wine, a job previously managed by the bailiff until the creation of the cellarer (this duty would sometime be performed by another chief administrative officer called the Schultheiss ). The forester, a position created around 1410, was in charge of the forests in his district, enforcing the laws governing the forest that covered such things as logging and hunting. Often, he came into conflict with
13112-486: The court and the number of court musicians who could pay more than one instrument, but also dramatically shrank the importance of the Kapellknaben to the point where only two were employed by the court. This growth happened in spite of the ongoing War of the Spanish Succession and even Villars 's invasion of the duchy in 1707 (which caused the ducal family to temporarily flee to Switzerland ) finally ended in 1709 when
13261-491: The court chapel as well as the group that played within it, was founded by Duke Eberhard II during his short reign of the Duchy of Württemberg. The rules of the Baroque dukes, Eberhard Louis , Charles Alexander , and Charles Eugene , were an unstable period in the musical scene in the duchy based at the palaces of Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart (much like the Dukes that patronized those arts) that illuminates three central themes in
13410-423: The cultural curve. The result, in the final years of the 17th century, was an increasing awareness and then desire for French style and fashion, resulting in the employment of French musicians, adoption of new Baroque woodwinds , putting on of large-scale French-style ballets de cour called Singballete and the institution of a Lullian string band that paved the way for appearance of the orchestra at court. Even in
13559-579: The death of John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , led a succession dispute . When Archduke Leopold V was sent by Emperor Rudolf II to occupy Jülich in the name of the Emperor, French king Henry IV intervened to prevent the Habsburgs from gaining more influence by supporting the Protestant Union . France also supported the protestant Dutch Republic in their independence struggle against Habsburg Spain. The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 as
13708-453: The debt of 300,000 florins he inherited, amounting to almost one million florins. Ulrich attempted to assuage this with a 6% wealth tax (1 pfennig on 1 gulden ), which was met with fierce resistance by his subjects, particularly the Ehrbarkeit , who had the most to lose. Ulrich refused to call a diet to discuss this tax, but he did not press it and repealed it. Following this failure, Ulrich next tried an indirect tax (3 schilling heller on
13857-408: The declaration of the war, and they provided the duchy's leading inhabitants political power and a forum to debate in. The Treaty of Esslingen in 1492, which stated that 12 members of the Estates could assume rule in times of incompetence, became the basis for following compromises between the Duke and the Estates throughout the 16th centuries. The regency of Duke Ulrich was a time of transition for
14006-467: The duchy at will, called the Freisitz , provided they met certain criteria. While the relationship between the Duke and the Estates seemed to be cemented, the dukes did not always abide by the Treaty, and the knights and prelates, who appeared at no point or at one point in the creation of the treaty respectively, had little no involvement in it. Ironically, the treaty, which would not be fully implemented for
14155-420: The duchy in comparison to other German states was that burghers held positions in the duchy's central government alongside nobility, most of them holding an extensive university education, and were employed in an ever-growing number for the administrative needs of the duchy. Despite the lower pay and prestige they enjoyed by comparison to nobility, burghers would remain their own distinct class. The best example of
14304-436: The duchy was wildly inconsistent, as each town's constitution mandated how many Burgomasters the town could have and how long they served (most terms ranged from one year to a decade). In some instances, no Burgomasters were present in town and thus they only had a Schultheiss . The final office in local government was the town clerk ( Stadtschreiber ), who wrote up important documents for the council and would sometimes supervise
14453-482: The duchy's neighbors, mostly including the south western Imperial cities like Esslingen am Neckar and Reutlingen , and the Swiss Confederation . The cities of Basel and Solothurn would also regularly extended loans to the dukes of Württemberg. Though it had no central business hub like Ulm or Strasbourg , the duchy was a breadbasket for its neighbors. The Württemberg Hofkapelle , a term both describing
14602-451: The ecclesiastical bodies whom fronted the salaries of the Hofkapelle made known their disdain for paying a clearly secular facet of the court. To reduce this strain, a rotational system wherein a copyist and pianist were on call at all times with three groups consisting of a violinist, an oboist, and a string bass player alternating every four weeks. These musicians were simply referred to as "court and chamber musicians," weren't appointed at
14751-444: The end of the century. Accountants too grew in number, as the number of bookkeepers ( Buchhalter ), charged with maintaining a general ledger to recording and writing summaries of votes cast in privy council meetings, would be expanded greatly to fill the needs of the government. Other low-level positions included the keeper of the treasury ( Gewöhlbeverwater ), who curated the goods of the treasury vault such as government archives, and
