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125-497: Lower Agno was initially part of the 699,206.09-hectare (1,727,775.9-acre) Central Cordillera Forest Reserve established on February 16, 1929 through Proclamation No. 217 issued by Governor-General Henry L. Stimson , which declared 81.8% of the entire Igorot minority lands in the Cordilleras as protected area. In a 1932 amendment, several parcels of land with an aggregate area of 1,026.8931 hectares (2,537.508 acres) were excluded from

250-427: A Japanese American fifth column . By February, John McCloy and others from the pro-exclusion camp had won him over. On February 11, Stimson and McCloy briefed in a phone conference Roosevelt, who gave his Secretary of War the go-ahead to pursue whatever course he saw fit. McCloy contacted Karl Bendetsen to begin formulating a removal strategy immediately after. Roosevelt granted Stimson the final approval to carry out

375-526: A broader aridification trend. The EMCI ended 18 million years ago, giving way to the Middle Miocene Warm Interval (MMWI), the warmest part of which was the MMCO that began 16 million years ago. As the world transitioned into the MMCO, carbon dioxide concentrations varied between 300 and 500 ppm. Global annual mean surface temperature during the MMCO was about 18.4 °C. MMCO warmth was driven by

500-519: A clade of large terrestrial predatory crocodyliformes distantly related to modern crocodilians, from which they likely diverged over 180 million years ago, are known from the Miocene of South America. The last Desmostylians thrived during this period before becoming the only extinct marine mammal order. The pinnipeds , which appeared near the end of the Oligocene, became more aquatic. A prominent genus

625-513: A close relationship with Alfred Lee Loomis his first cousin twenty years his junior, and became the father that Loomis never had ; while Loomis became the son that Stimson could not have because he was sterile. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Stimson U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York , where Stimson made a distinguished record prosecuting antitrust cases. He later served from 1937 to 1939 as president of

750-561: A cooler, drier climate. C 4 grasses, which are able to assimilate carbon dioxide and water more efficiently than C 3 grasses, expanded to become ecologically significant near the end of the Miocene between 6 and 7 million years ago, although they did not expand northward during the Late Miocene. The expansion of grasslands and radiations among terrestrial herbivores correlates to fluctuations in CO 2 . One study, however, has attributed

875-473: A good analogue for future warmer climates caused by anthropogenic global warming , with this being especially true of the global climate during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), because the last time carbon dioxide levels were comparable to projected future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels resulting from anthropogenic climate change was during the MMCO. The Ross Sea margin of

1000-435: A good model for a "living fossil". Eucalyptus fossil leaves occur in the Miocene of New Zealand , where the genus is not native today, but have been introduced from Australia . Both marine and continental fauna were fairly modern, although marine mammals were less numerous. Only in isolated South America and Australia did widely divergent fauna exist. In Eurasia, genus richness shifted southward to lower latitudes from

1125-527: A job that was so enormous. He defied all naysayers and plunged into the task with "an energy that men 20 years his junior could not have mustered." However, at 75, Stimson confessed that he was "feeling very tired. The unconscious strain has been pretty heavy on me." Stimson was initially opposed to the internment of Japanese Americans away from the West Coast, but he eventually gave in to pro-exclusion military advisers and secured Roosevelt's final approval for

1250-579: A major expansion of Antarctic glaciers. This severed the connection between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and formed the present land connection between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia. The subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea (known as the Messinian salinity crisis ) near

1375-480: A major expansion of grass-grazer ecosystems . Herds of large, swift grazers were hunted by predators across broad sweeps of open grasslands , displacing desert, woodland, and browsers . The higher organic content and water retention of the deeper and richer grassland soils , with long-term burial of carbon in sediments, produced a carbon and water vapor sink. This, combined with higher surface albedo and lower evapotranspiration of grassland, contributed to

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1500-463: A mean elevation of 889.33 metres (2,917.7 ft) with peaks rising to 2,164.60 metres (7,101.7 ft) above sea level. Its highest point is Mount Ugo situated at its northeastern end. To the west, the valley is flanked by a sub-chain of the Cordillera Central that includes the 1,829-metre (6,001 ft) high Mount Ulap and the 1,334-metre (4,377 ft) high Mount Kotkot that separate it from

1625-488: A partner in 1893. Elihu Root , a future Secretary of War and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson. In July 1893, Stimson married the former Mabel Wellington White, a great-great-granddaughter of one of the Founding Fathers , Roger Sherman , and the sister of Elizabeth Selden Rogers . An adult case of mumps had left Stimson infertile, and they had no children. Stimson developed

1750-453: A prominent surgeon, and his wife, the former Candace Thurber Wheeler. When he was nine, his mother died of kidney failure, and he was then sent to boarding school . He spent summers with his grandmother Candace Wheeler at her Catskills country house and played with his uncle Dunham Wheeler, who was almost the same age, in "the Armory", which was their nickname for one corner of a large room in

1875-578: A significant drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Both continental and oceanic thermal gradients in mid-latitudes during the Early Miocene were very similar to those in the present. Global cooling caused the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) to begin to take on its modern form during the Early Miocene. From 22.1 to 19.7 Ma, the Xining Basin experienced relative warmth and humidity amidst

2000-695: A significant local decline along the northeastern coast of Australia during the Tortonian, most likely due to warming seawater. Cetaceans attained their greatest diversity during the Miocene, with over 20 recognized genera of baleen whales in comparison to only six living genera. This diversification correlates with emergence of gigantic macro-predators such as megatoothed sharks and raptorial sperm whales . Prominent examples are O. megalodon and L. melvillei . Other notable large sharks were O. chubutensis , Isurus hastalis , and Hemipristis serra . Crocodilians also showed signs of diversification during

