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100-554: The Louisiana State Museum system has its beginnings in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 at St. Louis , Missouri . A large number of pertinent artifacts were gathered to be displayed at Louisiana's exhibition at this fair. After the Exposition, it was decided that this collection should be stored, expanded, and displayed. The Louisiana State Museum was established in 1906 to fulfill this role. The Presbytere and

200-685: A New Orleans lawyer who later served as chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court . White served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1874, a year marked by interracial violence in political campaigns and elections. He also served on the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1878 to 1880. In 1891, the State Legislature elected him to the United States Senate to succeed James B. Eustis . During his time in state politics, White

300-525: A barn. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche Parish militia, as its muster rolls are not complete. There is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area. Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General William Beall and accompanied him to Port Hudson, Louisiana , which

400-709: A canoe displayed at the Alaska Exhibit. Mary Knight Benson , a noted Pomo basket weaver whose work is curated at the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum of the American Indian , attended to demonstrate her basket making skills which are described as astounding. Athletic events such as a basketball tournament were held to demonstrate the success of the Indian Boarding Schools and other assimilation programs. These efforts were confirmed with

500-648: A civil position under the Confederate government. White's membership in the Ku Klux Klan is a matter of contention. Some authors, such Michael Newton, claim White was a "Reconstruction Era Klansman." Other reports question whether there is enough evidence to support that claim, though noting that membership in secret societies such as the KKK can be difficult to document. According to biographer Paul Finkelman : However, Griffith claimed that when he met White, and told White of

600-567: A degree, returning home. White's studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the Civil War. He enlisted in the Confederate States Army and served under General Richard Taylor , eventually attaining the rank of lieutenant . An apocryphal account states that White was almost captured by Union troops near Bayou Lafourche in October 1862, but that he evaded capture by hiding beneath hay in

700-466: A maximum eight-hour work day for railroad employees. White's background as a Democrat, Confederate veteran and Southern lawyer might have predicted legal positions that would have sought to curtail federal power. Yet, surprisingly, White articulated nationalist positions in his decisions, much like President Taft. He supported expanded regulation and taxation by Congress. He was usually conservative in racial issues, as were most justices. However, he wrote

800-506: A minimum speed limit of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h). Nobody won the $ 100,000 grand prize (equivalent to $ 3.39 million in 2023) . The contest witnessed the first public dirigible flight in America. A history of aviation in St. Louis followed, leading to the nickname Flight City. St. Louis' status as an up-and-coming city garnered interest from many reporters and photographers who attended

900-413: A new cathedral for the city. The Palace of Electricity was designed by Messrs. Walker & Kimball , of Omaha, Nebraska. It covered 9 acres (3.6 ha) and cost over $ 400,000 (equivalent to more than $ 13.6 million in 2023). Crowning the great towers were heroic groups of statuary typifying the various attributes of electricity. Florence Hayward , a successful freelance writer in St. Louis in

1000-586: A replica of the Maine building was built on the campus. The Keeter Center is named for another school president. The observation tower erected by the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company was brought to the Fair when it became a hazard near Niagara Falls and needed to be removed because in the wintertime, ice from the fall's mist would form on the steel structure, and eventually fall onto

1100-552: A trading post, transportation by water was important. It was becoming even more important that the port be open, but efficient for all visitors. It also needed to show off some of the city's flair and excitement, which is why in many photographs one sees photos of St. Louis' skyscrapers in the background. In addition to a functioning port, the Eads Bridge was constructed, which was considered one of St. Louis' "sights". At 1,627 feet (496 m) long, it connected Missouri and Illinois, and

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1200-702: A week. The Palace of Agriculture alone covered some 20 acres (81,000 m ). Exhibits were staged by approximately 50 foreign nations, the United States government, and 43 of the then-45 US states . These featured industries, cities, private organizations and corporations, theater troupes, and music schools. There were also over 50 concession-type amusements found on "The Pike"; they provided educational and scientific displays, exhibits and imaginary 'travel' to distant lands, history and local boosterism (including Louis Wollbrinck 's "Old St. Louis") and pure entertainment. Over 19 million individuals were in attendance at