14900-419: The face of periodic French aggression in the 18th century, Duke Eberhard Louis, educated with French style and mannerisms, strove to make his court a haven for French culture . At the turn of the 18th century, Württemberg's musical interests, like many other European states, began turning to Italy , which can be seen in the productions of Johann Sigismund Kusser from 1698 to 1702. Musical funding would come to
15049-453: The following years, which ended in a compromise in 1819 under William I of Württemberg . Uhland went on to serve in the newly created parliament ( Landtag ) from 1819 until 1826. In 1829 he was made honorary professor of German literature at the University of Tübingen , but he resigned in 1833, when the post was found to be incompatible with his political views. In 1848 he became a member of
15198-486: The forests of Böblingen in May 1515. Ulrich had taken a romantic interest in von Hutten's wife and, according to a later declaration the Imperial Diet of Augsburg on 19 August 1518, had become hostile towards him after Hans' marriage to Ursula von Hutten. Ursula was the daughter of Thumb von Neuburg, the marshal and one of the most influential men in the ducal court, and Hans von Hutten was the cousin of Ulrich von Hutten,
15347-743: The gains of Savoy and Nice for France, and the loss of Lombardy for Austria. In the aftermath of the 1866 Austro-Prussian War , the Compromise of 1867 resulted in the creation of Austro-Hungarian Empire under the Habsburg Emperor. In 1879, Austria-Hungary entered into the Dual Alliance with the German Empire . In response, France entered into alliances with Russia and with the United Kingdom in 1894 and 1904 respectively. On 12 August 1914,
15496-423: The government treasury that received the taxes collected across the duchy. The Ehrbarkeit held a variety of positions in local government as well as district government, which relied on a network of the duchy's market towns, establishing a link between the town and the countryside. The most powerful official in a district was the bailiff ( Vogt ), who governed and supervised the functions of urban government in
15645-474: The government's structure. Despite having earlier been the count from 1480 to 1482, he proved to be administratively incompetent, and his attempt to begin a war against Bavaria prompted the Estates to request Maximilian I to call a diet in March 1498 to remove Eberhard II. The Emperor then made the unprecedented decision to side with the Estates and thus deprived Duke Eberhard II of his principality in May 1498. While
15794-408: The help of the Ducal court and reformers Johannes Brenz , Ambrosius Blarer , and Erhard Schnepf , a powerful new, centralized ecclesiastical cabinet formed to assure the Duke's will in religious matters were felt throughout the duchy via a strict system of visitation to all of the duchy's districts. The creation of the church council, Kirchenrat , in 1553 resulted in a position only held by burghers:
15943-432: The hiring of violinist and virtuoso Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello as "director of chamber music" about a month after Pez's death. By the end of 1717, the concept of an orchestra as an institution began to solidify at the court. The University of Tübingen was established by the ruling dynasty in 1477. In the 16th century, Württemberg became one of three competing southwest Imperial states vying for greater status in
16092-466: The knights refused to pay and the Ehrbarkeit and lay citizenry had not the funds to pay, the League sold the duchy to the new Holy Roman Emperor , Charles V , on 6 February 1520, for 220,000 florins, with the blessing of the Estates. The sale was on the conditions that League pay the debts incurred under Ulrich and defend the duchy from any future attacks made by Ulrich. Charles V may have had some motives in
16241-406: The laws that governed it, and this would be tested by the chancery in Stuttgart whenever the clerk visited the capital. As before, the duchy's notables had a powerful presence in the central government but burghers, in particular, came to fill many important offices by either university education, clerical expertise, or administrative experience in district and local government. Burgher or noble,
16390-453: The leading burgher councilors in the central government was the Chancellor ( Kanzler ), a position again traceable to the 13th century, when monks worked on documents for the court. The duchy's first Chancellor was a prelate who was given the position by Count Eberhard V in 1481. However, after the County 's elevation to a duchy, this position would only be held by burghers, like most of the jobs in
16539-506: The longest and most tumultuous periods in the history of the region. The young duke at first made little change to the government, allowing his councilors to decide on policy while he made his greatest marks in the duchy through the expansion of the realm, usually through war. With the aid of Duke Albert IV of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Ulrich invaded the Electoral Palatinate with an army of 20,000 soldiers, obtaining Maulbronn Abbey ,
16688-442: The many councilors in the central government had tremendous influence, even if that influence and thus the balance of power in the duchy's administration, was subject to the whim of the ruling duke. However, they were not entirely dependent on the duke, as much of the actual governing was out of his hands, and the geographical location and political instability of the duchy contributed greatly to its unique political development. One of
