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53-608: There was early human settlement in the Loures area dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period, as evidenced by findings at the Cave of Pego do Diabo and the Cave of Salemas . Several Neolithic burial chambers have been identified, such as the Anta de Carcavelos and the Anta do Alto da Toupeira . Loures was a Roman settlement during the 1st millennium, based in a cemetery that eventually became

106-506: A coat-of-arms of Portugal in the late 15th century style, when the monument may have been restored. The purpose of this monument is not exactly known, but it may have been erected to mark the arrival of the body of King Dinis in Odivelas, to be buried in the Convent. In the early 18th century, King John V , ordered the construction of an aqueduct to transport water from the parish of Caneças to

159-502: A fertile center during this century, as more and more farmers and nobility migrated into this region (along with Póvoa de Santo Adrião and Caneças ). Some property-owners, such as the painter Vieira Lusitano , were part of an influx of cultural residents into Odivelas. In Póvoa de Santo Adrião, the painter Pedro Alexandrino, would later contribute to the works in the Sé Cathedral in Lisbon,

212-483: A specific purpose. The early modern humans who expanded into Europe, commonly referred to as the Cro-Magnons , left many sophisticated stone tools, carved and engraved pieces on bone, ivory and antler , cave paintings and Venus figurines . The Neanderthals continued to use Mousterian stone tool technology and possibly Châtelperronian technology. These tools disappeared from the archeological record at around

265-521: A town in 1986, Odivelas was elevated to the status of city in 1990, Pontinha to town in 1991 along with Olival Basto in 1997. In this same year, in order to defend local plan for development, a group of citizens established the Movimento Odivelas a Concelho ( Odivelan Movement for Municipal Status ). On 19 November 1998, with a unanimous vote of members of the National Assembly, the creation of

318-515: A way to convey seasonal behavioural information about hunted animals. Lines (|) and dots (•) were apparently used interchangeably to denote lunar months, while the (Y) sign apparently signified "To give birth". These characters were seemingly combined to convey the breeding period of hunted animals. The climate of the period in Europe saw dramatic changes, and included the Last Glacial Maximum ,

371-504: Is twinned with: Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic ) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age . Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene ), according to some theories coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity in early modern humans , until the advent of

424-511: Is also found from a 125,000 years old artefacts in Buya , Eritrea and in other places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity . The peopling of Australia most likely took place before c. 60 ka . Europe

477-570: Is based on a cave lion skeleton found in Seigsdorf, Germany which has hunting lesions. 14,000 BP Fertile Crescent : Europe : Africa : Siberia : The Upper Paleolithic in the Franco-Cantabrian region : Odivelas Municipality Odivelas ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɔðiˈvɛlɐʃ] ) is a city and a municipality in Lisbon metropolitan area , Portugal, in

530-574: Is in the metropolitan area of Lisbon , bordering the municipalities of Loures , Sintra , Amadora and Lisbon . The region is situated in an extensive plain that extends from Pontinha to Póvoa de Santo Adrião, running through Odivelas and Olival Basto. The rest of the territory is formed by semi-rugged hilltops and valleys, dotted with pine forests and some small agricultural lands (some grazing sheep). Caneças maintains an agricultural character, through cultivation in greenhouses and fields, especially of flowers and ornamental plants. Administratively,

583-518: Is launching a project to improve affordable housing, provide low-income assistance programmes, and adapt infrastructure to adapt to climate change. The European Investment Bank will lend €100 million to fund projects from the Loures strategic multi-year investment plan for 2022-2026, to support the development and renewal of social housing , the building of educational institutions, and waste management. This project will build 793 new social housing units and rehabilitate 1 171 existing apartments. The goal

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636-663: Is the site of Portugal's largest airport . In this eastern area, the ten local parishes claim to be independent from Loures, and form its own municipality set in the town of Sacavém. This struggle dates from the beginnings of the Portuguese Republic, and has a very strong support among the local population. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes ( freguesias ): From these, both Loures and Sacavém are cities, and Bobadela , Bucelas , Camarate , Moscavide , Santa Iria de Azóia , Santo António dos Cavaleiros and São João da Talha are towns. Loures

689-446: Is to enhance the living circumstances of the city's most disadvantaged residents while also creating a more inclusive atmosphere for all residents. Approximately 850 families are living in extremely difficult circumstances. The city intends to address these issues while also making the city more appealing to newcomers from Lisbon. Loures council established a Municipal Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in 2021. Loures borders

742-800: The Balkans , parts of the Iberian Peninsula and areas around the Black Sea . This period saw cultures such as the Solutrean in France and Spain. Human life may have continued on top of the ice sheet, but we know next to nothing about it, and very little about the human life that preceded the European glaciers. In the early part of the period, up to about 30 kya, the Mousterian Pluvial made northern Africa, including