1300-583: Is likely not true. When White was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation to find it abandoned, the canefields barren, and the place nearly empty of most of its former slaves. The only documented evidence of White's Confederate service consists of an account of his capture on March 12, 1865, in an action in Morganza in Pointe Coupee Parish , which is contained in the Official Records of

1400-569: Is the only one of his international exposition buildings in existence today. After the fair, the Pavilion was moved to Bethany College in Lindsborg, where it was used for classroom, library, museum and department facilities for the art department. In 1969, it was moved to the Lindsborg Old Mill & Swedish Heritage Museum where it serves as a venue for community events. The Pavilion was added to

1500-540: Is widely believed to have taken place here. Dubious claims include the hamburger and hot dog (both traditional American and European foods of German origin), peanut butter , iced tea , and cotton candy . Again, popularization is more likely. Dr Pepper and Puffed Wheat cereal were introduced to a national audience. Freeborn Annie Fisher received a gold medal for her beaten biscuits famous in her hometown of Columbia, Missouri . President William Howard Taft enjoyed them on his 1911 visit to Missouri. Though not

1600-677: The Selective Draft Law Cases upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917 , and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States , which President Taft said was "one of his great opinions." During his tenure as chief justice, White swore in presidents Woodrow Wilson (twice) and Warren G. Harding . At the time of his death on May 21, 1921, he had served on the Court for a total of 27 years, 10 of them as chief justice. He

1700-439: The Selective Draft Law Cases . White was born on November 3, 1845, on his family's sugar plantation near Thibodaux , Louisiana, about thirty miles to the west of New Orleans . His father, Edward Douglass White Sr. , was a lawyer and judge who had served as a U.S. Representative and as the governor of Louisiana . The elder White retired from Congress in 1843; his sugar plantation utilized dozens of slaves. His wife

1800-630: The Cabildo buildings, located on either side of the St. Louis Cathedral on Jackson Square , were some of the first properties that the Louisiana State Museum was lodged in. The Louisiana State Museum now has thirteen properties around the state: historic structures, museums open to the public, and modern purpose-built buildings. Over the past 100-plus years, the Louisiana State Museum has not only operated museums and maintained buildings, but it has served as

1900-603: The Confederate Veteran periodical, published for the United Confederate Veterans, congratulated him upon his confirmation. White was one of three ex-Confederate soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court. The others were associate justices Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar of Mississippi and Horace Harmon Lurton of Tennessee. The Court's other ex-Confederate, Associate Justice Howell Edmunds Jackson , had held

2000-608: The Fort Shaw Indian School girls basketball team who were declared "World Champions" after beating every team who faced them in these denominational games. It has been argued that the "overriding purpose of the fair really centered on an effort to promote America's new role as an overseas imperial power", and that "While the juxtaposition of "modern" and "primitive" buttressed assumptions of racial superiority, representations of Native American and Filipino life created an impression of continuity between westward expansion across

2100-624: The Japan pavilion advanced the idea of a modern yet exotic culture unfamiliar to the turn-of-the-century Western world, much as it had during the earlier Chicago World's Fair . The Japanese government spent lavishly: $ 400,000, plus $ 50,000 from the Japanese colonial government of Formosa , with an additional $ 250,000 coming from Japanese commercial interests and regional governments; all told, this totaled $ 700,000 (equivalent to $ 23.7 million in 2023) . A 150,000-square-foot (14,000 m ) garden, set on

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2200-557: The Krewe of Rex . While living on his family's abandoned plantation, White began his legal studies. He enrolled at the University of Louisiana in New Orleans to complete his study of the law, at what is now known as Tulane University Law School . He subsequently was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in New Orleans in 1868. He was also mentored as a young attorney by Edouard Bermudez ,

2300-622: The Louisiana State Senate and served on the Louisiana Supreme Court . As a member of the Democratic Party , White represented Louisiana in the United States Senate from 1891 to 1894. In 1894, President Grover Cleveland appointed White as an associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1910, President William Howard Taft elevated him to the position of chief justice. The appointment surprised many contemporaries, as Taft