2125-606: A speech impediment. In the summer of 1950, Stimson fell and broke his leg and was confined to a wheelchair. On October 20, one month after his 83rd birthday, he succumbed to complications from a second heart attack. Stimson died at his estate Highhold in Huntington, New York . He is buried in the adjacent town of Laurel Hollow , in the cemetery of St. John's Church. He was the last surviving member of William Howard Taft 's cabinet. Miocene The Miocene ( / ˈ m aɪ . ə s iː n , - oʊ -/ MY -ə-seen, -⁠oh- )

2250-675: A worldwide naval race and thus helped negotiate the London Naval Treaty . He protested the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , which instituted the Stimson Doctrine of nonrecognition of international territorial changes that are executed by force. After World War II broke out in Europe , Stimson accepted President Franklin Roosevelt's appointment to return as Secretary of War. After the U.S. entered

2375-627: A zone of low rainfall in the Late Miocene. The Indian Plate continued to collide with the Eurasian Plate , creating new mountain ranges and uplifting the Tibetan Plateau , resulting in the rain shadowing and aridification of the Asian interior. The Tian Shan experienced significant uplift in the Late Miocene, blocking westerlies from coming into the Tarim Basin and drying it as a result. At

2500-697: Is bounded to the west by both operating and abandoned gold and copper mining areas. Mining activities have been conducted in the area since 1906 with the opening of Benguet Corp.'s Acupan Mine. The gold mining company also operates the Antamok, Baco and Kelly sites along the Ambalanga River just east of Baguio and the Balatoc Mill. The Agno tributary of Ambalanga is also the site of the Itogon Mine of Itogon-Suyoc company which opened in 1926. South of these gold mines along

2625-663: Is of particular interest to geologists and palaeoclimatologists because major phases of the geology of the Himalaya occurred during that epoch, affecting monsoonal patterns in Asia, which were interlinked with glacial periods in the northern hemisphere. The Miocene faunal stages from youngest to oldest are typically named according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy : Regionally, other systems are used, based on characteristic land mammals; some of them overlap with

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2750-579: Is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell ; the name comes from the Greek words μείων ( meíōn , "less") and καινός ( kainós , "new") and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene followed

2875-742: Is the most dominant vegetation in the tropical subalpine forests of the reserve. Lower Agno is a habitat of the Philippine deer , Philippine long-tailed macaque , Philippine warty pig , Northern Luzon giant cloud rat , Philippine cobra , monitor lizard and Malayan civet . At least eleven raptors have been documented in the reserve, including the Philippine hawk-eagle , eastern osprey , brahminy kite , Philippine serpent eagle , white-bellied sea eagle , rufous-bellied eagle , black-shouldered kite , crested honey buzzard , barred honey buzzard and Philippine falconet . Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950)

3000-558: The Bued River basin of Tuba. Other prominent peaks in the reserve include the 1,328 metres (4,357 ft) Mount Pigingan, Mount Ave Maria (Bidawan) and Mount Marikit. Its lowest point is the San Roque Dam site at 100 metres (330 ft). The reserve is one of six protected areas located in the 623,318.69-hectare (1,540,254.0-acre) Agno River Basin, the third largest river system in Luzon and

3125-539: The Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). Abrupt increases in opal deposition indicate this cooling was driven by enhanced drawdown of carbon dioxide via silicate weathering. The MMCT caused a sea surface temperature (SST) drop of approximately 6 °C in the North Atlantic. The drop in benthic foraminiferal δ O values was most noticeable in the waters around Antarctica, suggesting cooling

3250-632: The New York City Bar Association , where a medal honoring service as a U.S. Attorney is still awarded in his honor. Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for Governor of New York in 1910 . He joined the Council on Foreign Relations at its inception and was described by The New York Times as "the group's quintessential member". Stimson is an English surname, a variant of Stevenson. In 1911, President William Howard Taft appointed Stimson as Secretary of War . Stimson continued

3375-512: The Oligocene and preceded the Pliocene. As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate slowly cooled towards a series of ice ages . The Miocene boundaries are not marked by distinct global events but by regionally defined transitions from the warmer Oligocene to the cooler Pliocene Epoch. During the Early Miocene, Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia, severing

3500-635: The Philippines for the same reason after he had been appointed Governor-General of the Philippines , an office that he held from 1927 to 1929. Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when U.S. President Herbert Hoover appointed him US Secretary of State . Both served until 1933. Stimson lived in the Woodley Mansion in Washington, D.C. , where he remained through 1946. Shortly after being appointed as

3625-487: The attack on Pearl Harbor , Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "[Roosevelt] brought up the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves." With respect to

3750-550: The carbon cycle occurred approximately 6 Ma, causing continental carbon reservoirs to no longer expand during cold spells, as they had done during cold periods in the Oligocene and most of the Miocene. At the end of the Miocene, global temperatures rose again as the amplitude of Earth's obliquity increased, which caused increased aridity in Central Asia. Around 5.5 Ma, the EAWM underwent a period of rapid intensification. Life during

3875-450: The "most terrible weapon ever known in human history" opened up "the opportunity to bring the world into a pattern in which the peace of the world and our civilization can be saved." He thought the very destructiveness of the new weaponry would shatter the ages-old belief that wars could be advantageous. It might now be possible to call a halt to the use of destruction as a ready solution to human conflicts. Indeed, society's new control over