16837-421: The masculinity of the term) who would receive music training with the expectation that they would become permanent members of the Württemberg establishment with an equal salary to the choirboys. It is also likely that female vocalists formed part of a French comödianten from 1713 to 1716 in a nod to the large-scale theatrical performances of the early days that the Duke called off and never returned to because of
16986-554: The message supervisor ( Botenmeister ), who managed the couriers of the duchy. The Estates ( Landschaft ), the largest political body in the duchy, were an entity that had existed even before the founding of the duchy (The first assembly of the Estates, called a Landtag , occurred in Leonberg in 1457 when Count Ulrich V summoned the notables of the towns to counterbalance the attending knights ( Ritterschaft )), and it consisted of representatives from several different estates ( Stände ):
17135-414: The name of the duke from the district seat ( Amtstadt ). This position first appeared around 1425, but it took around seventy years for the functions of the bailiff to be fully established. By the end of the 15th century, this office had split into senior bailiff ( Obervogt ), typically a nobleman, and junior bailiff ( Untervogt ), who would preside in the absence of the senior bailiff and was usually himself
17284-704: The newly formed Austrian Empire , leading to the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine . The Confederation was dissolved following Napoleon's defeat at the hands of the Sixth Coalition , which included Austria. Fighting between the two Empires resumed during the Hundred Days , which saw the seventh and final coalition emerge victorious over the French and an end to the Coalition Wars. The period immediately following
17433-527: The nobility were to be empowered. This government in Charles V's absence was headed by a new position, the Statthalter , a nobleman who represented the Emperor in all matters, and by the Chancellor. This was Gregor Lamparter (one of the Ehrbarkeit ), who had been Chancellor and was arrested by Ulrich but escaped death. Charles V turned the duchy over to Archduke Ferdinand I on 31 March 1522. Ferdinand first called
17582-528: The participants of a Diet were townsfolk, though the peasantry had almost no input. The Estates had no means of imposing their will, and were to a certain extent dependent on the Duke to be effective. At times they were able to convince the Duke into reform, such as with the Treaty of Tübingen in 1514. During times of minority or absence of the Duke, the Estates had a large decree of control over policy and government, which they effectively lost in times of majority. Duke Ulrich, for example, rarely called Diets. Of
17731-723: The peace treaty of Munster in 1648 and, more particularly, the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, Spain's power began its slow decline in what proved to be the last decades of a degenerating Habsburg regime there. After their victory over the Turks in the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, the Austrian Habsburgs focused less and less on their conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans . The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called
17880-630: The peasantry makes clear their dissatisfaction, and the final result of this dissatisfaction and taxation was the Poor Conrad revolt, which began in Kernen im Remstal in the Schorndorf district, 30 km (19 mi) from Stuttgart, a wine-growing region particularly affected by economic downturn caused by poor harvests in recent years and high taxation. Despite Ulrich's repealing of the excise on meat, discontent continued to grow, forcing Ulrich to finally call
18029-456: The power wielded by the burghers in the duchy's government, however, was to be found in the Estates , who sought always to hold the duke to the terms of the Treaty of Tübingen , a piece of legislation that outlined the rights of the burghers and the duke's duties to them. The foundations of the government of the Duchy of Württemberg were laid even before the elevation of the County of Württemberg in 1495. The House of Württemberg had governed
18178-400: The prelates, nobles, and burgher officials. The prelates were the abbots of the fourteen monasteries of the duchy, who were generally present at the diets as Ducal appointees after the Reformation. Roughly 30 noblemen, usually ducal councilors or some other senior official, also regularly attended. Since the Estates were intended to be the representatives of the duchy's inhabitants, about 75% of
18327-477: The purchasing of the duchy based on plans of Maximilian I's in 1518 of "Austrian centralization" in Swabia with "an integrated judicial system." Charles V did not, however, ever rule the duchy himself, electing instead to proclaim the "freedom of the Estates of Württemberg " on 15 October 1520 and that Württemberg would pay him an annual levy of 22,000 florins, setting the tone of the Habsburgs' 14-year rule, during which
18476-438: The regency. While the regency would hear the wishes of the people through the Estates, they became opposed to the wishes of the local burghers during the very unpopular Swabian War , for which the Estates voted more soldiers and money. Maximilian I declared Ulrich I of age at 16, in the process violating the 1492 Treaty of Esslingen [ de ] that stipulated that he could only fully succeed at 20. Thus began one of
