68-482: Lowitja O'Donoghue AC CBE DSG (August 1932 – 4 February 2024), also known as Lois O'Donoghue and Lois Smart , was an Australian public administrator and Indigenous rights advocate. She was the inaugural chairperson of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) from 1990 to 1996. She is known for her work in improving the health and welfare of Indigenous Australians , and also for
136-554: A stockman and pastoral lease holder of Irish descent, and Lily, an Aboriginal woman whose tribal name was Yunamba. Lily was a member of the Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal clan of northwest South Australia . Lowitja was baptised by a pastor from the United Aborigines Mission . Tom O'Donoghue had joined his older brother Mick in central Australia in 1920, and broke horses at Granite Downs until 1923 when he
204-775: A Yes vote in the 1967 referendum . From 1970 to 1972, she was a member of the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement . In 1977, after the restructuring of the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (established by the Whitlam government in 1973) into the National Aboriginal Conference , O'Donoghue was appointed founding chairperson of the new organisation, created by the Commonwealth Government . In 1990, O'Donoghue
272-600: A bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males if so desired. A gold lapel pin for daily wear is issued with each badge of the order at the time of investiture; AK/AD and AC lapel pins feature a citrine central jewel, AO and AM lapel pins have a blue enamelled centre and OAM lapel pins are plain. The different levels of the order are awarded according to the recipients' levels of achievement: Since 1976 any Australian citizen may nominate any person for an Order of Australia award. People who are not Australian citizens may be awarded honorary membership of
340-548: A challenge to take the prime ministership in September 2015. Two months after coming into office, the new republican prime minister announced that the Queen had approved his request to amend the Order's letters patent and cease awards at this level. Existing titles would not be affected. The move was attacked by monarchists and praised by republicans. The amendments to the constitution of
408-557: A junior administrative officer in an Adelaide office of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs . Around 1973-4 she was appointed as regional director of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in South Australia, the first woman to hold a position like this in a federal government department. In this role she was responsible for the local implementation of national Aboriginal welfare policy. After
476-522: A leading member of the team negotiating with the federal government relating to native title in Australia . Together with prime minister Paul Keating , she played a major role in drafting the bill which became the Native Title Act 1993 , and Keating shortlisted her for the position of Governor-General of Australia in 1995, which ultimately went to Sir William Deane . On 29 April 1998, she delivered
544-569: A member of the British Empire, members of the colonies and later federated nation of Australia were able to have achievement awarded under the British Imperial Honours system . However, existing criticism of the aristocratic nature of the awards grew following a cash-for-honours corruption scandal in the UK in 1922. Moves to abolish the awards federally and the states were unsuccessful; however
612-573: A representation of the states (with whom Whitlam's government was constantly in dispute) through the state badges within the Commonwealth Coat of Arms . The original three-level structure of the Order of Australia was modelled closely upon the Order of Canada , though the Order of Australia has been awarded rather more liberally, especially in regard to honorary awards to non-citizens. As of July 2024 only 30 non-Canadians have been appointed to
680-650: A short while she left the public service and had various management/administrative roles with non-government organisations. She was then appointed by the government as chairperson of the Aboriginal Development Commission . As part of her battle to be accepted for training as a nurse at the Royal Adelaide in 1954, O'Donoghue met white Aboriginal advocate Charles Duguid , and joined the Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia . She campaigned for
748-529: A sound education both there and at the Quorn Primary School. The Quorn community at large actively encouraged children from the home to participate in local events, and assisted in the maintenance of the home. Only a few people objected to the integration. In 1944 Colebrook Home moved to Eden Hills, South Australia , due to chronic water shortages, enabling her to attend Unley High School , a local public school, and obtain her Intermediate Certificate . She
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#1732858288257816-444: Is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is royal blue with a central stripe of mimosa blossoms. Awards in the military division are edged with 1.5 mm golden bands. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet and male AMs and OAMs wear them on a ribbon on the left chest. Women usually wear their badges on