Lower Agno Watershed Forest Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

4000-738: The Albian and Manaa creeks are the Santo Tomas (Padcal) copper mines of Philex Mining Corp. which began operations in 1958. The reservation is in the ancestral domain of the Kalanguya , Ibaloy and Iwaak minorities. Lower Agno is part of the Central Cordillera Terrestrial Biogeographic Region and contains mossy and tropical subalpine forests, second-growth tropical lower montane forests, grasslands and agricultural lands in lower elevations. The Pinus kesiya (Benguet pine)

4125-511: The British. Because of this view, when the Senate voted to confirm him, all of the most notorious isolationist Senators such as Henrik Shipstead and Ernest Lundeen of Minnesota, Gerald Nye of North Dakota, Robert Marion La Follette of Wisconsin, David I. Walsh of Massachusetts and Burton K. Wheeler of Montana voted against his confirmation on the grounds he was "too pro-British" whereas all of

4250-673: The Central Paratethys, cut off from sources of freshwater input by its separation from the Eastern Paratethys. From 13.36 to 12.65 Ma, the Central Paratethys was characterised by open marine conditions, before the reopening of the Bârlad Strait resulted in a shift to brackish-marine conditions in the Central Paratethys, causing the Badenian-Sarmatian Extinction Event. As a result of the Bârlad Strait's reopening,

4375-826: The Early to the Middle Miocene. Europe's large mammal diversity significantly declined during the Late Miocene. In the Early Miocene, several Oligocene groups were still diverse, including nimravids , entelodonts , and three-toed equids. As in the previous Oligocene Epoch, oreodonts were still diverse, only to disappear in the earliest Pliocene. During the later Miocene mammals were more modern, with easily recognizable canids , bears , red pandas , procyonids , equids , beavers , deer , camelids , and whales , along with now-extinct groups like borophagine canids , certain gomphotheres , three-toed horses , and hornless rhinos like Teleoceras and Aphelos . The late Miocene also marks

4500-677: The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) was highly dynamic during the Early Miocene. The Miocene began with the Early Miocene Cool Event (Mi-1) around 23 million years ago, which marked the start of the Early Miocene Cool Interval (EMCI). This cool event occurred immediately after the Oligocene-Miocene Transition (OMT) during a major expansion of Antarctica's ice sheets, but was not associated with

4625-526: The East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) became stronger synchronously with a southward shift of the subarctic front. Greenland may have begun to have large glaciers as early as 8 to 7 Ma, although the climate for the most part remained warm enough to support forests there well into the Pliocene. Zhejiang, China was noticeably more humid than today. In the Great Rift Valley of Kenya , there

4750-538: The Hiroshima atomic bombing became a media sensation, Stimson and others published their own article "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". It argued the atomic bombings saved the Japanese from themselves, that demonstrating it would have been impractical, and American casualties from a potential invasion would exceed 1 million, although military documents from July 1945 estimated under 200,000 casualties ( other estimates put

4875-457: The LMC; extratropical sea surface temperatures dropped substantially by approximately 7–9 °C. 41 kyr obliquity cycles became the dominant orbital climatic control 7.7 Ma and this dominance strengthened 6.4 Ma. Benthic δ O values show significant glaciation occurred from 6.26 to 5.50 Ma, during which glacial-interglacial cycles were governed by the 41 kyr obliquity cycle. A major reorganisation of

5000-514: The Late Cretaceous, are known from the Miocene of Patagonia, represented by the mole-like Necrolestes . The youngest known representatives of metatherians (the broader grouping to which marsupials belong) in Europe, Asia and Africa are known from the Miocene, including the European herpetotheriid Amphiperatherium , the peradectids Siamoperadectes and Sinoperadectes from Asia, and

5125-694: The Late Miocene, the Earth's climate began to display a high degree of similarity to that of the present day . The 173 kyr obliquity modulation cycle governed by Earth's interactions with Saturn became detectable in the Late Miocene. By 12 Ma, Oregon was a savanna akin to that of the western margins of the Sierra Nevada of northern California . Central Australia became progressively drier, although southwestern Australia experienced significant wettening from around 12 to 8 Ma. The South Asian Winter Monsoon (SAWM) underwent strengthening ~9.2–8.5 Ma. From 7.9 to 5.8 Ma,

Lower Agno Watershed Forest Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

5250-567: The Miocene Epoch was mostly supported by the two newly formed biomes , kelp forests and grasslands . Grasslands allow for more grazers, such as horses , rhinoceroses , and hippos . Ninety-five percent of modern plants existed by the end of this epoch . Modern bony fish genera were established. A modern-style latitudinal biodiversity gradient appeared ~15 Ma. The coevolution of gritty , fibrous, fire-tolerant grasses and long-legged gregarious ungulates with high-crowned teeth , led to

5375-449: The Miocene. The largest form among them was a gigantic caiman Purussaurus which inhabited South America. Another gigantic form was a false gharial Rhamphosuchus , which inhabited modern age India . A strange form, Mourasuchus also thrived alongside Purussaurus . This species developed a specialized filter-feeding mechanism, and it likely preyed upon small fauna despite its gigantic size. The youngest members of Sebecidae ,

5500-676: The Miocene–Pliocene boundary, the Strait of Gibraltar opened, and the Mediterranean refilled. That event is referred to as the " Zanclean flood ". Also during the early Miocene (specifically the Aquitanian and Burdigalian Stages), the apes first evolved, began diversifying, and became widespread throughout the Old World . Around the end of this epoch, the ancestors of humans had split away from

5625-534: The North American Great Plains and in Argentina . The global trend was towards increasing aridity caused primarily by global cooling reducing the ability of the atmosphere to absorb moisture, particularly after 7 to 8 million years ago. Uplift of East Africa in the late Miocene was partly responsible for the shrinking of tropical rain forests in that region, and Australia got drier as it entered

