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34-638: Archaeogenetic data shows that "the West Liao River Valley was a contact zone between northern steppe tribes and the Central Plain farming population. The formation and development of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture population was likely a complex process affected by admixture of ethnically different people". The Lower Xiajiadian culture remains displayed high genetic affinity to "Yellow River farmers" but were not identical to them, in contrast,

68-446: A basin they form centripetal or inland drainage pattern. A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in drainage basins where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. These can form in areas with extensive limestone deposits, where surface streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage routes. They can also form in areas where there has been much geological disruption. A classic example

102-603: A central playa . An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern Albuquerque Basin where it deposited the Popotosa Formation . The upper reach of this river corresponded to the modern Rio Chama , but by 5 million years ago, an ancestral Rio Grande draining

136-504: A central high point. Volcanos usually have archetypal features on which this commonly develops are modest or hard domes pattern develops when streams flow in many general directions (meaning quite long-term) In India, the Amarkantak range and Ramgarh crater are most archetypal; and Dogu'a Tembien in Ethiopia . When the streams converge at a point, which is generally a depression or

170-406: A drainage system develops on a surface composed of 'younger' rocks, but due to denudation activities this surface of younger rocks is removed and the river continues to flow over a seemingly new surface, but one in fact made up of rocks of old geological formation. Dendritic drainage systems (from Greek δενδρίτης , dendrites , "of or like a tree") are not straight and are the most common form of

204-573: A single lower base level. An example of an integrated drainage is the area drained by the Rio Grande River . The sedimentary basins forming the modern Rio Grande Valley were not integrated into a single river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico until relatively recent geologic time. Instead, the basins formed by the opening of the Rio Grande rift were initially bolsons , with no external drainage and

238-822: A tangential or greater concentric path along a belt of weak rock so, with others, a roughly traced out ring can be seen. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected structural dome or basin where erosion has exposed rimming sedimentary strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the Red Valley , which nearly encircles the domal structure of the Black Hills of South Dakota . Astroblemes and mud diapirs are also thought to be able to cause this kind of drainage pattern. Angular drainage patterns form where bedrock joints and faults intersect at angles other than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles can be more or less than 90 degrees. An integrated drainage

272-709: A type thought to have been developed in Western Siberia before 1900 BCE. In particular, bronze knife technology was probably transferred from the Southern Siberian Munkhkhairkhan culture to various Chinese cultures, such as the Qijia culture , Erlitou culture or Lower Xiajiadian culture, where very similar knives have been found. People of the Lower Xiajiadian practiced oracle bone divination. The culture prepared its oracle bones by drilling and polishing

306-429: Is a mature drainage system characteristic of arid climates. It is formed by coalescing of individual basins formerly separated by high ground, such as mountains or ridges. Headward erosion from a lower basin may breach the barrier, as may spilling over from a higher basin due to aggradation (accumulation of sediments in the basin). The effect of integration of a drainage system is to replace local higher base levels with

340-542: Is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows. A discordant system or pattern does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types: antecedent and superimposed , while ante position drainage patterns combine the two. In antecedent drainage, a river's vertical incision ability matches that of land uplift due to tectonic forces. Superimposed drainage develops differently: initially,

374-856: Is formed from the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Xiliao River from the west, and Dongliao River from the east. The western tributary resides entirely in Inner Mongolia , and is formed by the confluence of the Xar Moron River and the Laoha River at approximately 43° 25' N, 120° 45' E, before being reinforced by another tributary called the Xinkai River at its lower section. The eastern tributary arises in western Jilin Province , and goes through an S-shaped course before meeting its counterpart near

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408-491: Is the Canadian Shield . During the last ice age , the topsoil was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, resulting in the region's many lakes. The drainage basins are young and are still sorting themselves out; eventually the system will stabilize. In an annular drainage pattern, streams trace