2400-596: The National Historic Register in 1973. Westinghouse Electric sponsored the Westinghouse Auditorium, where they showed films of Westinghouse factories and products. Some mansions from the Exposition's era survive along Lindell Boulevard at the north border of Forest Park. A number of foods are claimed to have been invented at the fair. The most popular claim is that of the waffle-style ice cream cone . However, its popularization, not invention,

2500-614: The Spanish–American War , the peace treaty granted the United States control over Guam , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico had had a quasi-autonomous government as an "overseas province" of Spain, and the Philippines, having declared independence after the 1896–1899 Philippine Revolution , fought US annexation in the 1899–1902 Philippine–American War . These areas controversially became unincorporated territories of

2600-458: The St. Louis World's Fair , was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri , United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $ 15 million (equivalent to $ 509 million in 2023) were used to finance the event. More than 60 countries and 43 of the then-45 American states maintained exhibition spaces at the fair, which was attended by nearly 19.7 million people. Historians generally emphasize

2700-579: The Supreme Court of the United States on February 19, 1894, after the Senate had rejected his first two nominees: William B. Hornblower and Wheeler Hazard Peckham . In contrast to those nominations, the Senate confirmed White the same day on a voice vote . He took the judicial oath of office a few weeks later, March 12, 1894. In 1896, White was a part of the 7–1 majority in Plessy v. Ferguson , which upheld

2800-716: The White River by sportsmen who formed the Maine Hunting and Fishing Club. In 1915, when the main building at the College of the Ozarks in Forsyth, Missouri burned, the school relocated to Point Lookout, where the Maine building was renamed the Dobyns Building in honor of a school president. The Dobyns Building burned in 1930 and the college's signature church was built in its place. In 2004,

2900-655: The fax machine . Finsen light – The Finsen light, invented by Niels Ryberg Finsen , treated tuberculosis luposa . Finsen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1903. This pioneered phototherapy . X-ray machine – The X-ray machine was launched at the 1904 World's Fair. German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays studying electrification of low pressure gas. He X-rayed his wife's hand, capturing her bones and wedding ring to show colleagues. Thomas Edison and assistant Clarence Dally recreated

3000-605: The 1803 land annexation. The exhibition was grand in scale and lengthy in preparation, with an initial $ 5 million committed by the city of St. Louis through the sale of city bonds, authorized by the Missouri state legislature in April 1899. An additional $ 5 million was generated through private donations by interested citizens and businesses from around Missouri, a fundraising target reached in January 1901. The final installment of $ 5 million of

3100-436: The 1880s. The fair's 1,200-acre (4.9 km ; 1.9 sq mi) site, designed by George Kessler , was located at the present-day grounds of Forest Park and on the campus of Washington University , and was the largest fair (in area) to date. There were over 1,500 buildings, connected by some 75 miles (121 km) of roads and walkways. It was said to be impossible to give even a hurried glance at everything in less than

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3200-602: The 1900s, was determined to play a role in the World's Fair. She negotiated a position on the otherwise all-male Board of Commissioners. Hayward learned that one of the potential contractors for the fair was not reputable and warned the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company (LPEC). In exchange for this information, she requested an appointment as roving commissioner to Europe. Former Mayor of St. Louis and Governor of Missouri David R. Francis , LPEC president, made

3300-484: The 1904 World Fair, E. M. Bayliss exhibited these devices on The Pike where approximately ten nurses cared for twenty-four neonates. The entrance fee was 25 cents (equivalent to $ 8.48 in 2023) while the adjoining shop and café offered souvenirs and refreshments. Proceeds totaling $ 181,632 (equivalent to $ 6.16 million in 2023) helped fund Bayliss's project. Inconsistent sanitation killed some babies, so glass walls were installed between them and visitors, shielding

3400-578: The American Civil War , and his service records in the National Archives , noting his subsequent imprisonment in New Orleans and parole in April 1865. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Captain W. B. Barrow's company of a Louisiana cavalry regiment, for all practical purposes a loosely organized band of irregulars or "scouts" (guerrillas). One organizing officer of this regiment, which

