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29-669: From 1947 to 1985, the company was a nonprofit institution owned and operated by the Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research (now a separate entity, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute ). Lovelace was subsequently reorganized as a for-profit hospital network and has been under the ownership of Ardent Health Services since 2002. The clinic was established in 1922 by William Randolph Lovelace (1883–1968) and his brother-in-law Edgar T. Lassetter (1875–1948), both of whom had originally moved to New Mexico to recover from tuberculosis . In 1946, William Randolph Lovelace II ,

58-441: A 2015 Swiss NGO of pharmaceutical companies and others, defined a contract research organization (CRO), specifically pertaining to clinical trials services as: "A person or an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor's trial-related duties and functions." It further details the sponsor's responsibilities in its good clinical practice guidelines: Guidance from

87-519: A contract to NASA 32 candidate pilots underwent a seven-day series of psychological and physiological tests at Lovelace clinic from which the seven Project Mercury astronauts were selected. In 1964, the Lovelace Foundation entered a long-term program with the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission to study the effects of inhaling radioactive particles; It set up

116-514: A for-profit company, Lovelace Inc., which was jointly owned by the Hospital Corporation of America and the Lovelace Foundation. In 1990, HCA's 80% share of the company was acquired by Cigna , which then bought the remaining 20% in 1991. At the time of the sale, Lovelace operated a 235-bed hospital, 16 clinics, and the 120,000-member HMO. Afterwards, the company was no longer affiliated with the Lovelace Foundation, which remains in operation as

145-593: A nephew of both Lovelace and Lassetter, joined the practice. He had previously worked at the Mayo Clinic and had connections in the aviation industry, which helped turn the Lovelace Clinic into a leader in aerospace medicine . Lovelace II quickly took on a leadership role at the clinic and was instrumental in its 1947 reorganization as a nonprofit under the control of the Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Another notable physician, Clayton Sam White ,

174-487: A particular CRO in a particular context (e.g. therapeutic area) might be tempted or encouraged to expand their engagement with that CRO into other, unrelated areas; however, caution is required as CROs are always seeking to expand their experience and success in one area cannot reliably predict success in unrelated areas that might be new to the organization. The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ,

203-648: A private practice which became the Lovelace Clinic , the Southwest's first center of specialty medicine, specifically treating tuberculosis. In 1908, his extended family, including his brother Edgar and Edgar's infant son, William Randolph Lovelace II (Randy), moved to New Mexico. In 1934, this nephew received his M.D. from Harvard University , was appointed Chief of Surgery at Mayo Clinic and in 1946 after his two sons succumbed to polio , he and his wife moved back to Albuquerque. He joined his uncle´s medical clinic on

232-513: Is a private contract research organization that is part of Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC). It was founded after WWII in Albuquerque, New Mexico by two physicians, William Randolph Lovelace I and his nephew, surgeon William Randolph Lovelace II . LRRI originally performed not-for-profit biomedical research into the prevention, treatment and cure of respiratory disease . The organization expanded with military grants into

261-668: The European Research Group on Environment and Health in the Transport Sector (EUGT) paid for the research, and was jointly funded by Volkswagen , Daimler and BMW . The LRRI declined an interview, but confirmed conducting animal testing in a statement that said scientists unknowingly tested exhaust of an emissions cheating vehicle built by Volkswagen and that it was "nearly duped into ‘compromised’ Volkswagen diesel research". The study has not been published yet. The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute traces its roots to

290-595: The Fission Product Inhalation Laboratory inside Kirtland Air Force Base . In the 1970s, the facility was renamed the "Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute" (ITRI) as it studied inhalation of non-radioactive materials. In 1996 it eventually became the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute" (LRRI). Currently, LRRI is the nation's largest independent, not-for-profit organization conducting basic and applied research on

319-511: The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute . In 2002, the company was purchased by Ardent Health Services , which effected a merger between Lovelace and St. Joseph Hospital. This changed Lovelace's structure from its previous self-contained group practice model to a conventional hospital system, and increased the number of hospitals under its control from one to five. The former St. Joseph Regional Medical Center became

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348-674: The Mercury 13 —were named as prospective astronauts, though they never traveled to space. In 1972, the Lovelace Clinic partnered with the neighboring Bataan Memorial Hospital to launch one of the first two health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in New Mexico, and in 1973 the clinic and hospital merged as the Lovelace Center for the Health Sciences. In 1985, seeking funding to remodel and expand its aging hospital complex, Lovelace reorganized as

377-628: The US FDA published in 2013 also speaks to the responsibility of the sponsor to oversee work of the CRO, including the circumstance where risk-based monitoring has been delegated to the CRO. 2021 saw a major update to US FDA regulations related to providing the agency with information about CROs and how they "comply with FDA regulations". As of 2013 , there were over 1,100 CROs in the world, despite continued trends toward consolidation. Many CROs have been acquired while others have gone out of business. The industry

406-494: The research and development of CBRNe , setting up a lab inside Kirtland Air Force Base , preclinical contract research for drug development , clinical trials and in 1998, the study of mental illness by providing neuroimaging and big data analysis with machine learning . The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) found LRRI violated the Animal Welfare Act on multiple occasions since 2008. In 2018, its name appeared in