884-434: Is a registered charity, whose stated purpose is "[t]o celebrate and promote outstanding Australian citizenship". It also supports the "community and social activities" of members and promotes and encourages the nomination of other Australians to the Order. The Order also runs a foundation that provides scholarships to tertiary students that show potential as future leaders and are involved in community activities. Branches of
952-553: Is likely to feel a bit second-rate, and the public is likely to agree. We hate to be the first to say it, but there is no doubt that the Order of Australia (OA) will be labelled as the Ocker Award. Satire and mockery also greeted the awards, being dubbed "Gough’s Gongs" and "the Order of the Wombat". The newly elected Liberal Fraser government decided to once again make recommendations for imperial awards, whilst maintaining and expanding
1020-478: The Australian Labor Party remained opposed and generally refused to recommend awards whilst in office, with this a part of the party's platform since 1918. This was confirmed in a resolution adopted unanimously by the party conference in 1921. However, the non-Labor parties remained supportive, with the long running Menzies government making significant use of the imperial system. The Order of Australia
1088-650: The Baptist Overseas Mission working in Assam , northern India , as a nurse relieving missionaries who were taking leave back in Australia. Due to the nearby Sino-Indian War she was advised by the Australian government to evacuate to Calcutta , from where she would depart for her return to Australia. She was "probably the first part-aborigine to be appointed from Australia to an overseas mission". After returning in 1962, she worked as an Aboriginal liaison officer with
1156-589: The Don Dunstan Foundation , in her honour. Lowitja O'Donoghue, whose birth was unregistered, was born in August 1932, and later assigned the birthdate of 1 August 1932 by missionaries. She was born on a cattle station later identified in her official biography as De Rose Hill in the far north of South Australia (now in the APY Lands , not far from Iwantja ). She was the fifth of six children of Tom O'Donoghue,
1224-681: The South Australian Government 's Department of Education. She later transferred to the SA Department of Aboriginal Affairs and was employed as a welfare officer based mainly in the north of the state, in particular at Coober Pedy . There, in the late 1960s, she learnt of her true name, Lowitja, and also that her mother was living in poor conditions in Oodnadatta. In 1967 O'Donoghue joined the Commonwealth Public Service as
1292-673: The University of Melbourne . Directors of the Institute include June Oscar , Pat Anderson , and Peter Buckskin . The Institute provides project grants for up to three years to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations or groups undertaking research focused on improving Indigenous health and wellbeing. The main requirement is that the research aligns with the themes of the Lowitja Institute Research Agenda of empowerment, sovereignty, connectedness, and cultural safety in
1360-475: The University of South Australia , the Don Dunstan Foundation , and CATSINaM (Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses and Midwives). In the 1976 Australia Day Honours , O'Donoghue became the first Aboriginal woman to be inducted into the new Order of Australia founded by the Labor Commonwealth Government. The appointment, as a Member of the Order (AM) was "for service to
1428-639: The premier of South Australia ( Thomas Playford ) and others in government, in 1954 she became a nurse at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (one source claims she was the first Aboriginal person to become such). In 1994 she said: "I'd resolved that one of the fights was to actually open the door for Aboriginal women to take up the nursing profession, and also for those young men to get into apprenticeships". She remained at RAH for ten years, after graduating in 1958 being promoted first to staff sister and then to charge nurse . In 1962 O'Donoghue went to work for
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#17328582882571496-672: The 2017 Legends Commemorative Stamp "Indigenous leaders" series to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1967 referendum . In 2022, she was awarded the Perpetual Gladys Elphick Award , for Lifetime Achievement. In 2000 O'Donoghue was awarded an honorary professorial fellow at Flinders University and became a visiting fellow at Flinders University. O'Donoghue received at least six honorary doctorates Australian universities. These include: In September 2020, an authorised biography of her life titled Lowitja: The Authorised Biography of Lowitja O'Donoghue , written by Stuart Rintoul,