3500-525: The Cabildo, Friends of the Capitol Park Museum, Wedell-Williams and Cypress Sawmill Foundation, Friends of Louisiana Sports and History, and Friends of the E.D. White Historic Site. The Capitol Park Museum - Baton Rouge features thematic exhibits on the diverse aspects of Louisiana history, industry, and culture. The museum includes two permanent exhibitions, entitled "Grounds for Greatness: Louisiana and

3600-512: The Chicago World's Fair, buildings and statues deteriorated during the months of the Fair and had to be patched. The Administration Building, designed by Cope & Stewardson , is now Brookings Hall , the defining landmark on the campus of Washington University . A similar building was erected at Northwest Missouri State University founded in 1905 in Maryville, Missouri . The grounds' layout

3700-892: The Decorative Arts Collection. The second facility is the Old U.S. Mint on Esplanade Avenue , which houses the Document Archives and Jazz & Music Archives. The Mint houses the Louisiana Historical Center , which gives amateur and professional researchers the opportunity to access the Document Archives. In addition to maps and manuscripts, the Center houses sheet music, microfilm, scrapbooks, pamphlets, and newspapers. Both collections facilities are accessible by appointment only. Louisiana Purchase Exposition The Louisiana Purchase Exposition , informally known as

3800-505: The Department of Electricity for the Fair, wished to educate the public and dispel the misconceptions about electricity which many common people believed. New and updated methods of transportation also showcased at the World's Fair in the Palace of Transportation would come to revolutionize transportation for the modern day. Wireless telephone – The "wireless telephony" unit or " radiophone "

3900-464: The Fair in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. Additionally, a plaster reproduction of Alma Mater at Columbia University by Daniel Chester French was displayed at the Grand Sculpture Court of the exhibition. The Missouri State building was the largest of the state buildings, as Missouri was the host state. Though it had sections with marble floors and heating and air conditioning, it

4000-806: The Louisiana State Museum is proactive in many areas concerning the state’s unique culture and history. Several new museum sites have opened in the last ten years or so, including the Wedell-Williams Aviation & Cypress Sawmill Museum - Patterson location, the Performing Arts Center at the New Orleans Mint , the Capitol Park Museum - Baton Rouge , and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame & Northwest Louisiana History Museum – Natchitoches . In addition to opening new facilities,

4100-562: The Nation," and "Experiencing Louisiana: Discovering the Soul of America." The Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame & Northwest Louisiana History Museum – Natchitoches is the Louisiana State Museum's newest facility. The Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame exhibit is a collection of portraits and memorabilia celebrating the achievements of more than 300 legendary Louisiana athletes, coaches, and other sports figures. The Northwest Louisiana History Museum explores

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4200-698: The Patterson Cypress Sawmill Collection documents the history of the cypress lumber industry in Louisiana. The E. D. White Historic Site , located in Thibodaux , is the 1800s plantation home of Edward Douglass White, Sr. , who was governor from 1835 to 1839, and his son, Edward Douglass White , who was appointed to the United States Supreme Court in 1894 and served as chief justice from 1910 to 1921. The E.D. White House exhibits trace

4300-550: The Philippine reservation, was a school which was actively teaching Igorot students. At least two Moros were photographed while praying at the fair. The Philippine reservation at the exposition cost $ 1.1 million (equivalent to $ 37.3 million in 2023) to create and operate. The people had been trafficked under harsh conditions, and many did not survive. Burial plots in two St. Louis cemeteries were prepared in advance. However, traditional burial practices were not allowed. Some of

4400-611: The State Museum is continually creating new temporary and permanent exhibits, bringing to light intriguing topics from Louisiana’s culture and history. The Museum hosts an array of programs such as lecture series, school group educational tours, walking tours of historic districts, and musical performances. Numerous organizations exist throughout Louisiana to support the Museum including the Louisiana Museum Foundation, Friends of

4500-457: The United States in 1899, and people were brought from these territories to be on "display" at the 1904 fair. The fair displayed 1,102 Filipinos , 700 of them Philippine Scouts and Philippine Constabulary , used for controlling conflict among Filipinos and between Filipinos and fair organizers. Displays included the Apache of the American Southwest and the Igorots of the Philippines, both of which peoples were noted as "primitive". Within