795-523: The Lisbon District and the historical and cultural Estremadura Province . The municipality is located 10 km northwest of Lisbon . The present mayor is Hugo Martins, elected by the Socialist Party . The population in 2021 was 148 034, in an area of 26.54 km (10.25 sq mi). Situated in the old district of Lisbon (historical Estremadura province ), the municipality of Odivelas

848-638: The Neolithic Revolution and agriculture . Anatomically modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens ) are believed to have emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. It has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of archaic humans of the Middle Paleolithic , until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of artefacts found associated with modern human remains. This period coincides with

901-685: The Queluz National Palace and the Coach Museum in Belém . The theft from the main church of Odivelas (on 11 May 1671) was the origin to the monument dedicated to the Senhor Roubado (English: Stolen Lord ), and which would give rise to the first political cartoon, that would criticize the activities of the Inquisition. This was a period when missionaries returning from Asia and Africa would visit

954-450: The Quinta da Pentieira was constructed in the parish of Pontinha, as a cemetery for victims of cholera . Until the 19th century, Lisbon was a city infected by epidemics with poor quality sources of water. Many of the richer citizens paid men (many from Caneças) to deliver to their homes potable water. Water from Caneças was of a good quality, and its fountains provided a quantity of water that

1007-815: The Sahara , well-watered and with lower temperatures than today; after the end of the Pluvial the Sahara became arid. The Last Glacial Maximum was followed by the Allerød oscillation , a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred around 13.5 to 13.8 kya. Then there was a very rapid onset, perhaps within as little as a decade, of the cold and dry Younger Dryas climate period, giving sub-arctic conditions to much of northern Europe. The Preboreal rise in temperatures also began sharply around 10.3 kya, and by its end around 9.0 kya had brought temperatures nearly to present day levels, although

1060-656: The apse has survived, as well as the tomb of King Dinis and his daughter, Princess Maria Afonso . The Convent also has interesting architecture in Manueline and Baroque styles. The Convent, which is open for tourists, has become the Instituto de Odivelas , a school for girls sponsored by the Ministry of Defense of Portugal. Another interesting sight is the Odivelas Memorial , a curious, early 14th century monument. It carries

1113-439: The fish hook , the oil lamp , rope , and the eyed needle . Fishing of pelagic fish species and navigating the open ocean is evidenced by sites from Timor and Buka ( Solomon Islands ). The changes in human behavior have been attributed to changes in climate, encompassing a number of global temperature drops. These led to a worsening of the already bitter cold of the last glacial period (popularly but incorrectly called

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1166-576: The Águas Livres Aqueduct , that began in the Fonte das Águas Livres near Carenque and ended in reservoir in Amoreira (completed in 1834). The Amoreira reservoir ( Portuguese : Mãe d'Água ), albeit a beautiful space, has a capacity for 5,500,000 litres (1,500,000 US gal) which were transported through tunnels to the numerous fountains in Lisbon. The aqueduct was never totally efficient, and its waters were impure and in low quantities. Much later, in 1833,

1219-694: The Americas by about 15 ka. In Western Eurasia, the Paleolithic eases into the so-called Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic from the end of the LGM, beginning 15 ka. The Holocene glacial retreat begins 11.7 ka ( 10th millennium BC ), falling well into the Old World Epipaleolithic, and marking the beginning of the earliest forms of farming in the Fertile Crescent . Both Homo erectus and Neanderthals used

1272-659: The Carnation Revolution, 85 clandestine barrios developed. Simultaneously, the explosion of civil construction projects (due to a lack of affordable homes in Lisbon) occurred in all the parishes of the municipality (except in Famões), which translated into an increase in the resident population. The political organs developed to support these changes, resulting in the creation of the civil parishes of Pontinha in 1984 and Olival Basto, Ramada and Famões in 1989. Póvoa de Santo Adrião became

1325-522: The Christian cemetery that existed there. In addition to the main settlement, the village of Montemor, situated at a height of 350 metres, was sought by residents from Lisbon during the Plague. The Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Saúde was built during this era: in 1598, the Plague devastated the capital, and for five years on it spread across the country (resulting in the death of approximately 80,000 victims). Fleeing

1378-702: The Convent of Rilhafoles, in Paiã ( Pontinha ). Another controversy arose in 1723, when the sisters in the monastery were aghast at the assumption that a Brazilian nun could be Jewish , and had infiltrated their order (assuming to save herself from persecution by the Inquisition). They went so far as to present the case to the Cardinal-Inquisitor, and upon that failure, to the King (who refused to arbitrate). The nuns were eventually summarily carted-off by soldiers and returned to