5750-648: The Oligocene–Miocene transgression. As the southern Andes rose in the Middle Miocene (14–12 million years ago) the resulting rain shadow originated the Patagonian Desert to the east. Far northern Australia was monsoonal during the Miocene. Although northern Australia is often believed to have been much wetter during the Miocene, this interpretation may be an artefact of preservation bias of riparian and lacustrine plants; this finding has itself been challenged by other papers. Western Australia, like today,

5875-607: The Philippines' fifth largest. It is a sub-catchment of the Agno River which drains into Lingayen Gulf from its headwaters at Mount Data further north. Its main tributary within the reservation is Twin River at its northern portion which has its source in the peaks around Baguio and which splits into several streams in the Gumatdang mining village, including the Ambalanga River, Liang Creek and Batuang Creek. The central and southern sections of

6000-547: The Qiongdongnan Basin in the northern South China Sea indicates the Pearl River was a major source of sediment flux into the sea during the Early Miocene and was a major fluvial system as in the present. During the Oligocene and Early Miocene, the coast of northern Brazil, Colombia, south-central Peru , central Chile and large swathes of inland Patagonia were subject to a marine transgression . The transgressions in

6125-553: The San Roque dam and reservoir. The 39,304-hectare (97,120-acre) reservation is located primarily in Itogon in the southern Cordillera Central , with small areas extending westward into Baguio and Tuba and southward into San Roque village, San Manuel and San Felipe East in San Nicolas . About 90 percent of the total land area of Itogon lies within the reservation. The protected area has

6250-448: The Senate, and they celebrated when he was confirmed. Stimson and Frank Knox , both "vigorous interventionists", were confirmed by the Senate at the same time. Both advocated American entry into World War II on the side of the United Kingdom , earning them the title of "war hawks" from isolationists. Knox was described as " even more of a Hawk than Stimson." Stimson was hired by FDR explicitly to replace Harry Hines Woodring , Knox

6375-417: The U.S. Seventh Army, had slapped an enlisted man who suffered from nervous exhaustion at a medical evacuation hospital in Sicily . The incident caused a storm of controversy, and members of Congress called for Patton to be relieved of command. General Dwight Eisenhower opposed any move to recall General Patton from the European Theater and said privately, "Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of

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6500-402: The United States. Although Japan ignored it, according to Stimson, the wheels of justice had now turned and the "peace-loving" nations, as Stimson called them, had the chance to punish Japan's misdeeds in a manner that would warn aggressor nations never again to invade their neighbors. To validate the new moral order, he believed that the atomic bomb had to be used against combatants and workers in

6625-422: The War Department, drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, which soon received backing from Truman. Stimson's plan eventually led to the Nuremberg Trials of 1945–1946, which have strongly influenced the development of international law . As Secretary of War, Stimson took direct and personal control of the entire atomic bomb project, with immediate supervision over Major General Leslie Groves ,

6750-423: The activity of the Columbia River Basalts and enhanced by decreased albedo from the reduction of deserts and expansion of forests. Climate modelling suggests additional, currently unknown, factors also worked to create the warm conditions of the MMCO. The MMCO saw the expansion of the tropical climatic zone to much larger than its current size. The July ITCZ, the zone of maximal monsoonal rainfall, moved to

6875-531: The ancestors of the chimpanzees and had begun following their own evolutionary path during the final Messinian Stage (7.5–5.3 Ma) of the Miocene. As in the Oligocene before it, grasslands continued to expand, and forests to dwindle. In the seas of the Miocene, kelp forests made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth's most productive ecosystems. The plants and animals of the Miocene were recognizably modern. Mammals and birds were well established. Whales , pinnipeds , and kelp spread. The Miocene

7000-439: The anger of Germans against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts." Stimson pressed similar arguments on Harry S. Truman , when he became president, in the spring of 1945. Stimson, a lawyer, insisted, against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals. He and

7125-472: The aridity of the former. Unequivocally-recognizable dabbling ducks , plovers , typical owls , cockatoos and crows appear during the Miocene. By the epoch's end, all or almost all modern bird groups are believed to have been present; the few post-Miocene bird fossils which cannot be placed in the evolutionary tree with full confidence are simply too badly preserved, rather than too equivocal in character. Marine birds reached their highest diversity ever in

7250-553: The article, later wrote, "We deserve some sort of medal." Stimson looked beyond the immediate end of the war. He was the only top government official to try to predict the meaning of the Atomic Age , and he envisioned a new era in human affairs. For half-a-century, he had worked to inject order, science, and moralism into matters of law, state, and diplomacy. The impact of the atomic bomb, he thought, would go far beyond military concerns to encompass diplomacy, world affairs, business, economics, and science. Above all, Stimson stated that

7375-439: The barrios of Acupan, Antamok, Chalecno, Gumatdang and Virac in 1941. The Agno River Development Program was conceived in 1946 as part of the Philippine Power Program under President Manuel Roxas . The program involved the construction of six hydropower facilities along the river, with the first two, the Ambuklao (Agno I) and Binga (Agno II) dams, having been completed in 1956 and 1960 respectively. The Ambuklao-Binga sub-basin

7500-422: The beginning of the Miocene, the northern margin of the Arabian plate, then part of the African landmass, collided with Eurasia; as a result, the Tethys seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish – Arabian region. The first step of this closure occurred 20 Ma, reducing water mass exchange by 90%, while the second step occurred around 13.8 Ma, coincident with