1564-474: The 435 people who have received the nation's top Order of Australia honours since they were first awarded in 1975, shows they disproportionately attended a handful of elite Victorian secondary schools. Scotch College alumni received the highest number of awards, with 19 former students receiving Australia's [then] highest honour". On 26 January 1980 the Order of Australia Association was created as an incorporated body with membership open to award recipients. It
1632-681: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission". O'Donoghue was inducted into the Olympic Order in 2000. In 2005 or 2006, O'Donoghue was invested as a Dame of the Order of St Gregory the Great (DSG) by Pope John Paul II . In 2009 she received the NAIDOC Lifetime Achievement Award . In May 2017, O'Donoghue was one of three Indigenous Australians, along with Tom Calma and Galarrwuy Yunupingu , honoured by Australia Post in
1700-579: The Aboriginal community". In 1982 she won an Advance Australia Award . O'Donoghue was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1983 New Year Honours for service to the Aboriginal community, and was named Australian of the Year in 1984, for her work to improve the welfare of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In 1995, the Royal College of Nursing, Australia awarded her an honorary fellowship, and in 1998 she
1768-684: The Australian Library Week Oration at Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute in Adelaide, win which she stressed the importance of high quality library and information services to Indigenous Australians. On 24 January 2000, O'Donoghue was the first Indigenous person to give the annual national address as part of Australia Day celebrations. In 2000, O'Donoghue chaired the Sydney Olympic Games National Indigenous Advisory Committee. She
1836-605: The Foundation at the University of Adelaide , with a series of speakers illuminating aspects of Indigenous Australians ' past and future in Australian society. It is held each year in Reconciliation Week , with the 2007 event celebrating the 40th anniversary of the 1967 referendum . Each orator was chosen by O'Donoghue. The Lowitja Institute is a national research centre known as a Cooperative Research Centre or CRC, focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. It
1904-750: The Institute and the CRCs have led reform in Indigenous health research, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people determining the outcomes. As of January 2020, there are 12 member organisations of the Lowitja Institute, including AIATSIS , the Australian Indigenous Doctors' Association (AIDA), Flinders University , the Menzies School of Health Research , the Healing Foundation and
1972-418: The Order of Australia and the award of 199 Honorary Medals of the Order of Australia. Notable honorary awards include: Since 1975, just over 30 per cent of recipients of an Order of Australia honour have been women. The number of nominations and awards for women is trending up, with the 2023 Australia Day Honours resulting in the highest percentage of awards for women to date (47.1 per cent, 47.9 per cent in
2040-461: The Order of Australia is a convex disc (gold for AKs, ADs and ACs, gilt for AOs, AMs and OAMs) representing a single flower of mimosa . At the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of mimosa. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward . The AC badge is decorated with citrines , blue enamelled ring, and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without
2108-578: The Order of Australia. This was done by with the addition of two additional award levels: Knight or Dame (AK or AD) above the level of Companion, and the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) below Members. The Civil Division was also renamed the General Division, so that awards could be given to those in the Defence Force for non-military achievement. These changes were made on 24 May 1976. The reaction to
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2176-481: The Order of Canada, while 537 non-Australians have been appointed to the Order of Australia, with 46 to the Companion level. Public reaction to the new awards was mixed. Only the state Labor governments of Tasmania and South Australia agreed to submit recommendations for the new awards, with the remaining governments affirming their committent to the existing imperial honours system. Newspaper editorials similarly praised
2244-439: The Order were gazetted on 22 December 2015. Yvonne Kenny AM represented the Order at the 2023 Coronation . King Charles III , when he was Prince of Wales , was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) on 14 March 1981. As he is not an Australian citizen, even though he was the heir to the Australian throne at the time, this would have required the award to be honorary. To overcome this issue, his appointment
2312-581: The Order would be determined by the Council of the Order of Australia. Awards of the Order of Australia are sometimes made to people who are not citizens of Australia to honour extraordinary achievements. These achievements, or the people themselves, are not necessarily associated with Australia, although they often are. On 1 July 2024, the Australian Honours website listed appointments for 46 Honorary Companions, 118 Honorary Officers, 174 Honorary Members of
