127-611: Lower Rivington Reservoir is at the end of the Rivington chain of reservoirs in Lancashire , England, with Upper Rivington Reservoir to the north, and Rivington Water Treatment Works to the south. The Rivington chain primarily supplies 70,000 households in the Wigan area. The chain was built to supply Liverpool. The engineer for the Rivington reservoirs was Thomas Hawksley and construction for
254-523: A cup and ring mark dating from between 2000 and 3000 BC, was found near the Lower Rivington Reservoir in 1999. It is possible that settlements have existed in the area around Rivington since the Bronze Age . Arrowheads , a flint knife, scrapers and the remains of cremations were excavated from a Bronze Age cairn at Noon Hill in 1958 and 1963–64. In 2024 a neolithic axe head was found by
381-898: A bird figurine, a lizard figurine, a crocodile figurine), and is situated within the Mali Empire . The word kurgan is of Turkic origin, and derives from Proto-Turkic *Kur- ("to erect (a building), to establish"). In Ukraine and Russia, there are royal kurgans of Varangian chieftains, such as the Black Grave in Ukrainian Chernihiv (excavated in the 19th century), Oleg 's Grave in Russian Staraya Ladoga , and vast, intricate Rurik's Hill near Russian Novgorod . Other important kurgans are found in Ukraine and South Russia and are associated with much more ancient steppe peoples, notably
508-586: A copper wire with hooks for interlocking, solid gold bangle with incurved ends, ageta and gold beads, along with a considerable assemblage of pottery. Another type of mound burial is Maidam in Assam , India. The Ahom kingdom in medieval Assam built octagonal -shaped tumuli called Maidams for their kings and high officials. The kings were buried in a hillock at Charaideo in Sibsagar district of Assam, whereas other Maidams are found scattered more widely. The damb
635-404: A deed of 1544 and in a sale agreement of Rivington Hall in 1611. Use of a kiln would have been part of the agricultural milling process. A water mill was once located in a small deep valley at the rear of the hall. The Industrial Revolution ended the viability of cottage industries such as weaving, small mines closed and the long-term population decreased as the water authority cleared land in
762-470: A deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive circular mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with random earth to form a domical shape. There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1 mound, bearing a 10- mm thick plaster of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry. The offering in Tumulus-1 consisted of one full necklace of steatite stringed in
889-445: A high-standing Aboriginal man's burial mound and associated carved trees; these carvings on the trees were made around the mound, facing the burial. "The form of the whole was semi-circular. Three rows of seats occupied one half, the grave and an outer row of seats the other; the seats formed segments of circles of fifty, forty-five, and forty feet each, and were formed by the soil being trenched up from between them. The centre part of
1016-454: A house in 2015. New Hall was a dwelling of the Pilkington family for centuries. In 1544 reference is made to its adjacent field, Ferneley, possessed by the family from at least 1336. The house was sold in 1611 to George Aynesworth. Prior to the reservoirs the valley of Rivington was mostly farmland, with little natural woodland, a small village with stone cottages, and a pub. The valley had
1143-515: A large mound the size of the house, as described by V. Fernandes. Levtzion also acknowledged the cultural similarities between the monarchic tumuli-building traditions and practices (e.g., monumental Senegambian megaliths ) of West Africa, such as Senegambia , Inland Niger Delta , and Mali , and the Nile Valley ; these monarchic tumuli-building practices span the Sudanian savanna as manifestations of
1270-443: A lease. Today Lever Park consists of avenues of woodland with bridleways and footpaths converging on a replica castle. The routes are former roads which are in disrepair while the main access route for vehicles is Rivington Lane and has limited car parking. There are two converted barns which trade as tea rooms serving food and drinks and Rivington Pike Tower is a landmark on the hill. The valley area gives good vantage points to enjoy
1397-555: A life expectancy of approximately 40 years. Babies were generally buried at and outside the ring-wall. The average number of children per family was 1.6 persons. A tumulus forms the center of the ancient megalithic structure of Rujm el-Hiri in the Golan Heights . Rujm in Arabic can mean tumulus, cairn or stone heap. Near the western city limits of modern Jerusalem , 19 tumuli have been documented (Amiran, 1958). Though first noticed in
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#17328549707761524-518: A local man next to a footpath. It is possible that the name Coblowe on the eastern bank of the Lower Rivington Reservoir derives from the Old English hlaw , a hill, which denoted an ancient barrow or burial place. Evidence for the existence of a settlement here in Anglo-Saxon times is found in the Rivington and Coblowe names. Although the manor is not registered at the land registry, the manor has
1651-500: A long history with the majority share of seven-eights originally held by the Pilkington family of Lancashire and is recorded as early as 1212 This share had reduced to five-eights at the sale of the manor in 1611 to their relations Robert Lever and Thomas Breres. Inheritance of the Pilkington share of the manor is assumed next to have passed by inheritance alongside Rivington hall thereafter. In 1729 John Andrews of Little Lever purchased
1778-624: A mask of Ancient Greek design. Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara , tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BC in the Saharan region of Niger . Fekri Hassan (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and pyramids of ancient Egypt . The prehistoric tradition of monarchic tumuli -building
1905-497: A new treatment plant from where a pipeline runs to the service reservoirs at Eccleston , St Helens . The River Douglas was diverted through a paved channel in a deep cutting into Lower Rivington. On the Rivington bank of the reservoir is a folly which is a replica of Liverpool Castle , and to the south-west is the Headless Cross at Grimeford Village. There is an activity centre offering watersports and land-based activities on
2032-413: A parish in its own right. Rivington Church was founded in 1566, along with the school. It remains an active Anglican place of worship holding service each Sunday. The Church is built on the site of an earlier chapel that was named in a deed by Margaret Pilkington and her son Robert in 1476. The chapelry covered Rivington and the surrounding areas of Anglezarke, Hemshaws and Foulds and was recognised in