7625-495: The casualties as high as 4 million). Stimson also sidestepped questions such as the suffering of the victims and the radioactive qualities of the bombs, saying they had a "revolutionary character" or "unfamiliar nature". Because his article was the first official account of the reasonings behind the bombings, news outlets that were covering Hersey's Hiroshima began to cover Stimson's article instead. President Truman commended Stimson, and McGeorge Bundy , who had worked with Stimson on

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7750-438: The citizen Japanese. The latter is the fact but I am afraid it will make a tremendous hole in our constitutional system." Stimson authorized the release of Japanese Americans from camp in May 1944 but postponed permission for them to return to the West Coast until after the November elections to avoid controversy in Roosevelt's upcoming campaign. On November 21, 1943, the news broke that General George S. Patton , commander of

7875-425: The city until over 30 years after his marriage). The Manhattan Project was managed by Major General Groves (Corps of Engineers) with a staff of reservists and many thousands of civilian scientists and engineers. Groves nominally reported directly to General George Marshall , but Stimson was really in charge. Stimson secured the necessary money and approval from Roosevelt and from Congress, ensured that Manhattan had

8000-422: The connection between the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, and allowing the interchange of fauna between Eurasia and Africa, including the dispersal of proboscideans and hominoids into Eurasia. During the late Miocene, the connections between the Atlantic and Mediterranean closed, causing the Mediterranean Sea to almost completely evaporate. This event is referred to as the " Messinian salinity crisis ". Then, at

8125-460: The course of this epoch . The youngest representatives of Choristodera , an extinct order of aquatic reptiles that first appeared in the Middle Jurassic , are known from the Miocene of Europe, belonging to the genus Lazarussuchus , which had been the only known surviving genus of the group since the beginning of the Eocene. The last known representatives of the archaic primitive mammal order Meridiolestida , which dominated South America during

8250-416: The door between them was deliberately left open at all times) led efforts to prepare an unprepared America for war. Together, Stimson and Marshall had to build up the Army and Army Air Corps, organize housing and training for the soldiers, and oversee the design, testing, production, and distribution of the various machines, weapons, and materials required to support the country and its allies. Ten days before

8375-451: The end of the Miocene due to increased habitat uniformity. The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes. Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of vipers and elapids in North America and the significant diversification of Colubridae (including

8500-422: The end of the Miocene. The Paratethys underwent a significant transgression during the early Middle Miocene. Around 13.8 Ma, during a global sea level drop, the Eastern Paratethys was cut off from the global ocean by the closure of the Bârlad Strait, effectively turning it into a saltwater lake. From 13.8 to 13.36 Ma, an evaporite period similar to the later Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean ensued in

8625-429: The enigmatic Saint Bathans Mammal . Microbial life in the igneous crust of the Fennoscandian Shield shifted from being dominated by methanogens to being primarily composed of sulphate-reducing prokaryotes . The change resulted from fracture reactivation during the Pyrenean-Alpine orogeny, enabling sulphate-reducing microbes to permeate into the Fennoscandian Shield via descending surficial waters. Diatom diversity

8750-469: The ethics of codebreaking. In 1930 and 1931, Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference of 1930 . In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to World Disarmament Conference in Geneva . The same year, the United States issued the " Stimson Doctrine " in response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria . It stated that the U.S. refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or

8875-409: The eviction of West Coast Japanese Americans on February 17, and two days later, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 , which authorized the establishment of military zones that excluded certain persons. As the Western Defense Command began circulating civilian exclusion orders, a new debate formed regarding Japanese Americans in the Territory of Hawaii . Stimson joined other officials to push for

9000-461: The evolution of both groups into modern representatives. The early Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna is the only Cenozoic terrestrial fossil record of the landmass, showcasing a wide variety of not only bird species, including early representatives of clades such as moa , kiwi and adzebills , but also a diverse herpetofauna of sphenodontians , crocodiles and turtles as well as a rich terrestrial mammal fauna composed of various species of bats and

9125-561: The exclusion of all "enemy alien" Japanese from the islands. (Japanese immigrants were prohibited by law from naturalization and so were classified as enemy aliens, regardless of their residential status.) However, Japanese Hawaiians were the largest ethnic group in the territory and the foundation of the Island's labor force. Since mass removal was infeasible both economically and politically, Stimson's proposal quickly fell through. Although Stimson believed it to be "quite impossible" to determine

9250-499: The expansion of grasslands not to a CO 2 drop but to the increasing seasonality and aridity, coupled with a monsoon climate, which made wildfires highly prevalent compared to before. The Late Miocene expansion of grasslands had cascading effects on the global carbon cycle, evidenced by the imprint it left in carbon isotope records. Cycads between 11.5 and 5 million years ago began to rediversify after previous declines in variety due to climatic changes, and thus modern cycads are not

9375-711: The extinction of the last-surviving members of the hyaenodonts . Islands began to form between South and North America in the Late Miocene, allowing ground sloths like Thinobadistes to island-hop to North America. The expansion of silica-rich C 4 grasses led to worldwide extinctions of herbivorous species without high-crowned teeth . Mustelids diversified into their largest forms as terrestrial predators like Ekorus , Eomellivora , and Megalictis and bunodont otters like Enhydriodon and Sivaonyx appeared. Eulipotyphlans were widespread in Europe, being less diverse in Southern Europe than farther north due to

9500-453: The fate of mankind, and he posed the problem to the world in such clear and articulate fashion that there was a nearly-unanimous agreement mankind had to find a way so that atomic weapons would never be used again to kill people. Stimson officially announced his retirement on September 21, 1945. Afterwards, he wrote his memoirs with the aid of McGeorge Bundy . On Active Service in Peace and War