442-625: Is the principal river in southern Northeast China , and one of the seven main river systems in China . Its name is derived from the Liao region, a historical name for southern Manchuria , from which the Liaoning province , Liaodong Peninsula , and Liao dynasty also derive their names. The river is also popularly known as the "mother river" in Northeast China. Coursing 1,345 kilometres (836 mi) long,

476-867: The Northeast . Another view is that they were the Northern tribal conglomerations, like the Shanrong , Guzhu , Guifang , and Tufang. Professor Jin Jing-fan (of Jilin University ) believes that certain parts of Shang culture has its origins in Dongbei . Along with professors Gan Zhi-geng and Guo Da-shun, they believe that Lower Xiajiadian contributed to some of the origins of both Shang and Yan cultures. Liao River The Liao River ( simplified Chinese : 辽 河 ; traditional Chinese : 遼 河 ; pinyin : Liáo Hé )

510-723: The Zhukaigou culture in central Inner Mongolia, or the Qijia culture and the Siba culture in the Hexi Corridor , but major differences from the Erligang culture of the Central Plain. This emerging bronze technology is considered to have been adopted from the Central Asian steppes, and seems to have been key to the introduction of bronze technology into China. The culture had tin-bronze knives, of

544-634: The mouth of Daliao River and home to 2 million people. In 1958, the upriver of the Wailiao River at Liujianfang was blocked off via a river engineering project, redirecting the water flow from the Liao River proper entirely towards the Shuangtaizi River (which was renamed to simply the "Liao River" in 2011), effectively separating the Hun River and Taizi River from the Liao River system. Therefore,

578-562: The Daliao River system is considered an independent water system of their own since 1958, and the Hun and Taizi River are no longer tributaries of the Liao River. Also, due to the Wailiao River's upstream flow being cut off, the Liao River no longer has any distributaries, therefore the Liao River Delta technically also ceased to exist from 1958 onwards, however the term remains in use to describe

612-403: The Liao River Delta has a flat topography made up of soft sediment soil, with meandrous waterways that had a rich history of rerouting . This coupled with the risk of storm surges due to the region's low elevation , created a huge problem in flood control . This flood risk at the coastal section of the Liao River system was particularly threatening to Yingkou, a city immediately adjacent to

646-501: The Liao River system drains a catchment basin of over 232,000 square kilometres (90,000 sq mi), but its mean discharge is quite small at only about 500 cubic metres per second (18,000 cu ft/s), about one-twentieth that of the Pearl River . The Liao River has an exceedingly high sediment load because many parts of it flow through powdery loess . The Liao River is also an important geographical landmark, as it divides

680-763: The Liujianfang Hydrological Station (六间房水文站) at Tai'an County , and historically bifurcates into two distributaries , forming the Liao River Delta (辽河三角洲). The western distributary of the delta , originally smaller, was called the Shuangtaizi River (双台子河) until 2011, receives the tributary Raoyang River at Panjin 's Panshan County before draining into the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea west of Dawa County . The eastern distributary, originally

714-858: The Upper Xiajiadian remains displayed high genetic affinity to Ancient Northeast Asian Amur hunter-gatherers and later Xianbei . Archaeological and DNA evidence supports examples that the people of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture immigrating to the south and contributed to the gene pool of the Central Plain population during the Bronze Age. Stone, bone, and pottery artefacts were discovered at Lower Xiajiadian sites, while gold, lead, lacquer , jade , copper, and bronze artefacts are also found. The most commonly found copper and bronze artefacts are dagger-axes with an integrated handle, mace head, piers, knives, and earrings. Mainly small artifacts only were made of bronze, such as dagger and ornaments, with close similarities de

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748-492: The area of Panjin between the Liao River's left bank and Wailiao/Daliao River's right bank. These following tributaries drain into the Liao River proper throughout its course within the Liaoning Province. 40°40′09″N 122°08′56″E  /  40.66917°N 122.14889°E  / 40.66917; 122.14889 River system In geomorphology , drainage systems , also known as river systems , are