2159-591: A road over the moors to the east leads to Belmont. The nearest places with regular bus services are Horwich to the south and Adlington to the west, which are served by buses between Bolton and Chorley or Preston. The arrival of the Manchester and Bolton Railway 's extension to Preston and opening of Blackrod railway station in 1841 brought visitors to the area. The line remains open with stations at Blackrod and Horwich Parkway giving access to Bolton, Manchester, Chorley and Preston. Rivington Grammar School 's charter
2286-406: A stream flowing through, crossed by packhorse bridges. Lester Mill was located near the upper reservoir and there was a mill utilising water power once located where now stands the village hall. The mill was used as a smithy in the 19th to early 20th century. A further water mill was located at Rivington Hall. In the 19th century, farming was reduced with the construction of reservoirs. The area of
2413-673: A trans-Sahelian common culture and heritage. From the 5th millennium BCE to the 14th century CE, earthen and stone tumuli were developed between Senegambia and Chad . Among 10,000 burial mounds in Senegambia, 3,000 megalithic burial mounds in Senegambia were constructed between 200 BCE and 100 CE, and 7,000 earthen burial mounds in Senegal were constructed in the 2nd millennium CE. Between 1st century CE and 15th century CE, megalithic monuments without tumuli were constructed. Megalithic and earthen Senegambian tumuli, which may have been constructed by
2540-419: A tumulus. Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials , such as passage graves . A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows have a broad range; the categorization only refers to
2667-673: A tumulus. More than half of these ancient Israeli structures have now been threatened or obliterated by modern construction projects, including Tumulus #4, which was excavated hastily in a salvage operation. The most noteworthy finds from this dig were two LMLK seal impressions and two other handles with associated concentric circle incisions, all of which suggests this tumulus belonged to either King Hezekiah or his son Manasseh . Round mound burials are associated with megalithic burials in India. Most megalithic mounds with chambers found today have been disturbed over centuries and their original form
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#17328549707762794-480: A wash house at Rivington Hall, supplied by Leverhulme's father James Lever. The tourist industry was further increased with the opening of Lever Park in 1904. Rivington was dramatically changed by the construction of the Rivington Reservoir Chain through the contentious 'Rivington Pike Scheme' originally to supply clean drinking water to the city of Liverpool. It now primarily supplies 70,000 households in
2921-499: A water treatment works at the south end of Lower Rivington with a 17-mile (27 km) pipeline to storage reservoirs at Prescot . Water from two higher level reservoirs, Rake Brook and Lower Roddlesworth, was carried south in the Goit, a man-made channel connecting them to the lower reservoirs. In 1942 secret files since released show the reservoirs were used for navigation by German bombers. In 1900 Liverpool Corporation attempted to acquire
3048-655: Is 85 meters on each side, half of the size of the Great Pyramids. Goguryeo Silla tombs are most noted for the fabulous offerings that have been excavated such as delicate golden crowns and glassware and beads that probably made their way to Korea via the Silk Road . Tumuli are one of the most prominent types of prehistoric monuments spread throughout northern and southern Albania . Some well-known local tumuli are: More than 50 burial mounds were found in Kupres. Man from Kupres –
3175-594: Is Daisen-ryo Kofun, or more commonly Nintoku-ryo Kofun, with a length of 840 metres. In addition to other shapes, kofun includes a keyhole shape, typically seen in Daisen Kofun. Foreign museums possess some grave goods. The first burial mounds in Korea were dolmens , which contained material from cultures of the 1st millennium AD, such as bronze-ware, pottery, and other symbols of the society elite. The most famous tumuli in Korea, dating around 300 AD, are those left behind by
3302-544: Is a car park. This was the former site of the Black O'Moors Hotel and Bowling Green Public House, adjacent is Rivington Bowling Club, Bowling Green and Club House, operating as a tea room from 11am. Rivington was once an arable farming and grazing agricultural-based area, transformed after 1850 by the Rivington Reservoir Scheme which led to new businesses providing for a large number of workers who arrived for what
3429-616: Is also an area of open access land with a right to roam. Rivington was a township in the ecclesiastical parish of Bolton le Moors , in the Salford hundred in Lancashire. It became part of the Chorley Poor Law Union , formed in 1837, and took responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in that area. The parish had an unusual method of deciding their Mayor until
3556-624: Is called "Bin Tepeler" (a thousand mounds in Turkish) and it is in the northwest of Salihli district of Manisa province . The site is very close to the southern shoreline of Lake Marmara (Lake Gyges or Gygaea). Bin Tepeler is a Lydian necropolis that dates back to 7th and 6th centuries BC. These mounds are called "the pyramids of Anatolia", as a giant specimen among them is 355 metres in diameter, 1115 metres in perimeter and 69 metres high. According to Herodotus , this giant tumulus belongs to
3683-415: Is described in book 23 of Homer 's Iliad . Patroclus is burned on a pyre , and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race , boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. Beowulf 's body in
3810-488: Is not dedicated to a saint or martyr, but referred to as Rivington Church. Tumulus A tumulus ( pl. : tumuli ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows , burial mounds or (in Siberia and Central Asia) kurgans , and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn , which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been
3937-466: Is notable as being designed by TH Mawson . A feature visible on the skyline is the Pigeon Tower, now surrounded by a recent managed woodland, with many steps and paths of crazy paving with some remaining stone summer houses . Its former public toilet is now a cafe. Within the village buildings with listed status are Wilkinson's and a cottage attached to right, Rivington School, Rivington Church and
Lower Rivington Reservoir - Misplaced Pages Continue
4064-510: Is proposed to understand nature of burial mounds in this part of Australia. Salweyn in Northern Somalia contains a very large field of cairns , which stretches for a distance of around 8 km. An excavation of one of these tumuli by Georges Révoil in 1881 uncovered a tomb, beside which were artefacts pointing to an ancient, advanced civilization. The interred objects included pottery shards from Samos , some well-crafted enamels , and
4191-545: Is recorded at the Land Registry preventing development. Leverhulme, until his death in 1925, retained a residence on the hillside, shooting rights and use of Rivington Hall as a Museum of Lever Park. The Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 protects Lever Park and at the Terraced Gardens the act only required landowner consent for commercial use. 'The Little Lake District' became the name for the chain of reservoirs created by