4600-421: The United States for purposes of the Constitution in several ways. However, wrote White, the constitutional guarantees of a citizen's rights of liberty and property were applicable to all and "cannot be under any circumstances transcended." On December 12, 1910, President William Howard Taft nominated White to become Chief Justice of the United States , following the death of Melville Fuller . The appointment

4700-409: The University of Louisiana, now Tulane University . He also attended the College of the Immaculate Conception, present-day Jesuit High School in New Orleans, class of 1865. His father, Edward Douglass White Sr. , was the 10th Governor of Louisiana and a Whig US Representative . White fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War and was captured in 1865. After the war, White won election to

4800-433: The Vatican. These items were all to be shown in exhibits at the fair. Pleased with her success in Europe, Francis put her in charge of historical exhibits in the anthropology division, which had originally been assigned to Pierre Chouteau III. Despite being the only woman on the Board of Commissioners, creating successful anthropological exhibits, publicizing the fair, and acquiring significant exhibit items, Hayward's role in

4900-400: The World's Fair and found its citizens constantly on the "go" and the streets "crowded with activity". One observer remarked that, at this time, St. Louis had more energy in its streets than any other northern city did. With more and more people interested in the city, St. Louis government and architects were primarily concerned with their ports and access to the city. The city originating as

5000-401: The actual opening of the St. Louis exposition was delayed until April 30, 1904, to allow for full-scale participation by more states and foreign countries. The exposition operated until December 1, 1904. During the year of the fair, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition supplanted the annual St. Louis Exposition of agricultural, trade, and scientific exhibitions which had been held in the city since

5100-496: The appointment and allowed Hayward to travel overseas to promote the fair, especially to women. The fair also had a Board of Lady Managers (BLM) who felt they had jurisdiction over women's activities at the fair and objected to Hayward's appointment without their knowledge. Despite this, Hayward set out for England in 1902. Hayward's most notable contribution to the fair was acquiring gifts Queen Victoria received for her Golden Jubilee and other historical items, including manuscripts from

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5200-402: The benefits, incubators containing preterm babies were displayed at the 1897 , 1898 , 1901 , and 1904 World Fairs. These provided immunocompromised neonates a sanitary environment. Each incubator comprised an airtight glass box with a metal frame. Hot forced air thermoregulated the container. Newspapers advertised the incubators with "lives are being preserved by this wonderful method." During

5300-424: The besieged forces. But White's name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a Mississippi prisoner of war camp . As practically all Confederate soldiers of enlisted rank of the Port Hudson garrison were paroled, and officers sent to prison in New Orleans and later to Johnson's Island, Ohio , this account

5400-425: The buildings below. It served as a communications platform for Lee DeForest's work in wireless telegraphy and a platform to view the fair. As Niagara Falls was near Buffalo New York, it was also called the Buffalo Tower After the World's Fair, it was moved to Creve Coeur Lake to be part of that park. The Swedish Pavilion is still preserved in Lindsborg, Kansas . Designed by Swedish architect Ferdinand Boberg , it

5500-421: The campus with the park across the street. In 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Corporation selected prominent St. Louis architect Isaac S. Taylor as the Chairman of the Architectural Commission and Director of Works for the fair, supervising the overall design and construction. Taylor quickly appointed Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be his Chief of Design. In the position for three years, Masqueray designed

5600-563: The cases and wrote the majority opinions in 711 cases, as well as 155 dissenting opinions, all opposing income taxes. He wrote for a unanimous Court in Guinn v. United States (1915), which invalidated the Oklahoma and Maryland grandfather clauses (and, by extension, those in other Southern states) as "repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void." Nevertheless, Southern states quickly devised other methods to continue their disfranchisement of blacks (and in some cases, many poor whites) that withstood Court scrutiny. In 1918,

5700-414: The centerpiece of one of the many German exhibits. Wanamaker's became a Lord & Taylor store and more recently, a Macy's store. Completed in 1913, the Jefferson Memorial building was built near the main entrance to the Exposition, at Lindell and DeBalivere. It was built with proceeds from the fair, to commemorate Thomas Jefferson , who initiated the Louisiana Purchase, as was the first memorial to