2380-441: The Queen to reinstate the level of knight or dame and the Queen co-signed letters patent to bring this into effect. The change was publicly announced on 25 March, and gazetted on 17 April 2014. Up to four knights or dames could be appointed each year, by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the chairman of the Order of Australia Council. Five awards of knight and dame were then made, to
2448-520: The age of 16 she was sent to work as a domestic servant for a large family at Victor Harbor . After two years of working as a servant in Victor Harbor, O'Donoghue worked as a nursing aide in the seaside town and did some basic training. She then applied to be a student nurse in Adelaide. After a long struggle to win admission to train at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH), including lobbying
2516-553: The association are in all the states and territories of Australia as well as the UK and the USA. Total inductees as of July 2024 . The order of wearing Australian and other approved honours is determined by the government. The award is parodied in the play Amigos , where the central character is determined to be awarded the AC, and uses persuasion, bribery and blackmail in his (ultimately successful) attempts to get himself nominated for
2584-498: The award to Prince Philip in a ReachTEL poll. The Australian Labor Party continued to oppose knighthoods and damehoods. Leader of the opposition Bill Shorten stated in March 2014 that the party would again discontinue the level if it were to win the next Australian federal election. The knighthood decision was a significant factor that caused Liberal party members to question Abbott's leadership, with Malcolm Turnbull succeeding in
2652-539: The award. During the 1996 season of the popular television programme Home and Away , the character Pippa Ross was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for her years of service as a foster carer. Intermediate Certificate (Australia) School qualification in Australia The Intermediate Certificate was a certificate awarded in Australia for
2720-411: The awards as an example of Australia's greater independence, whilst also noting that the awards would likely appear second-rate. The Australian stated that There is no longer a British Empire; everyone knows that. But somehow the phrase "imperial honours" still carries a ring of regal authenticity that somehow transcends nationalism. For the time being a recipient ... of the Order of Australia
2788-519: The changes to the awards were similarly split along party lines. Following the 1983 federal election , Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke recommitted to the end of recommendations for imperial awards. No knighthoods were awarded during his first term in office and he advised the abolition of the knight/dame level after being re-elected in 1986. During the time the division was active from 1976 to 1983, twelve knights and two dames were created. On 19 March 2014, monarchist prime minister Tony Abbott advised
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2856-525: The citrines. For the AM badge, only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, but with the difference that it contains at the centre an enamelled disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia . The colours of royal blue and gold are taken from the livery colours of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms , the then national colours . The star for knights and dames
2924-458: The exception of awards recommended by the soon to be independent government of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea ); however this did not affect the constitutional right of state governments to recommend imperial awards. According to the governor general's then-secretary Sir David Smith , Whitlam was furious when he first saw Devlin's design for the insignia of the order, due to the inclusion of
2992-476: The general division). Advocacy groups such as Honour a Woman and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency have called for greater effort to be made to reach equal representation of men and women in the order. In December 2010, The Age reported a study of the educational backgrounds of all people who had received Knight/Dame and Companion level awards at that time. It reported: "An analysis of
3060-657: The governments of each respective state and territory, and three ex officio members (the chief of the Defence Force , the vice-president of the Federal Executive Council and a public servant responsible for honours policy). The Council chair as of August 2024 is Shelley Reys. The Council makes recommendations to the governor-general. Awards are announced on Australia Day and on the King's Birthday public holiday in June, on
3128-572: The governor-general to remove an individual from the order, who may cancel an award. Announcements of all awards, cancellations and resignations appear in the Commonwealth Gazette . Nomination forms are confidential and not covered by the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) . The reasoning behind a nomination being successful or unsuccessful—and even the attendees of the meetings where such nominations are discussed—remains confidential. As