4318-532: Is shared by both the West African Sahel and the Middle Nile regions. Ancient Egyptian pyramids of the early dynastic period and Meroitic Kush pyramids are recognized by Faraji (2022) as part of and derived from an earlier architectural " Sudanic - Sahelian " tradition of monarchic tumuli, which are characterized as "earthen pyramids" or "proto-pyramids." Faraji (2022) characterized Nobadia as
4445-542: Is situated on the moorland fringe between the high moorland of the West Pennine Moors and the fields below. The landscape is characterised by marginal pastures with isolated farmsteads, reservoirs and disused mines and quarries scattered across the hillsides. There is an extensive network of footpaths providing public access. The reservoir valleys are dominated by expanses of water and the Victorian gothic architecture of
4572-483: Is the map of the park. Leverhulme also supported open access to the fields and moorland. Leverhulme donated 364 acres (147 ha) of land for the creation of a public park at Rivington in a proposal to Bolton in 1901. The hall became part of Lever Park and the Crompton family had remained resident at the hall until 1910 as part of an agreement of sale, then afterwards it was a museum until Leverhulme's death in 1925. By
4699-461: The 2011 Census . The name Rivington is made up of three elements: riv is from the Old English hrēof meaning rough or rugged; ing is a place name forming suffix that seems to have crept in over the years; the last is the Old English tūn meaning a farmstead, estate or settlement. Together they indicate a farmstead or settlement at the rough or rugged place. Another suggestion is a place at
4826-605: The Anderton bank of the reservoir. Rivington Rivington is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England, occupying 2,538 acres (4.0 sq mi; 10.3 km ). It is about 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Chorley and about 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (13.7 km) northwest of Bolton . Rivington is a rural area consisting primarily of agricultural grazing land, moorland, with hill summits including Rivington Pike and Winter Hill within
4953-626: The Chorley Rural Sanitary District from 1875 to 1894, and part of Chorley Rural District from 1894 to 1974. Since 1974 Rivington has been a civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , which comprises 47 councillors each elected for four-year terms to represent wards in the borough. Rivington is part of the Heath Charnock and Rivington ward. Chorley is part of the Lancashire County Council created in 1889 under
5080-468: The Commagene King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene who ruled between 69 and 40 BC. This tumulus is made of broken stone pieces, which renders excavation attempts almost impossible. The tumulus is surrounded by ceremonial terraces in the east, west, and north. The east and west terraces have tremendous statues (reaching 8 to 10 meters in height) and bas reliefs of gods and goddesses from
5207-493: The Inland Niger Delta , 11th century CE and 15th century CE tumuli at El Oualedji and Koï Gourrey contained various bones (e.g., human, horse), human items (e.g., beads, bracelets, rings), and animal items (e.g., bells, harnesses , plaques). Cultural similarities were also found with a Malinke king of Gambia , who along with his senior queen, human subjects within his kingdom, and his weapons, were buried in his home under
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5334-620: The Liverpool Corporation Waterworks took place between 1852 and 1857. The Lower Rivington reservoir has two dams - the Millstone Embankment, which is 2,120 feet (646 m) long and 40-foot (12.2 m) high, and the Horwich Embankment, which is 1,660 feet (506 m) long and 61-foot (18.6 m) high. Filter beds were constructed at the foot of the Horwich Embankment, The original sand filters were replaced by
5461-708: The Local Government Act 1888 and reconstituted under the Local Government Act 1972 . Rivington is part of the Chorley Rural East ward. Rivington has its own parish council. Rivington is part of the Chorley parliamentary constituency, which elected Lindsay Hoyle as Member of Parliament for the Labour party at the 2010 General Election. He became Speaker of the House of Commons after the 2019 General Election . Rivington
5588-473: The Royal patent founding Rivington School in 1566. In 1628 a chapel was built "upon a little toft and quillet of land" by the local population and divine service was celebrated "for many years of antiquity". The early-16th-century chapel was rebuilt in 1666 and altered and restored in 1861. The church is a small plain building built in sandstone with a bell turret. It is an Anglican church and unusual in that it
5715-620: The Scythians (e.g., Chortomlyk, Pazyryk ) and early Indo-Europeans (e.g., Ipatovo kurgan ) The steppe cultures found in Ukraine and South Russia naturally continue into Central Asia , in particular Kazakhstan . It is constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe , kurgans spread into much of Central Asia and Eastern , Southeast , Western and Northern Europe during
5842-531: The Serer people may have created tumuli (before 13th century AD), shell middens (7th century AD – 13th century AD) in the central-west region, and shell middens (200 BC – Present) in the southern region. The funerary tumuli-building tradition of West Africa was widespread and a regular practice amid 1st millennium AD. More than ten thousand large funerary tumuli exist in Senegal. At the Inner Niger Delta , in
5969-622: The Victorian-era Rivington Pike Scheme and had attracted tourists, with increasing visitor numbers. This led to a change in the area's local economy from agricultural to tourism, aided by a new railway at Blackrod in 1841, close to Horwich Vale and a rapid increase in population at Horwich with the arrival of the Horwich Railway Works and railway station, within walking distance. The area attracted well known landscape artists. The open countryside and moorland had, by
6096-532: The West Pennine Moors . The area has a thriving tourist industry centred around reservoirs created to serve Liverpool in the Victorian era and Lever Park created as a public park by William Lever at the turn of the 20th century, with two converted barns, a replica of Liverpool Castle and open countryside. Rivington and Blackrod High School is located here. Rivington and its village had a population of 109 at
6223-520: The Wigan area and can be used to supply Liverpool, Merseyside and Manchester. The original scheme flooded the valley creating what is now the 10,000 acre Rivington watershed. Nine properties in the valley were demolished before construction work began. The scheme was undertaken by Thomas Hawksley between 1850 and 1857. The Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7 . c. ccxl) was used to purchase large areas of occupied land and to construct five reservoirs and