18625-551: The region and the Empire at large. Itself Lutheran , Württemberg sparred with the Roman Catholic Duchy of Lorraine and the Calvinist Electoral Palatinate . Württemberg found allies in north and east Germany because of its Lutheran faith. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Pietism became widespread throughout the duchy as a response to the perceived hedonism of Baroque society and attempt at
18774-418: The rest of the 16th century, appeared to be more of a victory for Duke Ulrich, as he sought just to appease the Estates and to obtain the funds required to continue his rule, both of which he had accomplished, allowing him to ignore the treaty. Three events would come to be responsible for the demise of Duke Ulrich's first rule. The first of these would be the murder of his equerry , Hans Ritter von Hutten, in
18923-801: The result of the most painstaking original investigation; and the masterly collection Alte hoch- und niederdeutsche Volkslieder (1844–45; 3d ed. 1892). His poetical works were repeatedly published as Gedichte und Dramen , while his scientific work is embodied in Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage , edited by Holland, Keller, and Pfeiffer (1865–72). He died on 13 November 1862 in Tübingen . Longfellow translated some of his pieces into English. Alexander Platt translated his Poems (Leipzig, 1848), W. W. Skeat his Songs and Ballads (London, 1864), and W. C. Sandars his Poems (1869). [REDACTED] Category Duchy of W%C3%BCrttemberg The Duchy of Württemberg ( German : Herzogtum Württemberg )
19072-419: The statute passed by the Estates in 1514 that denied scales and weights, further hurting merchants and farmers, the lack of say commoners had in their own government, and the restriction of the use of the forests, rivers and meadows around them caused much unrest. To pour salt into the wound, the commoners came to dread the increase in lawyers and officials, who brought new legal methods. A list of grievances from
19221-404: The taxation of the populace. The town clerk was the link between the local and central governments, as he had to, for example, write all requests to be sent to the Duke by the citizenry (these would also have to be approved by the junior bailiff), making him one of the most important people in local government. He would also be expected to have a specific knowledge of the territory of the duchy and
19370-482: The territory for centuries, but had split in half along the two branches of the family in 1442 by the Treaty of Nürtingen . When Count Eberhard V the Bearded united the two halves of the duchy in 1482, he merged the governments of the two into the basis of the central government. An important department of this government was the chancery ( Kanzlei ), which had existed in Württemberg since 1482 and found its headquarters in
19519-465: The town's lord ( Stadtherr ) chose the Schultheiss from a pool of 30 to 50 men and he governed the town according to the lord's interests. When the interests of the Scultheiss came to share those of the town's elite rather than the lord's, he created the position of bailiff in order to maintain his interests in the community. These two officials would work together for a time, but during the 15th century,
19668-521: The two powers remained hostile for several decades. A significant reversal in French–Habsburg relations known as the Diplomatic Revolution, occurred in 1756. In a move masterminded by Austrian diplomat Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz , France and Austria became allies for the first time in over two hundred years. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Austrian princess Marie Antoinette to
19817-454: The various components of the participating Hofkapelle lodged in and around Ludwigsburg Palace . By the second decade of the 18th century, the Singballete and operas used to celebrate previous ducal birthdays had been replaced with smaller presentations. This coincided with the shift of opinion in the court as to what extent chamber music ( German : Cammer-Musique ) was able to portray
19966-420: The vast amounts of money lost in the stay of Johann Sigismund Kusser in Stuttgart, and Pez (according to his own word) was required to practice with and compose for this group for many hours. This group would perform in the celebrations of the Duke's hunting order, founded in 1702 and named after St. Hubert , that became one of the most important events in court life as the 18th century moved ahead, with Pez and
20115-462: The whole of Alsace but was forced to return Lorraine to its ruler and give up any gains on the right bank of the Rhine. Louis also accepted William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired a barrier fortress system in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders. With the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in 1700, King Louis XIV of France claimed
20264-483: The will nor the power to act against Ulrich. The final event that sealed the fate of Ulrich's first reign of the duchy came eight days after Maximilian I's death on 12 January 1519, when Duke Ulrich stormed the Imperial City of Reutlingen on the pretense of avenging the recent murder of the commander of the town's fort and his wife. He made it a possession of Württemberg, with its allegiance owed to Ulrich rather than
20413-537: Was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire . It was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1803. The dukedom's long survival for over three centuries was mainly due to its size, being larger than its immediate neighbors. During the Protestant Reformation , Württemberg faced great pressure from the Catholic emperors to remain loyal. Württemberg resisted repeated French invasions in