782-484: The bones before heating them. Inscriptions are generally not found on examples of oracle bones of the Lower Xiajiadian. People had good access to local sources of stone, primarily basalt , which were often used in construction and tool-making. Lower Xiajiadian houses were typically round, made from mud and stone, and were built with stone walls. Lower Xiajiadian settlements were built near and were protected by cliffs or steep slopes. Stone walls were sometimes erected around

816-501: The bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right-angle bends and tributaries join larger streams at right angles. This pattern can be found with the Arun River in Nepal. In a radial drainage system, the streams radiate outwards from

850-402: The drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the topographic map , the more information is available. Per the lie of channels , drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, known as drainage patterns. These depend on the topography and geology of the land. All forms of transitions can occur between parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns. A drainage system

884-749: The drainage system. In this, there are many sub-tributaries (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which merge into tributaries of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They are seen to feed a river channel that matches and is strongly accordant to the overriding gradient of the land. Truly dendritic systems form in V-shaped valleys ; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous . A parallel drainage system occurs on elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands), typically following natural faults or erosion (such as prevailing wind scars). The watercourses run swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in

918-615: The eastern San Juan Mountains had joined the ancestral Rio Chama. The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the Palomas basin by 4.5 million years ago, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years, and finally joining the Pecos River at 800,000 years to drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Volcanism in the Taos Plateau reduced drainage from

952-645: The junction region of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, approximately 42° 59' N, 123° 33' E. The resultant river, the Liao River proper , then enters Liaoning Province and courses southwards through the Northeast China Plain , receiving numerous tributaries along the way. It makes a westward turn near Pingdingbao Town, Tieling County , and after receiving more tributaries, earns an infrequently used nickname Juliu River (巨流河, "giant stream river"). The Liao River will then course southwest until it reaches near

986-594: The larger and the main body of lower Liao River, was called the Wailiao River (外辽河, "Outer Liao River"). The Wailiao River travelled southwards to pick up two large tributaries, the Hun River and Taizi River , at a confluence locally referred as the " Trident River " (三岔河), where it then adopted the new name Daliao River (大辽河, "Great Liao River") and drained into the Liaodong Bay just west of Yingkou . However,

1020-522: The modern Liaoning province into two broad regions — Liaodong ("east of Liao") and Liaoxi ("west of Liao"). Historically, this demarcation though was not based on the river itself, but on a large wetland that once existed on the right (west) bank of the lower Liao River known as the Liao Mire (辽泽), which stretched east of the Yiwulü Mountain to the Liao River from Xinmin to Panshan . The Liao River

1054-517: The non-sloped perimeter of its settlement. Walls were not thick. Walls with watchtowers and were built by sandwiching a rammed earth core with two sides of stone walls. There are differing views among Chinese specialists on the origins of the people of the northern part of Lower Xiajiadian culture. One view is that they were perhaps related to the Sushen , who the Shang and Zhou named the non-Chinese people from

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1088-504: The patterns formed by the streams , rivers , and lakes in a particular drainage basin . They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as part of drainage basins (and sub-basins ). This is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff , throughflow , and its saturated equivalent, groundwater flow . The number, size, and shape of

1122-527: The same direction. This system forms on very long, uniform slopes, for instance, high rivers flowing southeast from the Aberdare Mountains in Kenya and many rivers of Myanmar . This sometimes indicates a major fault that cuts across an area of steeply folded bedrock. The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden trellis . Along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into

1156-786: The steep slopes of mountainsides. These tributaries enter the main river about perpendicular, causing a trellis-like appearance of the system. They form where hard and soft formations exist on both banks of the main river, and are reflective of height, accentuated by erosion. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the Appalachian Mountains in North America and in the north part of Trinidad . Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to erosion , but which have two directions of jointing at approximately right angles or 90 degrees. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than

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