6350-516: The Wolof people ( Serer people ) or Sosse people ( Mande peoples ). Sudanese tumuli (e.g., Kerma , C-Group ), which date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE, share cultural similarities with Senegambian tumuli . Between the 6th century CE and 14th century CE, stone tumuli circles, which at a single site usually encircle a burial site of half-meter that is covered by a burial mound, were constructed in Komaland;
6477-483: The rowan trees. Rivington was recorded in many ways in earlier centuries, Rowinton , Rawinton , and Revington were used in 1202; Ruhwinton in 1212, Riuiton in 1226, Rowynton and Rouynton in 1278, Roynton in 1332, Rouyngton in 1400, Revyngton although rare, from the 14th until the 16th century the area was known as 'Rovington', being the name used on a royal charter in 1566 along with an alias of 'Ryvington'. A Neolithic or Bronze Age stone, with
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#17328549707766604-647: The "last pharaonic culture of the Nile Valley" and described mound tumuli as being "the first architectural symbol of the sovereign's return and reunification with the primordial mound upon his death." Faraji (2022) indicates that there may have been a cultural expectation of "postmortem resurrection " associated with tumuli in the funerary traditions of the West African Sahel (e.g., northern Ghana , northern Nigeria , Mali ) and Nile Valley (e.g., Ballana , Qustul , Kerma , Kush ). Based on artifacts found in
6731-420: The 'Black Lad') and New Hall, which were demolished between 1902 and 1905. Most farms were cleared. The result was a small settlement that has remained largely unchanged since then. The Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 makes no mention of the manor but does refer to shooting rights to be retained by Leverhulme – this omission preserved the manor. Leverhulme also retained an interest over all of his former land which
6858-575: The 13th century CE and the 16th century CE, may have connection to tumuli from Ballana and Makuria . Tumuli have also been found at Kissi , in Burkina Faso , and at Daima , in Nigeria . In Niger , there are two monumental tumuli – a cairn burial (5695 BP – 5101 BP) at Adrar Bous , and a tumulus covered with gravel (6229 BP – 4933 BP) at Iwelen, in the Aïr Mountains . Tenerians did not construct
6985-463: The 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by William Foxwell Albright , and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by Gabriel Barkay in 1983. These tumuli are sometimes associated with the Judean kings who ruled Jerusalem, but no such connection has yet been substantiated, nor have any inscriptions naming any specific Judean king been excavated from
7112-720: The 3rd millennium BC. The earliest kurgans date to the 4th millennium BC in the Caucasus, and researchers associate these with the Indo-Europeans . Kurgans were built in the Eneolithic , Bronze, Iron, Antiquity and Middle Ages , with ancient traditions still active in Southern Siberia and Central Asia. On the Anatolian peninsula, there are several sites where one can find the biggest specimens of these artificial mounds throughout
7239-748: The Anderton Centre at the Lower Reservoir providing boating and event hosting. Rivington is to the east to the M61 motorway , which connects the M6 and Preston to the north with the M60 and the Greater Manchester conurbation to the south. The nearest access is at Junction 6. The village is accessed by minor roads from Horwich to the south and Adlington to the west. A winding road to the north passes through Anglezarke and
7366-402: The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre. During cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, a widow's lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, and filled with treasure. A band of twelve of the best warriors ride around
7493-425: The Breres' share of Hall and its associated land and his property was inherited by the Cromptons by the nineteenth century. Other owners of the manor were by a quarter originally owned by the Lathoms and an eighth by the Shaws. In 1765 the Shaws and their relations the Roscoes inherited the one-eight share. Leverhulme was the last owner of the 5/8 share, then a local man, now deceased held the 1/8 share transferred from
7620-412: The Commagene pantheon where divine figures used to embody the Persian and Roman perceptions together. The Dilmun Burial Mounds comprising necropolis areas on the main island of Bahrain dating back to the Dilmun civilization and the Umm al-Nar culture . Each of the tumuli is composed of a central stone chamber that is enclosed by a low ring-wall and covered by earth and gravel. The size of
7747-412: The Crompton family and it is assumed rights of the manor. He then later sold the hall and land to Liverpool Corporation by agreement and terms set out in the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902, the transfers completed between 1902 and 1905. The act allowed the corporation to acquire, subject to compensation, properties in the west of the village, including the Black-a-Moors Head public house (known locally as
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#17328549707767874-424: The Cunliffe Shaws and his records are held at Bolton archives. The 1/4 share owner is untraced. United Utilities claims that the Manor is extinguished since 1902. The most prominent of all buildings in Rivington, on the skyline near the summit of Rivington Pike , is the tower, one of 28 listed buildings . Outside the village centre landmarks include Rivington Hall and its adjacent Hall Barn . At Lever Park on
8001-441: The Great War and was met with significant public objection. The park land was formerly farmland belonging to The Crosses, Great House Farm and Rivington Hall. Leverhulme sold the remaining areas outside the park to Liverpool Corporation in 1905 and retained an interest by a covenant on the land preventing building without his or his heirs' consent, other than by farms and for operation of the water works. Two pillars commemorating
8128-413: The Korean Baekje , Goguryeo ( Kogyuro / Koguryo ), Silla and Gaya states and are clustered around ancient capital cities in modern-day Pyongyang , Ji'an, Jilin , Seoul and Gyeongju . The Goguryeo tombs, shaped like pyramids, are famous for the well-preserved wall murals like the ones at Anak Tomb No. 3 , which depict the culture and artistry of the people. The base of the tomb of King Gwanggaeto
8255-458: The Mali Lakes Region, there are two monumental tumuli constructed in the time period of the Trans-Saharan trade for the Sahelian kingdoms of West Africa. The El Oualadji monumental tumulus, which dates between 1030 AD and 1220 AD and has two human remains buried with horse remains and various items (e.g., horse harnesses , horse trappings with plaques and bells, bracelets, rings, beads, iron items), may have been, as highlighted by al-Bakri ,
8382-479: The Phrygian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. Around 35 tumuli have been excavated so far, ranging in date from the 8th century BC to the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The biggest tumulus at the site is believed to have covered the burial of the famous Phrygian King Midas or that of his father. This mound, called Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), was excavated in 1957 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led by Rodney Young and his graduate students . Among