1431-695: The Municipality of Odivelas was approved, with its seat in the city of Odivelas. On 20 January 1999, the Comissão Instaladora do Município de Odivelas was empowered by the Minister of Equipment, Planning and Administration of the Territory João Cravinho with its new transitional administrative duties. Three years later, the commission ceased to function, and after municipal elections in December 2001,

1484-541: The altar of the Church of Loures until the threat had passed, when it was finally returned to its hermitage in Montemor. Loures was elevated to the status of "town" on 26 October 1926, under decree 12/543, and later city on 9 August 1990, under decree 35/90. In 1997 Odivelas and six other parishes ( Caneças , Famões , Olival Basto, Póvoa de Santo Adrião and Ramada ) were separated to form Odivelas Municipality . In 2023, Loures

1537-545: The central part of the community. The dolmen in Pedras Grandes and Batalhas (in the parish of Caneças ), the castro of Amoreira (in the parish of Ramada ), vestiges of Roman settlements in Póvoa de Santo Adrião, Arab implements in the sub-soils of Paiã (in the parish of Pontinha ), indicate that the territory of Odivelas have been occupied continuously over the centuries, owing to its fertile land and temperate climate. In

1590-729: The climate was wetter. This period saw the Upper Paleolithic give way to the start of the following Mesolithic cultural period. As the glaciers receded sea levels rose; the English Channel , Irish Sea and North Sea were land at this time, and the Black Sea a fresh-water lake. In particular the Atlantic coastline was initially far out to sea in modern terms in most areas, though the Mediterranean coastline has retreated far less, except in

1643-452: The coldest phase of the last glacial period , which lasted from about 26.5 to 19 kya, being coldest at the end, before relatively rapid warming (all dates vary somewhat for different areas, and in different studies). During the Maximum, most of Northern Europe was covered by an ice-sheet , forcing human populations into the areas known as Last Glacial Maximum refugia , including modern Italy and

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1696-468: The construction of roadways, resulted in the purchase of lands in the region. In Pontinha , the command post of the Movimento das Forças Armadas ( Armed Forces Movement ) was responsible for assisting the establishment of a democratic Portugal on 25 April 1974 ( Carnation Revolution ). Regional intensification, caused by the subdivision of land, greatly affected the local landscape. Twenty-five years after

1749-467: The contagion, many of urban residents escaped into the country to the elevated villages, which they assumed protected them from the disease. Some families brought with them the image of Our Lady of Health , and raised a church, in order to defend themselves of the Plague: by 1604 the threat had passed, and no cases of the disease were discovered within the territory. A myth developed for successive generations of

1802-656: The expropriation of lands and property by the Pope. King Denis of Portugal , on the other hand, proposed the creation in Portugal of a new Order to replace the Templars that would be the recipient of these assets: the Order of Christ. In Loures, the Templar lands passed into the hands of this religious order, eventually constructing a new Church over the ruins of the 4th-century temple, located alongside

1855-429: The first municipal government for Odivelas was sworn in. The most famous monument in Odivelas is the women's Convent of Saint Denis of Odivelas , founded by King Dinis I around 1295. Many famous religious women lived in the convent, which was frequently visited by Kings and Queens (indeed, several Kings had illegitimate sons with the nuns). The Gothic convent was very much damaged in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , but

1908-505: The last ice age ). Such changes may have reduced the supply of usable timber and forced people to look at other materials. In addition, flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool. Some notational signs, used next to images of animals, may have appeared as early as the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe circa 35,000 BCE, and may be the earliest proto-writing : several symbols were used in combination as

1961-540: The main square of Odivelas on 1415, Philippa of Lancaster blessed her three sons ( Edward , Peter and Henry ) when they departed on horseback for Rest elo, where they would begin their overseas voyage to take the city-state of Ceuta . It was in the Monastery of São Dinis that was first presented in 1534 Auto da Cananeia , by the author Gil Vicente , which was commissioned by Mother-Superior Violente, sister of Pedro Álvares Cabral . The lands around Pontinha become

2014-401: The miraculous influence of the patron, providing protection from health-related disease. By the 19th century, between 1832 and 1834, cholera spread throughout the region, and the people of Loures, once again, implored Our Lady of Health to protect them from epidemic. Owing to their fears, the image of the saint was removed from Montemor, and paraded through Loures in procession. It remained in

2067-402: The monastery. Ironically, much later, Mother Paula de Odivelas (real name Paula Teresa da Silva e Almeida), whom King John V (30 years her senior) had a passionate affair, would join the sisters. Their relationship would last until the death of the monarch, although the King would provide a generous monthly stipend after his death. In 1731, John V decreed the beginning of the construction of

2120-490: The most common date assigned to expansion of modern humans from Africa throughout Asia and Eurasia, which contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals . The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized settlements , in the form of campsites, some with storage pits. Artistic work blossomed, with cave painting, petroglyphs , carvings and engravings on bone or ivory. The first evidence of human fishing