3196-517: The healthcare setting . Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia The Order of Australia is an Australian honour that recognises Australian citizens and other persons for outstanding achievement and service. It was established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , on the advice of then prime minister Gough Whitlam . Before the establishment of the order, Australians could receive British honours , which continued to be issued in parallel until 1992. Appointments to
3264-432: The home, Lowitja met her other siblings, now ten-year-old Eileen and eight-year-old Geoffrey. The missionaries called her Lois and gave her a date of birth of 1 August 1932. They also assigned a place of birth. She had no memory of any time spent with her parents as an infant. She later (sometime after 1994) changed her name back to Lowitja. According to O'Donoghue, she was very happy living at Colebrook and said she received
3332-772: The infant Geoffrey – to the UAM at Oodnadatta, and the following month the mission moved 700 km (430 mi) south to Quorn in the Flinders Ranges , where the mission, named the Colebrook Home , was established in a cottage above the town. In September 1934, aged two years, Lowitja was removed from her mother, and handed over to the missionaries at the Colebrook Home (on behalf of South Australia's Aboriginal Protection Board ), along with her four-year-old sister Amy, and her six-year-old sister Violet. Upon arrival at
3400-417: The occasion of a special announcement by the governor-general (usually honorary awards), and on the appointment of a new governor-general. The governor-general presents the order's insignia to new appointees. Appointments to the order may be made posthumously as long as a person was nominated for an award whilst they were still alive. Awardees may subsequently resign from the order, and the Council may advise
3468-473: The order are made by the governor-general , "with the approval of The Sovereign", according to recommendations made by the Council for the Order of Australia . Members of the government are not involved in the recommendation of appointments, other than for military and honorary awards. The King of Australia is the sovereign head of the order, and the governor-general is the principal companion and chancellor of
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#17328582882573536-649: The order at all levels. Nomination forms are submitted to the Director, Honours Secretariat, a position within the Office of the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia , at Government House, Canberra , which are then forwarded to the Council for the Order of Australia . The council consists of 19 members: seven selected by the prime minister (described as "community representatives"), eight appointed by
3604-446: The order. The governor-general's official secretary , Paul Singer (appointed August 2018), is secretary of the order. The order is divided into a general and a military division. The five levels of appointment to the order in descending order of seniority are: Honorary awards at all levels may be made to non-citizens. These awards are made additional to the quotas. The order's insignia was designed by Stuart Devlin . The badge of
3672-453: The outgoing governor-general , Quentin Bryce ; her successor, Peter Cosgrove ; a recent chief of the Defence Force , Angus Houston ; a recent governor of New South Wales , Marie Bashir ; and Prince Philip . This last award was widely met with ridicule and dismay by many in the Australian media. The award was also heavily criticised in the community, with 72% disapproving and 12% in favour of
3740-526: The part she played in the drafting of the Native Title Act 1993 , which established native title in Australia . O'Donoghue was the inaugural patron and namesake of the Lowitja Institute , a research institute for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing established in 2010, which in 2022 established the Lowitja O'Donoghue Foundation . The Lowitja O'Donoghue Oration is held annually by
3808-672: The prime minister alone, rather than by the Council of the Order of Australia, as is the case with all lower levels of the order. In accordance with the statutes of 2014, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , was created a Knight of the Order by letters patent signed by the Queen on 7 January 2015, on Abbott's advice. Prince Philip's knighthood was announced as part of the Australia Day Honours on 26 January 2015 and his appointment attracted criticism of what Abbott described as his "captain's call". Abbott responded by announcing that future recommendations for appointments as Knights and Dames of
3876-520: The successful completion of three years of high school. (in the state of Victoria it was 4 years) This was at around age 14–15, in what was then called Third Form and is called Year 9 today. From 1943 until 2009, students in New South Wales were able to leave school at 15. A student who wanted to enter university needed a Leaving Certificate, for the completion of another two years. Both were based on external examinations. The Intermediate Certificate