8509-414: The River Douglas at Knoll Wood which was closed to protect the water catchment of the reservoirs and demolished in 1868 by Liverpool Corporation, some remnants of its dam still remain. The cottage industry of Handloom weaving and use of the Putting-out system was common in the 18th to early 19th century, Samuel Oldknow was a prominent local figure, his family grave being at the Unitarian Chapel. Income
8636-426: The Rivington Pike Scheme catchment area, that being the name of the plans for the building of the chain of reservoirs to supply Liverpool with clean water. The flooding of the valley for the reservoirs was at first met with significant opposition, but did boost the local economy. Plans required the demolition of some existing properties and the flooding of farmland. The original proposal was to demolish all buildings in
8763-410: The Rivington Unitarian Chapel is named Mill Hill on the 1848 OS map and extended to Croft Bridge, crossing Hall Brook. The Victorian 'School Houses' became known as Mill Hill cottages. Mill Dam wood is at the rear of the Vicarage - a pond existed there prior to the reservoir construction. On the watercourse is a ruin that could be a former water wheel house. A water mill and kiln was mentioned in
8890-437: The Unitarian Chapel, the two latter being active places of worship. Fisher House operated as a school in the mid-Victorian period and later as a Temperance Hotel in that era - it is now a secluded private residence. The village stocks are a feature on Rivington village green, inscribed with "T W 1719" on the stone base. Near Horrobin Embankment, Horrobin Lane, which passes between the Lower and Upper Rivington reservoirs,
9017-449: The Victorian era, become a public asset the working classes especially wanted to preserve access to and was the site of the Winter Hill mass trespass in 1896. Leverhulme was fond of the area that he got to know well as a boy and a place he and his wife frequently visited whilst courting. He had a keen interest in its history and as such he sponsored and contributed to the book titled 'A Short History of Rivington' published in 1904, in which
9144-529: The accompanying rituals was a religious endeavor that emanated from the other elements" that he described, such as "sorcerers, sacred groves, idols, offerings to the dead, and the "tombs of their kings."" Faraji (2022) indicated that the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt, Kerma of Kush , and the Nobadian culture of Ballana were similar to al-Bakrī's descriptions of the Mande tumuli practices of ancient Ghana . In
9271-484: The bank of the Lower Rivington Reservoir is a replica of Liverpool Castle, Great House Barn : both barns were repurposed and altered to create tea rooms in the early 20th century. What was Lever Park Information centre at Great House Farm is now used by the Heritage Trust as a gift shop, the lower floors are public toilets and adjacent buildings used as storage. At George's Lane, the road from Horwich to Rivington Pike,
9398-508: The barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord. Parallels have also been drawn to the account of Attila 's burial in Jordanes ' Getica . Jordanes tells that as Attila's body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the Huns circled it, as in circus games. An Old Irish Life of Columcille reports that every funeral procession "halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, and
9525-469: The boundary with Horwich. The school is now Rivington and Blackrod High School , a specialist technology college , focusing on design and technology, mathematics and science. Year Seven pupils occupy the former Horwich County Secondary School. The old grammar school building in the village centre is now occupied by Rivington Foundation Primary School. Rivington was a chapelry in the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Bolton le Moors until it became
9652-416: The building of a folly in 1911, named Rivington Castle, a scale replica of Liverpool Castle at Coblowe Hillock near the Lower Rivington Reservoir. Grade 2 listed since 1967 it is one of the most important features of Lever Park. The build commenced in 1912 with clearance of the land and digging of foundations, with the first foundation stone laid in 1913, and ended on Leverhulme's death in 1925, after which
9779-545: The burial mound. Many of these mounds today have undergone much change in appearance due to erosion, weathering, wildfires, agriculture, land development and deliberate destruction. Bodies were buried either in a seated-position or in a crouched fetal-position, they were wrapped in layers of pelt-cloaks . Grave goods often included weapons, stone axes, ochre, white clay, stone flakes, bonepoints, necklaces, gridles, headbands and items of ceremonial clothing. An early published account of John Oxley 's excavation describes
9906-905: The carvings were associated with the culture heroes admired by man in life and were thought to provide a pathway for his spirit to return to the sky world. According to Alfred William Howitt these carved trees served both as transit points to allow cultural heroes to ascend to, and descend from, the firmament as well as a means for the deceased to return to the sky world. Some mounds do not contain burials, these mounds are associated with settlement debris. In Northern Territory and in several regions both forms are known. Recently, several mounds in Queensland were investigated with ground-penetrating radar. These mounds were previously associated with settlement debris. Radar study revealed some mounds contained mortuary remains, while other mounds were built over places where ceremonial fires had taken place. Further research
10033-581: The corporation of Liverpool is United Utilities. The main area of the park is adjacent to the Lower Rivington Reservoir and behind Rivington and Blackrod High School toward Rivington Hall Barn . Rivington Pike, although a distance from the reservoirs and now owned by Chorley Council, is part of Lever Park – it is mentioned as such in the Lever Park Act 1969 and protected under the wider 1902 act. Access to Lever Park very briefly stopped during
10160-511: The dams and embankments surrounded by woodland. To the east of Rivington is Rivington Pike and to the west the flatter land of the Lancashire Plain. Rivington is north of Horwich and Bolton and to the south of Anglezarke Moor and Yarrow Reservoir. To the west of the village is the wide shallow valley containing the Anglezarke, Upper and Lower Rivington reservoirs. The village is accessed from
10287-493: The demolition of a stone spiral staircase leading to the 'Great Hall' and stone steps that led to the keep, known as 'The Great Tower', a ledge remains. The castle walls were altered by rebuilding to an angular style at the north wall and near the Keep, stonework was also removed from the wall of the prison tower as it joins the ante-chapel. The work was undertaken in 2012 as part of safety work in an effort to stop visitors climbing. At