9625-604: The findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in La Cascada Formation . Connection would have occurred through narrow epicontinental seaways that formed channels in a dissected topography . The Antarctic Plate started to subduct beneath South America 14 million years ago in the Miocene, forming the Chile Triple Junction . At first the Antarctic Plate subducted only in

9750-639: The forest reserve and converted into mining areas after 146 mineral claims were approved by Governor Theodore Roosevelt Jr. More areas at the resource-rich forests of the Central Cordillera in Itogon and Tuba were opened up to mining in succeeding years by President Manuel L. Quezon , including 177.1203 hectares (437.674 acres) in the Itogon barrio of Talnag in 1938, 596.8853 hectares (1,474.936 acres) in Tuba and Itogon in 1939, and 17.5547 hectares (43.379 acres) in

9875-513: The guarantors of our victory." Stimson and McCloy agreed; Stimson told the Senate Patton would be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory." Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan to deindustrialize and to partition Germany into several smaller states. The plan also envisioned the deportation and

10000-521: The head of the Manhattan Project . Both Roosevelt and Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled military officers when they opposed his views. That is best seen after military planners had selected Kyoto as the most promising target in southern Japan for nuclear attack. Stimson, who had vacationed in Kyoto in 1926 and spent a night there in 1929 as well, overruled

10125-651: The head of the War Department , in July 1940. The choice of Stimson, a conservative Republican (and anti-New Dealer) and Frank Knox as secretary of the Navy was a calculated effort by the president to win bipartisan support for what was considered the almost-inevitable U.S. entrance into the war. In the seventeen months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson, working side-by-side with U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall (in offices adjacent to one another where

10250-405: The highest priorities, and controlled all plans for the use of the bomb. Stimson successfully tried to get " Little Boy " (the Hiroshima bomb) dropped within hours of its earliest possible availability. Japan was to be forced to surrender, and the bombing of Hiroshima August 6 was likely a finishing blow for Tokyo. Stimson ultimately concluded if the U.S. had guaranteed the Japanese preservation of

10375-709: The house. Roaming the Catskill Mountains, he grew to love the outdoors and would become an avid sportsman. He was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts , where he gained a lifelong interest in religion and a close relationship with the school. He later donated Woodley, his Washington, D.C. estate, to the school in his will (the property is now the Maret School ). He was an honorary lifetime member of Theodore Roosevelt 's Boone and Crockett Club , North America's first wildlife conservation organization. He

10500-460: The human lineage) appeared in Africa at the very end of the Miocene, including Sahelanthropus , Orrorin , and an early form of Ardipithecus ( A. kadabba ). The chimpanzee–human divergence is thought to have occurred at this time. The evolution of bipedalism in apes at the end of the Miocene instigated an increased rate of faunal turnover in Africa. In contrast, European apes met their end at

10625-512: The imperial constitutional monarchy, Japan might have surrendered and prevented the use of atomic bombs. Historians debate whether the impact of continued blockade, relentless bombing, and the Soviet Union 's invasion of Manchuria would have forced Japanese Emperor Hirohito to surrender some time in late 1945 or early 1946 without the use of atomic bombs but with massive Allied casualties. After American journalist John Hersey 's account of

10750-512: The incarceration program. The administration was split in the wake of Pearl Harbor, with Justice Department officials arguing against "evacuation" and the Army and the War Department leaders demanding the immediate relocation. Still opposed to the idea of wholesale eviction, Stimson spent much of January 1942 in fielding calls from military advisers and West Coast politicians on the potential threat of

10875-587: The lake levels of the Eastern Paratethys dropped as it once again became a sea. The Fram Strait opened during the Miocene and acted as the only throughflow for Atlantic Water into the Arctic Ocean until the Quaternary period. Due to regional uplift of the continental shelf, this water could not move through the Barents Seaway in the Miocene. The modern day Mekong Delta took shape after 8 Ma. Geochemistry of

11000-423: The loyalty of Japanese Americans and eventually came to support the army's incarceration program, he remained unconvinced on the legality of the policy: "The second generation Japanese can only be evacuated either as part of a total evacuation, giving access to the areas only by permits, or by frankly trying to put them out on the ground that their racial characteristics are such that we cannot understand or trust even

11125-423: The most "Anglophile" Senators such as John H. Bankhead II and J. Lister Hill of Alabama, Kenneth McKellar and Tom Stewart of Tennessee, Harry Schwartz and Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming all spoke in favor of Stimson and his foreign policy views (and voted to confirm him as Secretary of War). The British government watched his confirmation vote closely, hoping he would have enough votes to get confirmed by

11250-523: The most elemental forces of nature finally "caps the climax of the race between man's growing technical power for destructiveness and his psychological power of self-control and group control—his moral power." To this end, Stimson advocated collaboration with the Soviet Union and genuine international control of atomic technology and weaponry, including possibly turning them over to the United Nations. He

11375-644: The multi-purpose dam project of the National Power Corporation approved by President Ferdinand Marcos on May 5, 1981. The San Roque Dam eventually began construction in 1998 and was completed on May 1, 2003. The Lower Agno reserve protects a 34.59-kilometre (21.49 mi)-long valley along the Agno River from just downstream of Binga Dam in the mountain village of Tinongdan to the foothills and alluvial plains of San Roque in San Manuel immediately below

11500-468: The nation's industrial output to the battlefields. In addition to George Marshall, Stimson worked closely with his top aides Robert P. Patterson , who succeeded Stimson as secretary; Robert Lovett , who handled the Air Force; Harvey Bundy ; and John J. McCloy , Assistant Secretary of War. Stimson was 73 when he took the reins as War Secretary, and many critics questioned if a man of his age could tackle