20562-462: Was a position that would become merely honorary, and he would soon find himself relegated to tutoring of noble children and sourcing the food consumed by the court. This position was unique in that husband and wife could both serve as Haushofmeister and Haushofmesiterin , who would assist her husband and taught the female children of the nobility. A leading noble figure at the court was the Marshal , who
20711-599: Was divided between the German and the Spanish branches of his dynasty in 1556, most of the territories of the Burgundian Inheritance , including the Netherlands , stayed with the Spanish crown, whereas the German regions remained with the Austrian branch of the dynasty within the Holy Roman Empire. France regarded the encirclement by the Habsburg powers as a permanent threat, and intervened in several years, to prevent Austro-Spanish domination in Europe. For example, in 1609,
20860-593: Was founded on the Westminster Convention of 1756. Despite early successes in the war, the Franco-Austrian alliance did not prevail. The war ended in a victory for Britain and Prussia, aided by the miracle of the House of Brandenburg and Britain's control of the seas, and both France and Austria were left in weakened positions. The Treaty of Paris , which ended the war in 1763, established France's withdrawal from
21009-587: Was in charge of instructing the Wittelsbach children in music. Emperor Charles VI released the entire musical ensemble of the Imperial fugitives by decree in May 1706, and Eberhard Louis hired Pez as Senior concert master ( German : Oberkapellmeister ) of the Württemberg Hofkapelle , above both Störl and Schwartzkopf. Pez expanded the size of the Hofkapelle , particularly the number of instruments used by
21158-451: Was noted by the two Kapellmeister . While in Munich during the winter of 1705–06 following the defeat of Elector Maximilian II Emanuel and his brother, Joseph Clemens , Elector-archbishop of Cologne , after their defeat at defeat at Blenheim in 1704 and subsequent exile to France in 1706, he learned of the Catholic musician and composer Johann Christoph Pez , a Catholic , who now
21307-437: Was still very proud of the quality of his instrumentalists, however he worried about his vocalists, who were not numerous and contained many Catholic members who would at times not be present, exacerbating the problem. Württemberg, unlike other Lutheran German courts, found a semi-solution to a shortage of treble voices in the hiring of a succession of young, unmarried called Legr-Discantistinnen or Kapelleknaben (despite
21456-471: Was tasked with its defense as well as supervising the court servants ( Hofgesinde ). Although military experience was no longer considered a prerequisite by the reign of Duke Ludwig , it remained an important advisory position. The Kammermeister oversaw the Ducal treasury and was in this way distinct from the Landschreiber , who oversaw the general treasury. The Kammermeister was already a close adviser to
21605-399: Was that of the Statthalter , a kind of ad hoc substitute governor. There was typically a Statthalter only in times of regency or absence of the duchy's ruler, and he became particularly important during the period 1520–1534, when the occupying Habsburgs attempted to rule the Duchy in the absence of Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand . He maintained close ties with Austria , summoning
21754-690: Was the Spanish conquest of much Navarre south of the Pyrenees , but the French kept Navarre north of the Pyrenees. The Kingdom of Navarre would later be inherited by the Bourbons , and later united with France through personal union during the ascension of Henry IV . During the French Wars of Religion , France was split into several factions. Spain supported the French Catholics. In the Treaty of Joinville , Spain agreed to provide monetary and military support to
21903-626: Was the architect of much of France's foreign policy during this time. Corresponding to the Thirty Years' War was the War of the Mantuan Succession , which erupted in 1628. France backed the Duke of Nevers , and the Habsburgs backed the Duke of Guastalla . French success in this war, and the subsequent installation of Nevers as Duke of Mantua , weakened the Habsburg position in Italy. After 1648, France became predominant in central Europe. Following
22052-457: Was the dominant force in the local administration of the duchy. The central government consisted primarily of a bureaucracy of these Ehrbarkeit from the regional towns that came to work and live in Stuttgart . Typically, these officials began in local or district government, and then retired to their home towns in their later years or when court was not in session, creating the "town and district" character of Württemberg's politics. An oddity of
22201-557: Was the flight of Ulrich's wife, Sabina of Bavaria , back to her family in November 1515 along with Dietrich Spät, one of Ulrich's advisers. Overnight she had unmade a match Emperor Maximilian I had arranged with her father, Duke Alphrecht. She had complained bitterly about the mistreatment she had experienced by Ulrich, of von Hutten's murder, and of Ulrich's refusal to pay off her debts. Her immediate family demanded immediate compensation and for Ulrich to be expelled, and to this end appealed to
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