3944-769: Was a member of the Volunteers Committee for the games, and carried the Olympic torch through Uluru . In 2008, prime minister Kevin Rudd asked her for advice during his preparation for the Apology to the Stolen Generations . She was the patron of a number of health, welfare, and social justice organisations over the years, including Reconciliation South Australia , the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre at
4012-453: Was appointed Chairperson of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), a position she held until 1996. Attending a cabinet meeting in 1991, she used the occasion to put forward ATSIC's position with regard to the government's response to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody . Her leadership in this position was greatly respected and admired. She was replaced as chairperson of ATSIC by Gatjil Djerrkura , who
4080-418: Was awarded an honorary fellowship from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians . In 1998 she was declared an National Living Treasure . O'Donoghue was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the 1999 Australia Day Honours , "for public service through leadership to Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in the areas of human rights and social justice, particularly as chairperson of
4148-400: Was considered by the Howard government to be more moderate. In 1992 she received an SA Great Award. In December 1992, O'Donoghue became the first Aboriginal Australian to address the United Nations General Assembly during the launch of the United Nations International Year of Indigenous Peoples (1993). Following the 1992 Mabo decision by the High Court of Australia , O'Donoghue was
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#17328582882574216-447: Was created by an amendment to the constitution of the Order of Australia by special letters patent signed by the Queen, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser . In March 2014 the knight and dame levels, which had been abolished in 1986 by Prime Minister Bob Hawke , were reintroduced to the Order of Australia by Tony Abbott . At the same time, Abbott announced that future appointments at this level would be recommended by
4284-444: Was established in January 2010 and named in honour of its patron. The Lowitja Institute Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health CRC (also known as the Lowitja Institute CRC), funded by the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres programme, was part of the Institute until 30 June 2019. The history of this and the whole Lowitja Institute dates from the first CRC, the CRC for Aboriginal and Tropical Health (CRCATH), which
4352-498: Was established on 14 February 1975 by letters patent of Queen Elizabeth II , acting as Queen of Australia , and on the advice of the newly elected Labor prime minister , Gough Whitlam . The original order had three levels: Companion (AC), Officer (AO) and Member (AM) as well as two divisions: Civil Division and Military Division. Whitlam had previously announced in 1972 (on his third day in office) that his government would no longer nominate persons for British Imperial honours (with
4420-413: Was founded in Darwin in 1997 with Lowitja as inaugural chair. Based on its success, two further CRCs were funded by the government: CRC for Aboriginal Health (CRCAH, 2003–2009), followed by the CRC for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (CRCATSIH, 2010–2014), this time hosted by the new Lowitja Institute. The Lowitja Institute CRC developed three research programmes and conducted workshops. Both
4488-535: Was granted a 1,166-square-kilometre (450 sq mi) pastoral lease at De Rose Hill. After the birth of Eileen in 1924, Tom and Lily had another five children up to 1935. Mick O'Donoghue had two boys – Parker and Steve – with an Aboriginal woman called Mungi. Mick handed the boys over to missionaries of the United Aborigines Mission (UAM) at Oodnadatta before they turned four years of age. In March 1927, Tom O'Donoghue handed his first two children – three-year-old Eileen and
4556-409: Was published. Rintoul formerly journalist and senior writer at The Australian , is also an expert in Indigenous languages and history. The book was shortlisted for a Walkley Award for Best Non-Fiction Book, and was highly commended in the National Biography Awards in 2021. Since her inaugural oration at the Don Dunstan Foundation in 2007, the Lowitja O'Donoghue Oration has been held annually by
4624-536: Was taught up until the Leaving Certificate standard but did not sit for the examination. After the publication of the Bringing Them Home report in 1997, she said she preferred the word "removed" to the word "stolen" (as used in Stolen Generations ) for her personal situation. She was the youngest child in her family, and was two years old when she was removed from her mother. After she was removed, she did not see her mother again for 33 years. During that time, her mother did not know where her family had been taken. At
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