11625-586: The new Secretary of State, Stimson shut down the Cipher Bureau (U.S. cryptanalytic service, later known as the "Black Chamber") in 1929. According to the NSA 's Center for Cryptologic History, Stimson likely dissolved the bureau for budgetary reasons. But he also considered intercepting diplomatic communications unethical, reputedly saying: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." By the advent of World War II in 1940 it appears Stimson had changed his mind, at least as to

11750-543: The north, increasing precipitation over southern China whilst simultaneously decreasing it over Indochina during the EASM. Western Australia was at this time characterised by exceptional aridity. In Antarctica, average summer temperatures on land reached 10 °C. In the oceans, the lysocline shoaled by approximately half of a kilometre during warm phases that corresponded to orbital eccentricity maxima. The MMCO ended around 14 million years ago, when global temperatures fell in

11875-523: The origin of many modern genera such as Nerodia , Lampropeltis , Pituophis and Pantherophis ). Arthropods were abundant, including in areas such as Tibet where they have traditionally been thought to be undiverse. Neoisopterans diversified and expanded into areas they previously were absent from, such as Madagascar and Australia. In the oceans, brown algae , called kelp , proliferated, supporting new species of sea life, including otters , fish and various invertebrates . Corals suffered

12000-432: The plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that 10 European countries, including Russia, depended upon German trade and its production of raw materials. He also stated that it was inconceivable that the "gift of nature," which was populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness," should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap." What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn

12125-411: The planners and successfully fought to remove Kyoto from the target list against significant opposition from the military. The true reasons for Stimson's opposition to destroying Kyoto are not clear and may have been both personal and strategic. The common misconception that Stimson had a personal affinity for Kyoto after honeymooning there is not supported by the historical record (indeed, he did not visit

12250-463: The possible herpetotheriid Morotodon from the late Early Miocene of Uganda. Approximately 100 species of apes lived during this time , ranging throughout Africa, Asia and Europe and varying widely in size, diet, and anatomy. Due to scanty fossil evidence it is unclear which ape or apes contributed to the modern hominid clade, but molecular evidence indicates this ape lived between 18 and 13 million years ago. The first hominins ( bipedal apes of

12375-828: The preceding Oligocene and following Pliocene Epochs: Continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, although South America was approaching the western subduction zone in the Pacific Ocean , causing both the rise of the Andes and a southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. Mountain building took place in western North America , Europe , and East Asia . Both continental and marine Miocene deposits are common worldwide with marine outcrops common near modern shorelines. Well studied continental exposures occur in

12500-685: The rank of colonel in August 1918. He continued his military service in the Organized Reserve Corps and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1922. In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge to Nicaragua to negotiate an end to the Nicaraguan Civil War . Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less fitted for popular self-government." He opposed independence for

12625-696: The reorganization of the United States Army that had begun under his mentor, Elihu Root . After the outbreak of World War I , Stimson became part of the Preparedness Movement . He served as an artillery officer in France after the United States entered the war . From 1927 to 1929, he served as Governor-General of the Philippines under President Calvin Coolidge . In 1929, President Hoover appointed Stimson as Secretary of State. Stimson sought to avoid

12750-472: The reorganization of the army that had begun by Elihu Root , which improved its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. In 1913, Stimson left office following the accession of President Woodrow Wilson . Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France although also supported U.S. neutrality. He called for preparation of a large, powerful army and

12875-773: The reserve are fed by other branches of the Agno River, namely the Laboy and Ambayoan rivers as well as several streams in the Padcal mining area of Ampucao and Dalupirip villages including Balog River, Albian Creek, Manaa and Salangan Creek. The geology of Lower Agno WFR is characterized as predominantly mountain type dominated by undifferentiated and igneous intrusive rocks from the Miocene and Pliocene periods with minor outcrops of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It has pockets of silt, sandy and clay loam near its reservoir in Pangasinan. Lower Agno

13000-695: The southernmost tip of Patagonia, meaning that the Chile Triple Junction lay near the Strait of Magellan . As the southern part of Nazca Plate and the Chile Rise became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate begun to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction advanced to the north over time. The asthenospheric window associated to the triple junction disturbed previous patterns of mantle convection beneath Patagonia inducing an uplift of ca. 1 km that reversed

13125-482: The summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for war crimes . Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to the plan, but Stimson's opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked made Roosevelt backtrack. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and despite the plan's influence on the early occupation, it never became official policy. Explaining his opposition to

13250-441: The surgeon Lewis Atterbury Stimson and Candace C. Stimson (née Wheeler, daughter of Candace Thurber Wheeler) Stimson became a Wall Street lawyer after graduating from Harvard Law School . He served as a United States Attorney under President Theodore Roosevelt and prosecuted several antitrust cases. After he was defeated in the 1910 New York gubernatorial election , Stimson served as Secretary of War under Taft. He continued

13375-590: The war in Europe, Stimson was "pro-British" even before Pearl Harbor. Stimson's view was the British Royal Navy , fighting Nazi Germany in the Atlantic, was protecting America, and was the reason the U.S. did not (for the time being) "have to do the fighting ourselves." Stimson said America should "rely on the shield of the British Navy," and that on that basis the U.S. should do everything possible to arm and supply

13500-571: The war, Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan , which would have deindustrialized and partitioned Germany into several smaller states. He also insisted on judicial proceedings against Nazi war criminals , which led to the Nuremberg trials . Stimson retired from office in September 1945 and died in 1950. Stimson was born in 1867 in Manhattan , New York City , the son of Lewis Atterbury Stimson ,