2173-558: The municipalities of Odivelas , Sintra , Mafra , Arruda dos Vinhos , Vila Franca de Xira and Lisbon . The municipality is traditionally divided in three areas: the rustic one, to the north (the parishes of Lousa, Fanhões, Bucelas, Santo Antão do Tojal and São Julião do Tojal), the urban one, to the south (Frielas, Loures and Santo António dos Cavaleiros) and the urban-industrial, to the east (Apelação, Bobadela , Camarate, Moscavide, Portela de Sacavém, Prior Velho, Sacavém, Santa Iria de Azóia, São João da Talha and Unhos). Portela de Sacavém

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2226-482: The municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes ( freguesias ): The origin of the name Odivelas is caught up in a peculiar legend that developed from the reign of King Denis . In the legend, King Denis had a habit of travelling late at night to the area of Odivelas, in order to have liaisons with women. On one of these nights, the Queen ( Elizabeth of Portugal ) waited for her wandering husband, and confronted him about

2279-454: The municipality of Belém, during the era of the writer Alexandre Herculano . Later, they were integrated into the municipality of Olivais (in 1885). In 1886, the municipality of Loures was established, which included many of the other parishes of Odivelas. In 1915, the civil parish of Caneças was official constituted. Development in this area began to move away from agriculture, and more and more homes were built. The connection to Lisbon, and

2332-460: The nightly trips, asking him: The phrase was, therefore, corrupted into Odivelas , or "where the King went to see them [the ladies]" . Another interpretation stems from the component words: "odi" and "velas" . The first, of Arab origin, means water course , while the second, from the Latin reference for the sails of a windmill. Both a river and vestiges of ancient windmills can be identified in

2385-516: The north of Lisbon, at the time). In 1178, King Sancho I of Portugal having discovered that the Moors of Lisbon were allied to groups in Loures, and came to the territory with a Templar force to confront those peoples. Following the defeat of the Moors, the King transferred the region to the Knights Templar, who established the sect of warrior-monks. The extinction of Templars in 1311, opened the way for

2438-581: The north of the Adriatic and the Aegean . The rise in sea levels continued until at least 7.5 kya ( 5500 BC ), so evidence of human activity along Europe's coasts in the Upper Paleolithic is mostly lost, though some traces have been recovered by fishing boats and marine archaeology , especially from Doggerland , the lost area beneath the North Sea. The first direct evidence for Neanderthals hunting cave lions . This

2491-402: The parishes of Unhos and Sacavém. At the time the region was mainly agricultural, and involved in small export trade, that included the cultivation of lettuce (a vegetable that continues to be cultivated). The first written document appeared in 1170, written by Afonso Henriques, who provided privileges and benefits to the Moors that lived on the outskirts of Lisbon in the sallayos (the fields to

2544-709: The same crude stone tools. Archaeologist Richard G. Klein , who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic hominids as impossible to categorize. He argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia , Africa or Europe , before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are much alike and unsophisticated. Firstly among the artefacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone-tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other; each tool had

2597-421: The same time the Neanderthals themselves disappeared from the fossil record, about 40,000 cal BP. Settlements were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly associated with hunting of passing herds of animals. Some of them may have been occupied year round, though more commonly they appear to have been used seasonally; people moved between the sites to exploit different food sources at different times of

2650-598: The site of the first church. It was also a region notable for the presence of many castros , before the Roman occupation; the Romans influenced many of these settlers to abandon the foothills and begin occupying the fertile lowlands for economic reasons. After the Romans, the Visigoths began occupying the territory, followed by the Moors (after the 8th century). The parish of Loures was first mentioned in 1118, and again in 1191, along with

2703-486: The year. Hunting was important, and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting". Technological advances included significant developments in flint tool manufacturing, with industries based on fine blades rather than simpler and shorter flakes . Burins and racloirs were used to work bone, antler and hides . Advanced darts and harpoons also appear in this period, along with

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2756-483: Was peopled after c. 45 ka. Anatomically modern humans are known to have expanded northward into Siberia as far as the 58th parallel by about 45 ka ( Ust'-Ishim man ). The Upper Paleolithic is divided by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), from about 25 to 15 ka. The peopling of the Americas occurred during this time, with East and Central Asia populations reaching the Bering land bridge after about 35 ka, and expanding into

2809-444: Was transported by carriage or barrel to residents of Lisbon, in addition to laundry services and horticultural products. After the religious orders were suppressed, Odivelas began to occupy an important social role, sought after for its open spaces and natural environment; many members of Lisbon's elite built small country estates, or in the beginning of the 20th century, summer homes. The parishes of Odivelas and Pontinha were part of

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