5800-450: The constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality . He also participated in the Insular Cases of the early 20th century regarding the relationship of the United States to its territories acquired in the Spanish–American War , where he concurred with the 5–4 decision in Downes v. Bidwell (1901) that the newly-annexed territories were not properly part of

5900-413: The continent and the new overseas empire." Racializing concepts and epithets used domestically were extended to the people of the overseas territories. Ota Benga , a Congolese Pygmy, was featured at the fair. Later he was given the run of the grounds at the Bronx Zoo in New York, then featured in an exhibit on evolution alongside an orangutan in 1906, but public protest ended that. In contrast,

6000-436: The debut of as many foods as claimed, the fair offered what was essentially America's first food court. Visitors sampled a variety of fast foods, dined in dozens of restaurants, and strolled through the mile-long pike. As one historian said of the fair, "one could breakfast in France, take a mid-morning snack in the Philippines, lunch in Italy, and dine in Japan." The fair inspired the song " Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis ", which

6100-424: The era did much to influence permanent new buildings and master plans of major cities. In 1904, St. Louis hosted a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase . The idea for such a commemorative event seems to have emerged early in 1898, with Kansas City and St. Louis initially presented as potential hosts for a fair based on their central location within the territory encompassed by

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6200-413: The evolution of unique cultural traditions from early native-American civilizations to the present. The Wedell-Williams Aviation & Cypress Sawmill Museum - Patterson is a modern purpose-built facility located in Acadiana . The Wedell-Williams Aviation Collection focuses on the legacy of Louisiana aviation pioneers Jimmie Wedell and Harry Williams, who formed an air service in Patterson in 1928, while

6300-418: The exposition's $ 15 million capitalization came in the form of earmarked funds that were part of a congressional appropriations bill passed at the end of May 1900. The fundraising mission was aided by the active support of President of the United States William McKinley , which was won by organizers in a February 1899 White House visit. While initially conceived as a centennial celebration to be held in 1903,

6400-407: The fair was not acknowledged. When Francis published a history of the fair in 1913, he did not mention Hayward's contributions and she never forgave the slight. Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise, and intellect of the people; and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of

6500-446: The fair. Festival Hall, designed by Cass Gilbert and used for large-scale musical pageants, contained the largest organ in the world at the time, built by the Los Angeles Art Organ Company (which went bankrupt as a result). The great organ was debuted by the fair's official organist, Charles Henry Galloway . Though the opening concert was scheduled for the first day of the fair, complications related to its construction resulted in

6600-444: The fair. Aspects that attracted visitors included the buildings and architecture, new foods, popular music, and exotic people on display. American culture was showcased at the fair especially regarding innovations in communication, medicine, and transportation. George Kessler, who designed many urban parks in Texas and the Midwest, created the master design for the Fair. A popular myth says that Frederick Law Olmsted , who had died

6700-399: The fair. A Jain temple carved out of teak stood within the Indian Pavilion near the Ferris Wheel . It was dismantled after the exhibition and was reconstructed in Las Vegas at the Castaways hotel. It has recently been reassembled and is now on display at the Jain Center of Southern California at Los Angeles. Birmingham, Alabama 's iconic cast iron Vulcan statue was first exhibited at

6800-431: The following Fair buildings: Palace of Agriculture, the Cascades and Colonnades, Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game, Palace of Horticulture and Palace of Transportation, all of which were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States as part of the City Beautiful movement . Masqueray resigned shortly after the Fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minnesota to design

6900-526: The hillside south of the Machinery Hall and Engine House, featured a replica of Kyoto's famous Kinkakuji , showing Japan's ancient sophistication, and a Formosa Mansion and Tea House, showing her modern colonial efforts. A second exhibition, "Fair Japan on the 'Pike'," organized by Kushibiki and Arai , welcomed the public through a large Niōmon -style gate into a realm of geisha-staffed exotic Japanese consumerism. Edward Douglass White Edward Douglass White Jr. (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921)