13625-480: The war, Stimson, working very closely with Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall , took charge of raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the nation's GDP on the Army and the Air Forces , helped formulate military strategy, and oversaw the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs. He supported the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . During and after

13750-408: The war. Hiroshima and Nagasaki had both contained combatant bases and major centers of war industry that employed tens of thousands of civilians. The question for Stimson was not one of whether the weapon should be used. Involved were the simple issue of ending a horrible war and the more subtle and more important question of the possibility of genuine peace among nations. Stimson's decision involved

13875-590: The west coast of South America are thought to be caused by a regional phenomenon while the steadily rising central segment of the Andes represents an exception. While there are numerous registers of Oligocene–Miocene transgressions around the world it is doubtful that these correlate. It is thought that the Oligocene–Miocene transgression in Patagonia could have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as inferred from

14000-423: Was Allodesmus . A ferocious walrus , Pelagiarctos may have preyed upon other species of pinnipeds including Allodesmus . Furthermore, South American waters witnessed the arrival of Megapiranha paranensis , which were considerably larger than modern age piranhas . New Zealand 's Miocene fossil record is particularly rich. Marine deposits showcase a variety of cetaceans and penguins , illustrating

14125-444: Was a Phillips trustee from 1905 to 1947 and served as president of the board from 1935 to 1945. He then attended Yale College , where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . He joined Skull and Bones , a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life. He graduated in 1888 and attended Harvard Law School , where he graduated in 1890. He joined the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Root and Clark in 1891 and became

14250-610: Was a gradual and progressive trend of increasing aridification, though it was not unidirectional, and wet humid episodes continued to occur. Between 7 and 5.3 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply again in the Late Miocene Cooling (LMC), most likely as a result of a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide and a drop in the amplitude of Earth's obliquity, and the Antarctic ice sheet was approaching its present-day size and thickness. Ocean temperatures plummeted to near-modern values during

14375-513: Was active in the privately funded Plattsburg Training Camp Movement to train potential officers. After the U.S. declared war in 1917, Stimson was one of the 18 selected by former President Theodore Roosevelt to raise a volunteer infantry division for service in France in 1917. President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit disbanded. Stimson served in the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer and reached

14500-589: Was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in U.S. foreign policy by serving in both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911–1913) under President William Howard Taft , Secretary of State (1929–1933) under President Herbert Hoover , and again Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman , overseeing American military efforts during World War II . The son of

14625-458: Was arid, particularly so during the Middle Miocene. Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued. Although a long-term cooling trend was well underway, there is evidence of a warm period during the Miocene when the global climate rivalled that of the Oligocene . The climate of the Miocene has been suggested as

14750-594: Was brought about by aggression. On October 5, 1931, the League received a strongly-worded letter from Stimson urging it to pressure Japan against aggression in China, and informing the League that the U.S. would support the League's actions. Returning to private life at the end of the Hoover administration , Stimson was an outspoken opponent of Japanese aggression. After World War II broke out, Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at

14875-510: Was hired explicitly to replace Charles Edison on the grounds that Edison and Woodring were isolationists who did not agree with the philosophy of helping Great Britain in their war against the Nazis. Stimson referred to the views of isolationists as "hopelessly twisted." The power of isolationists explains why Stimson did not record "shock, horror or anger" after Roosevelt informed him of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Instead, he wrote, "my first feeling

15000-671: Was inversely correlated with carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures during the Miocene. Most modern lineages of diatoms appeared by the Late Miocene. There is evidence from oxygen isotopes at Deep Sea Drilling Program sites that ice began to build up in Antarctica about 36 Ma during the Eocene . Further marked decreases in temperature during the Middle Miocene at 15 Ma probably reflect increased ice growth in Antarctica. It can therefore be assumed that East Antarctica had some glaciers during

15125-627: Was most intense there. Around this time the Mi3b glacial event (a massive expansion of Antarctic glaciers) occurred. The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) markedly stabilised following the MMCT. The intensification of glaciation caused a decoherence of sediment deposition from the 405 kyr eccentricity cycle. The MMWI ended about 11 Ma, when the Late Miocene Cool Interval (LMCI) started. A major but transient warming occurred around 10.8-10.7 Ma. During

15250-461: Was of relief that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite our people (…) For I feel this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and visions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging." During the war, Stimson oversaw a great expansion of the military, including drafting and training of 13 million soldiers and airmen as well as purchasing and transporting 30 percent of

15375-510: Was opposed in this by other members of the Truman administration like James Byrnes . Stimson's vision of such a new world order, shared in part by many atomic scientists as well as Albert Einstein , would have meant yielding some sovereignty to something akin to a world government . In 1931, when Japan had invaded Manchuria, Stimson, as Secretary of State, proclaimed the Stimson Doctrine : no fruits of illegal aggression would ever be recognized by

15500-520: Was published by Harper in 1948 to critical acclaim. It is often cited by historians, as are the 170,000 typed pages of candid diaries that Stimson dictated at the end of every day. The diary is now in the Yale University Library; parts have been published in microfilm. Two months after leaving office, in November 1945, Stimson suffered a heart attack from which he recovered, although he suffered

15625-574: Was then declared a separate forest reserve in 1966. The Lower Agno reservation was established on November 22, 1983 as part of the creation of the third dam, the San Roque Dam (Agno V). An initial 39,304 hectares (97,120 acres) of the Cordillera Central Forest Reserve was set aside for water resource protection and conservation by the Ministry of Natural Resources–Bureau of Forest Development, with 9,550 hectares (23,600 acres) reserved for

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