10414-458: The ducks and pigeons were sold by auction. The work on the replica castle stopped. The park was a staging post for troops in the Second World War and its barns and adjacent land used to store and produce foods. The park suffered significant neglect in this period, the hall became a derelict building with broken windows. However it was saved and remains an attraction after Salmon Catering agreed
10541-594: The early 1950s it was derelict but it was rescued and leased as a residence by the Salmon family. The park became formally created and protected in law within the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7 . c. ccxl), enshrining in law that the corporation and its successors shall manage Lever Park, named after Leverhulme and keep open the park for the "free and uninterrupted enjoyment of the people of his native town of Bolton". The present owner and successor to
10668-411: The entire area of Rivington and proposed clearing away all of the village which met huge opposition. Properties from mansions to ancient farmhouses were cleared across the catchment area. The clearances were enabled by an act of Parliament, the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7 . c. ccxl). William Hesketh Lever assisted locals in saving the village after he had purchased the hall and lands from
10795-564: The external apparent shape. The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen , a cist , a mortuary enclosure , a mortuary house , or a chamber tomb . Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe . The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root * teuh 2 - with extended zero grade * tum- , 'to bulge, swell' also found in tomb , tumor , tumescent , thumb , thigh , and thousand . The funeral of Patroclus
10922-516: The famous Lydian King Alyattes who ruled between 619 and 560 BC. There is also another mound belonging to King Gyges . The Gyges mound was excavated but the burial chamber has not been found yet. On this site, there are 75 tumuli dating back to Lydian period that belong to the nobility. A large number of smaller artificial mounds can also be observed on the site. There are other Lydian tumuli sites around Eşme district of Uşak province . Certain mounds on these sites had been plundered by raiders in
11049-476: The gift of Leverhulme mark the entry to the area named Lever Park and are located at the junction of Scholes Bank and Lever Park Avenue, Horwich, inscribed with the words "William Hesketh Lever 1st Viscount Leverhulme. Lever Park the gift of William Hesketh Lever 1st Viscount Leverhulme born at 6 Wood Street, Bolton, September 19, 1851 died at Hampstead, London, May 7, 1925. For the benefit of the citizens of his native town and neighbourhood by act of parliament in 1902
11176-402: The grave was about five feet high, and about nine long, forming an oblong pointed cone. On removing the soil from one end of the tumulus, and about two feet beneath the solid surface of the ground, we came to three or four layers of wood, lying across the grave, serving as an arch to bear the weight of the earthy cone or tomb above. On removing one end of those layers, sheet after sheet of dry bark
11303-415: The head to the east. It had been very carefully wrapped in a great number of opossum [sic] skins, the head bound round with the net usually worn by the natives, and also the girdle: it appeared after being enclosed in those skins to have been placed in a larger net, and then deposited in the manner before mentioned … to the west and north of the grave were two cypress-trees distant between fifty and sixty feet;
11430-473: The hillside a section was built in 1921 as a man-made ravine. From 1939 the site passed to United Utilities and is now leased to Rivington Heritage Trust who use the grounds as an open-air venue. There is a public footpath and a bridleway from Lever Park to Rivington Pike and Terraced Gardens. The public footpath number 82 runs through the gardens from the Ravine via the former Japanese and Kitchen Gardens, which
11557-593: The hundreds of tumuli present in Dhar Tichitt, compared to a dozen tumuli present in Dhar Walata, it is likely that Dhar Tichitt was the primary center of religion for the people of Tichitt culture. At Wanar , Senegal, megalithic monolith -circles and tumuli (1300/1100 BC – 1400/1500 AD) were constructed by West Africans who had a complex hierarchical society. In the mid-region of the Senegal River Valley,
11684-498: The individuals, smallest mounds being 2 to 3 m in diameter and 2 m in height to largest mounds described as an earthen oblong mound resembling ‘a large hillock some 100 feet long, and 50 in height’. Some special or high-standing individuals mound were semi-circular, while most were round. Traditionally, the preparation of the burial site, the carving of trees facing the mound and internment was done by initiated men. Occasionally, long raised mourning seats were constructed along one side of
11811-452: The last decade to fund its obligations to maintain its land and property there. The trust hosts events at the site of Leverhulme's former gardens and sells tourist merchandise at the former Lever Park information centre. Agriculture, mainly sheep farming, continues. The local schools are significant employers in the area alongside leisure and tourism. Employers include the Hall Barn, GoApe and
11938-685: The late 1960s, and the Lydian treasures found in their burial chambers were smuggled to the United States, which later returned them to Turkish authorities after negotiations. These artifacts are now exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Uşak. Gordium (Gordion) was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Phrygia . Its ruins are in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı , near the Turkish capital Ankara . At this site, approximately 80–90 tumuli date back to
12065-478: The lower Rivington reservoir and the hill is popular with hikers and mountain bike enthusiasts. There are boating facilities at the Anderton Centre and a Go Ape operates adjacent to the Great House Barn with toilets nearby. The area is popular with a variety of user groups including ramblers, cyclists, horse riders, motorcyclists, young and old and families wishing to enjoy the countryside. Leverhulme commenced
12192-575: The many fine bronze artifacts recovered from the wooden burial chamber were 170 bronze vessels, including numerous "omphalos bowls", and more than 180 bronze "Phrygian fibulae " (ancient safety pins). The wooden furniture found in the tomb is especially noteworthy, as wood seldom survives from archaeological contexts: the collection included nine tables, one of them elaborately carved and inlaid, and two ceremonial serving stands inlaid with religious symbols and geometric patterns. Important bronze and wooden artifacts were also found in other tumulus burials at
12319-401: The mid 19th century. The person was selected according to how quickly they got drunk on the eve of the annual event known as 'Club Day' when a day of heavy drinking commenced and villagers dressed in fancy dress, going from house to house banging on doors till the early hours of the morning to collect funds for the 'dignity of the office'. In 1866 Rivington became a civil parish . It was part of