435-624: The European dieselgate scandal, as it had tested the health effect of diesel exhaust exposure on monkeys for three German car manufacturers using emissions cheating technology. In August 2022, it was announced that the Lovelace Research Institute had joined Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC). Lovelace Biomedical currently has two main locations, both located in Albuquerque, New Mexico . It employs over 500 staff in New Mexico. Most of Lovelace's funding comes from

464-599: The Mayo Clinic, Lahey Clinic , Cleveland Clinic , Ochsner Clinic , and Henry Ford Hospital . The medical staff grew from 22 physicians in 1947 to 75 in 1965 and 151 in 1986. In 1959, the clinic conducted physical evaluations of 32 astronaut candidates which helped to select the Mercury Seven , the first Americans to travel into space. At Lovelace II's suggestion, the clinic also administered testing for an unofficial "women in space" program, during which 13 women—later nicknamed

493-513: The United States government agencies and private companies, multiple properties were purchased in the Southeast corner of Albuquerque, one of which is currently the site of LRRI's North Campus. The Lockheed U-2 pilots were sent to the Lovelace Clinic for a week-long physical examination. "Many of the tests which we pioneered were later made a part of the astronaut's physicals." In 1959, under

522-441: The United States government and private grants. As of 2008 it was spending more than $ 60 million to fight against respiratory diseases such as asthma , emphysema , lung cancer , bronchitis and allergies . As of 2018 Lovelace consists of numerous companies per its website: Between March 2008 and April 2009 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) found LRRI violated the Animal Welfare Act on nine occasions, including

551-630: The arrival of William Randolph Lovelace I to Sunnyside- Fort Sumner New Mexico in 1906 as a company physician for the Santa Fe Railroad and a construction project with the Lantry Sharp Construction Company. He sought the Southwest because he was advised to live in a dry, sunny climate to cure his tuberculosis . Lovelace aspired to develop a multispecialty clinical center. In 1912, Albuquerque had become New Mexico ´s largest city and in 1913, Lovelace moved to Albuquerque to establish

580-407: The causes and treatments of respiratory illness and disease. The mission of LRRI is to serve humanity through research on the prevention, treatment, and cure of respiratory disease. Contract research organization In the life sciences , a contract research organization ( CRO ) is a company that provides support to the pharmaceutical , biotechnology , and medical device industries in

609-405: The condition, that the clinic expand to the three-part mission of not only health care, but also research, and education. The nonprofit Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research was founded with Lovelace´s friend Clayton Sam White as director and after 1965, its president until 1974. Don Kilgore was director of clinical medicine at the foundation from 1965 onward. Through grants from

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638-461: The death of a monkey, and escape of another monkey. In 2011, LRRI was fined close to $ 22,000, and in 2015, federal inspectors reported that it investigated because an untrained technician’s actions resulted in the death of a research dog. From August 2012 to March 2014, the DOA found that five monkeys and four rabbits died at LRRI, violating the federal Animal Welfare Act six times. In 2012, Lovelace reduced

667-629: The flagship hospital of the system and the original Lovelace hospital closed in 2007. Since 2002, the flagship Lovelace hospital has been the Lovelace Medical Center in the Martineztown-Santa Barbara neighborhood of central Albuquerque. The hospital opened in 1902 as St. Joseph Hospital and was expanded with a new building in 1930 which is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The current hospital building

696-487: The form of research services outsourced on a contract basis. A CRO may provide such services as biopharmaceutical development, biological assay development, commercialization, clinical development , clinical trials management, pharmacovigilance , outcomes research , and real world evidence . CROs are designed to reduce costs for companies developing new medicines and drugs in niche markets . They aim to simplify entry into drug markets , and simplify development, as

725-458: The need for large pharmaceutical companies to do everything ‘in house’ is now redundant. CROs also support foundations, research institutions, and universities, in addition to governmental organizations (such as the NIH , EMA , etc.). Many CROs specifically provide clinical-study and clinical-trial support for drugs and/or medical devices. However, the sponsor of the trial retains responsibility for

754-569: The number of monkeys from 951 to 646, the number of dogs from 293 to 183 within a short period per USDA animal inventory reports. As of 2014, Lovelace still used 431 primates and outnumbered all US institutions performing primate experiments like Battelle Memorial Institute (270) or USAMRIID (249). In January 2018, the NYT reported that in 2014, the LRRI studied the health effect of up to four hours of diesel exhaust exposure on 10 monkeys. An organization called

783-430: The quality of the CRO's work. CROs range from large, international full-service organizations to small, niche specialty groups. CROs that specialize in clinical-trials services can offer their clients the expertise of moving a new drug or device from its conception to FDA / EMA marketing approval, without the drug sponsor having to maintain a staff for these services. Organizations who have had success in working with

812-541: Was completed in 1968 and has 263 licensed beds. The original Lovelace Medical Center opened in 1952 as Bataan Memorial Methodist Hospital and was remodeled and expanded in 1987. At the time of its closure in 2007, the hospital had 203 licensed beds. In 2021, the city of Albuquerque purchased the former hospital with the intention of turning it into a "Gateway Center" providing shelter and medical services for people experiencing homelessness. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute

841-545: Was hired as the foundation's first director of research. In 1950, the clinic moved from its original location on the third floor of the First National Bank Building to a new purpose-built facility at Gibson and Ridgecrest in the Southeast Heights designed by office of John Gaw Meem . By the 1950s, the Lovelace Clinic was considered one of the "Big Six" group practice clinics in the United States along with

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