7000-533: The infants. These developed into "isolettes" in modern neonatal intensive care units . Electric streetcar – North American street railways from the early 19th century were being introduced to electric street railcars . An electric streetcar on a 1,400 feet (430 m) track demonstrated its speed, acceleration, and braking outside the Palace of Electricity. Many downtown trams today are electric. Personal automobile – The Palace of Transportation displayed automobiles and motor cars. The private automobile

7100-429: The machine. Dally failed to test another X-ray machine at the 1901 World's Fair after President McKinley was assassinated . A perfected X-ray machine was successfully exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair. X-rays are now commonplace in hospitals and airports. Infant incubator – Although infant incubators were invented in the year 1888 by Drs. Alan M. Thomas and William Champion, adoption was not immediate. To advertise

7200-412: The majority decisions in favor of civil rights in important cases. Late in life, he expressed sorrow at the entire Civil War experience and his role in it. As chief justice at a time when the Court's work was carried out with more than 8,000 cases brought each year before the court, and only a few clerks to work for all the members of the Court, White held weekly meetings with fellow jurists, assigned all

7300-510: The nation's ninth chief justice on December 19, 1910. White was generally seen as one of the more conservative members of the court. He originated the term " Rule of Reason ." He also joined the Hammer v. Dagenhart decision, ruling that the federal government could not ban child labor . However, White also wrote the 1916 decision upholding the constitutionality of the Adamson Act , which mandated

7400-568: The opening concert being postponed until June 9. After the fair, the organ was placed into storage, and eventually purchased by John Wanamaker for his new Wanamaker's store in Philadelphia where it was tripled in size and became known as the Wanamaker Organ . The famous Bronze Eagle in the Wanamaker Store also came from the Fair. It features hundreds of hand-forged bronze feathers and was

7500-519: The people to be exhibited died en route or at the fair and their bodies were immediately removed. Funeral rites had to be conducted without the bodies in front of an oblivious public audience of fair attendees. Organizers choreographed ethnographic displays, having customs which marked special occasions restaged day after day. Similarly, members of the Southeast Alaskan Tlingit tribe accompanied fourteen totem poles , two Native houses, and

7600-450: The people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student. Many of the inventions displayed were precursors to items which have become an integral part of today's culture. Novel applications of electricity and light waves for communication and medical use were displayed in the Palace of Electricity. According to an article he wrote for Harper's Weekly, W. E. Goldsborough, the Chief of

7700-399: The prominence of the themes of race and imperialism , and the fair's long-lasting impact on intellectuals in the fields of history , architecture , and anthropology . From the point of view of the memory of the average person who attended the fair, it primarily promoted entertainment, consumer goods, and popular culture. The monumental Greco-Roman architecture of this and other fairs of

7800-620: The region's history with sections about the Chitimacha Natives, Bayou Lafourche, early Acadian settlers, sugar cane agriculture, slavery, and the White family. The Louisiana State Museum has two main collections facilities in New Orleans . The main collections facility is located within the French Quarter . This facility houses Visual Arts, Costumes & Textiles, Science & Technology, and

7900-555: The repository for all things historic from the state’s past. As Louisiana has been part of a French colony, a Spanish colony, Napoleon’s short-lived property, the United States' Louisiana Purchase territory, and finally the state of Louisiana; the Louisiana State Museum’s collections of artifacts and documents are an important asset for understanding state, national, and even global history. In addition to protecting and preserving Louisiana’s historic artifacts and buildings,

8000-473: The same manner. According to another account, after White was paroled in April 1865 and following the surrender of the western Confederate forces, he ended his military career by walking (his clothing in rags) to a comrade's family home in Livonia in Pointe Coupee Parish . White's Civil War service was taken as a matter of common knowledge at the time of his initial nomination to the United States Supreme Court, and

8100-586: The subject matter of The Birth of a Nation , White said "I was a member of the Klan, sir." Griffith then arranged a screening of his film for the nine members of the Supreme Court and members of Congress. In 1877, White served on the Reception Committee of the Knights of Momus in New Orleans. The Knights' Mardi Gras parade was an attack on Reconstruction so extreme that it was widely condemned, and even denounced by