12446-581: The most eloborate burial mounds are recorded in New South Wales , South Australia , Victoria and Western Australia . Most notable burials in New South Wales and Western Australia were studied and excavated by John Oxley (1820), Atkinson (1853), Pearce (1897), and Davidson (1949) and were termed Aboriginal tumulus. Early records indicate the burial mounds as neat and rounded in form. However, dimensions and precise form could vary widely based on rank of
12573-447: The mounds varies, but the majority of them measure 15 by 30 ft (4.5 by 9 m) in diameter and are 3–6 ft (1–2 m) high. The smaller mounds usually contain only one chamber. The chambers are usually rectangular with one or two alcoves at the northeast end. Occasionally there are additional pairs of alcoves along the middle of the larger chambers. Although the chambers usually contained one burial each, some contain several people and
12700-560: The mourners marched thrice solemnly round the spot." Archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction (see also mound ). Some British types are listed below: There is a contemporary revival in barrow building in the UK. In 2015 the first long barrow in thousands of years, the Long Barrow at All Cannings , inspired by those built in the Neolithic era,
12827-420: The one tonne crane , stone bogie and other equipment used for the building project including barrows and the workers' shed were sold by auction and cleared from the site. Access to the interior had been blocked by steel bars in the post-war decades after World War Two – it is now open to the public. The structure has been altered a number of times by the landowner, before and after listed building status, with
12954-627: The ownership and care of the park were vested in the Corporation of the City of Liverpool". The park opened in 1904 and retains its tree-lined avenues and a network of footpaths. A dedication ceremony took place to dedicate the park to the people of Bolton on 10 October 1911. The park was at its peak until Leverhulme's death in 1925, after which everything including buildings, Rivington Hall Museum contents, Leverhulme's Bungalow and contents including fine art, furniture, antiques, Rivington Hall Zoo animals and even
13081-525: The precursors for this 3rd millennium BCE tumuli style of Komaland, Ghana and Senegambia are regarded by Faraji (2022) to be Kerma Kush and the A-Group culture of ancient Nubia . While the stele-circled burial mounds of C-Group culture of Nubia are regarded as precursors for the megalithic burial mounds of Senegambia, Kerma tumuli are regarded as precursors for the stone tumuli circles of Komaland. The tumuli of Durbi Takusheyi , which have been dated between
13208-713: The remainder were privately rented. The mean age of the population was 53.4 years. In 2001 most of those employed, 47, worked in the service industries. Ten worked in extractive and manufacturing industries, and three males were unemployed. The average distance travelled to work by employed persons was 12.7 miles (20.5 km). Rivington is today a thriving tourist area, popular with day trippers and for special events, particularly large gatherings such as weddings. Its park, woodlands, replica castle, tea houses and bars along with historic buildings and structures have remained popular attractions with visitors. United Utilities through its Heritage Trust has tapped into this revenue over
13335-761: The reservoirs and filter beds occupy 275 acres (111 ha). The underlying geology has been sampled by the British Geological Survey , the grit consists of two types of a flag type sandstone with thin coal measures in parts, common here is Millstone Grit . Stone was quarried for local use. Around Rivington are chalybeate springs and in Dean Wood is a waterfall with a descent of 32 feet (9.8 m). In 2001, 144 people lived in Rivington, 63 males and 81 females. There were 48 households, of which 34 lived in detached houses and 14 in terraced or semi-detached properties. Most households, 60%, were owner-occupied;
13462-462: The royal burial site of a king from the Ghana Empire . The Koï Gourrey monumental tumulus, which may date prior to 1326 AD and has over twenty human remains that were buried with various items (e.g., iron accessories, an abundant amount of copper bracelets, anklets and beads, an abundant amount of broken, but whole pottery, another set of distinct, intact, glazed pottery, a wooden-beaded bone necklace,
13589-586: The royal tomb." The "Classical Sudanese" monarchic tumuli-building tradition, which lasted in Sudan (e.g., Kerma, Makuria , Meroe , Napata , Nobadia ) until the early period of the 6th century CE as well as in West Africa and Central Africa until the 14th century CE, notably preceded the spread of Islam into the West African and Sahelian regions of Africa. According to al-Bakrī , "the construction of tumuli and
13716-407: The secondary chambers often contain none. The deceased were generally laid with their heads in the alcove end of the chamber and lying on their right sides. The bodies were accompanied by few items. There were a few pieces of pottery and occasionally shell or stone stamp seals, baskets sealed with asphalt, ivory objects, stone jars, and copper weapons. The skeletons are representative of both sexes with
13843-421: The sides towards the tomb were barked, and curious characters deeply cut upon them, in a manner which, considering the tools they possess, must have been a work of great labour and time." Traditionally, a sheet of bark was removed from trees and the bare surface was carved to face the burial mound. In some cases, up to five trees were carved around the mound for high standing individuals. It has been suggested that
13970-434: The site. Mount Nemrut is 86 km in the east of Adıyaman province of Turkey . It is very close to Kahta district of the same province. The mountain has, at its peak, 3050 metres of height above sea level. A tumulus that dates to the 1st century BC is at the peak of the mountain. This artificial mound has 150 metres in diameter and a height of 50 metres, which was originally 55 metres. It belongs to
14097-670: The skeleton found in one of the tumuli is believed to be more than 3000 years old and it is kept in Gorica museum in Livno. Glasinac has many tumuli. During the Bronze and Iron Age it was a place of strong Glasinac culture , who buried their dead in tumulus. On the territory of Bulgaria there are over 60,000 ancient Thracian mounds, of which only about 1,000 have been studied. There are also Roman and Thraco-Roman burial tombs. Those tumuli over ancient tombs, temples and sanctuaries are found throughout
14224-508: The slope of Rivington Pike is an area of woodland, once a gardens serving a Bungalow once owned by Leverhulme but demolished in 1948. The site has surviving stone structures that formed part of the Italian style gardens, a number of stone summer houses, footpaths, steps, bridges, three ponds, streams and the restored Pigeon Tower. A Japanese style gardens was added in 1923, its features have since been lost but its pulhamite pond remains. Further down
14351-662: The stupa with early megalithic mounds are noted with structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-Mauryan era cairns and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represents a "proto-stupa" . In Dholavira , an archeological site associated with Indus Valley Civilization , there are several large and high "hemispherical monuments" mounds with brick masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of
14478-402: The tumuli from West Africa and Nubia , there may have been "a highly developed corporate ritual in which the family members of the deceased brought various items as offerings and tribute to the ancestors" buried in the tumuli and the tumuli may have "served as immense shrines of spiritual power for the populace to ritualize and remember their connection to the ancestral lineage as consecrated in
14605-547: The two monumental tumuli at Adrar Bous and Iwelen. Rather, Tenerians constructed cattle tumuli at a time before the two monumental tumuli were constructed. The Tichitt Tradition of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BC to 200 BC. Within the settled areas of Tichitt Culture (e.g., Dhar Tichitt , Dhar Tagant , Dhar Walata ), with stone walls , which vary in scale from (e.g., 2 hectares , 80 hectares), there were walled agricultural land used for livestock or gardening as well as land with granaries and tumuli. Based on
14732-485: The village, which was stopped by local opposition. Leverhulme, with his political influence, was instrumental in saving the village and seeing protections put in place in the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 . The building of the chain of reservoirs required a large labour force and during and after the build resulted in an unexpected influx of tourists. In the early 20th century tourism had led to two hotels, busy public houses, tea rooms and many offshoot businesses including
14859-533: The west by a road on top of the 876-foot (267 m) long Horrobin Embankment, a dam that separates the Upper and Lower Rivington reservoirs. The River Douglas has its source on Winter Hill , and flows in a southwest direction forming part of the southern boundary. The River Yarrow has its source on Anglezarke Moor and forms the northern boundary. The area of the township is 2,768 acres (4.3 sq mi; 11 km ),
14986-753: The whole territory of Bulgaria. Some of the world's most significant and famous being the Kazanlak and Sveshtari tombs, UNESCO World Heritage sites. Located near the ancient Thracian capital cities of Seuthopolis (of the Odrysian kingdom ) and Daosdava or Helis (of the Getae ), perhaps they represented royal burials. Other notable tumuli are the Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo, Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka , Thracian tomb Shushmanets, Thracian tomb Griffins , Thracian tomb Helvetia , Thracian tomb Ostrusha , Tomb of Seuthes III and
15113-625: The world. Three of these sites are especially important. Bin Tepe (and other Lydian mounds of the Aegean inland), Phrygian mounds in Gordium (Central Anatolia), and the famous Commagene tumulus on Mount Nemrut (Southeastern Anatolia). This is the most important of the enumerated sites with the number of specimens it has and with the dimensions of certain among them. It is in the Aegean inland of Turkey. The site
15240-456: Was a large-scale build. As the Lower Rivington Reservoir was completed the tourist industry was also born and has since been dominant alongside farming. Prior to this Rivington was a rural village built around what is now the village green . Its inhabitants were employed in agriculture on scattered local farms. The textile industry was a secondary form of income until the industrial revolution, alongside farming. Textile bleaching took place on
15367-653: Was a type of mound, or small stone structure, found in Balochistan , including the coastal areas of Makran . The Chinese pyramids house the remains of some of China's former emperors . Before the expansion of Shang and Zhou culture through the region, many hundreds of tumuli were also constructed by the " Baiyue " peoples of the Yangtze Valley and southeastern China. In Japan , powerful leaders built tumuli, known as kofun . The Kofun period of Japanese history takes its name from these burial mounds. The largest
15494-443: Was also generated from the quarries , coal mining was on a small scale at Rivington Moor. Rivington Moor Colliery employed two workers mining coal for local use. The house New Hall, opposite the chapel, until its demolition by Liverpool Corporation in 1905, operated a commercial slaughterhouse. The house had a date stone of 1642 and its barn, which survived demolition, built in the early 19th century, has since been converted into
15621-432: Was badly disturbed. Examination of other lesser disturbed monuments shows that the chamber was surrounded by a packing of earth, chipped rubble blocks and covered on the outside with inclined stone slabs whose top ends rested on the periphery of the capstone creating a mound. These pre-historic megalithic mound burials with chambers likely influenced later devolvement of mound burials called " Stupa " mounds, Similarities of
15748-620: Was built on land just outside the village of All Cannings . The barrow was designed to have a large number of private niches within the stone and earth structure to receive cremation urns. This was followed by new barrows at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbury_Hill Plans have also been announced for a barrow in Milton Keynes and in Powys. Burial mounds are one of several funerary forms practiced by Indigenous Australians . Burial mounds were once practiced by some Aboriginals across Australia,
15875-453: Was granted to Bishop James Pilkington by Queen Elizabeth I in 1566. for the creation of 'The Free School of Queen Elizabeth in Rovington', the school opened in 1575 and was rebuilt in 1714, at the time it was a male only school. Blackrod Grammar School, founded in 1568, merged with it in 1875. In 1882 Rivington & Blackrod Grammar School opened on a site at the south of the township, close to
16002-430: Was taken out, then dry grass and leaves in a perfect state of preservation, the wet or damp having apparently never penetrated even to the first covering of wood … the body deposited about four feet deep in an oval grave, four feet long and from eighteen inches to two feet wide. The feet were bent quite up to the head, the arms having been placed between the thighs. The face was downwards, the body being placed east and west,
16129-575: Was the Sportsman's Arms, long-since closed, now the Pike Cottage, and adjacent is Pike Snack Shack with its commanding views across the hills and valley, the location featured in Sunday Times Good Walks. On the hillside the former Bungalow Grounds contain 11 listed structures, being remains of its garden features, although the planting has long since gone or been drastically modified. This area
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