8200-401: The subsequent year. White attended a Jesuit school in New Orleans beginning at the age of six. Starting in 1856, he and his brother attended Mount St. Mary's College , near Emmitsburg, Maryland . White enrolled in 1858 at Georgetown University , which biographer Robert Baker Highsaw characterized as "probably the best Catholic institution of higher learning in the United States". It

8300-638: The third President. It became the headquarters of the Missouri History Museum , and stored the Exposition's records and archives when the Louisiana Purchase Exposition company completed its mission. The building is now home to the Missouri History Museum, and the museum was significantly expanded in 2002–3. The State of Maine Building , which was a rustic cabin, was transported to Point Lookout, Missouri where it overlooked

8400-587: The year before the Fair, designed the park and fair grounds. There are several reasons for this confusion. First, Kessler in his twenties had worked briefly for Olmsted as a Central Park gardener. Second, Olmsted was involved with Forest Park in Queens , New York. Third, Olmsted had planned the renovations in 1897 to the Missouri Botanical Garden several blocks to the southeast of the park. Finally, Olmsted's sons advised Washington University on integrating

8500-599: Was Catherine Sidney Lee Ringgold, the daughter of influential Washington, D.C. , businessman and politician Tench Ringgold ; she was a descendant of the Lee family , and the future chief justice was thus distantly related to Confederate general Robert E. Lee . The couple had five children, of whom White Jr. was the youngest son. In April 1847, before his namesake son had reached his third birthday, White Sr. died. His wife remarried in 1850, wedding French-Canadian immigrant merchant Andre Brousseau. The family moved to New Orleans

8600-535: Was a member of the Republican Party . White served as chief justice until his death in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. White notably sided with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. Ferguson , upholding the legality of state segregation to provide " separate but equal " public facilities in the United States. White would go on to write notable opinions in landmark cases such as Talton v. Mayes , Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock , Guinn v. United States , and

8700-577: Was also recreated in Maryville and now is designated as the official Missouri State Arboretum. The Palace of Fine Art, designed by architect Cass Gilbert , featured a grand interior sculpture court based on the Roman Baths of Caracalla . Standing at the top of Art Hill, it now serves as the home of the St. Louis Art Museum . The huge bird cage at the Saint Louis Zoological Park , dates to

8800-530: Was an American politician and jurist. White, a native of Louisiana , was a U.S. Supreme Court justice for 27 years, first as an associate justice from 1894 to 1910, then as the ninth chief justice from 1910 until his death in 1921. White is known for siding with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. Ferguson , which upheld the legality of state segregation. Born in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana , White practiced law in New Orleans after graduating from

8900-404: Was besieged and captured by Union troops in 1863. White's presence at Port Hudson, when he was 18 years old, is supported by a secondhand account of a postwar dinner conversation he had with Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota, a Union veteran of Port Hudson, and another recounted by Admiral George Dewey (then a Federal naval officer at Port Hudson), in both of which White referred to being part of

9000-565: Was distinctly Jesuit as well; university president John Early and a majority of the faculty were all members of the Society of Jesus. White's Jesuit training influenced his legal philosophy later in life, leading him to emphasize formal logical reasoning . At Georgetown, he studied the classics, the flute, and the violin; he also participated in the school's cadet corp . After the American Civil War broke out, White left Georgetown without

9100-437: Was invented by Alexander Graham Bell and installed at the St. Louis World Fair. This radiophone comprised a sound-light transmitter and a light-sound receiver, as an apparatus in the Palace of Electricity transmitted music or speech to a receiver in the courtyard. Visitors heard the transmission when holding the cordless receiver to the ear. It developed into the radio and telephone. Early fax machine – The telautograph

9200-406: Was invented in 1888 by American scientist Elisha Gray , who contested Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone. A person wrote on one end of the telautograph, which electrically communicated with the receiving pen to recreate drawings on paper. In 1900, assistant Foster Ritchie improved the device to display at the 1904 World's Fair and market for the next thirty years. This developed into

9300-526: Was planned to be a temporary structure. However, it burned the night of November 18–19, just eleven days before the Fair was to end. Most interior contents were destroyed, but furniture and much of the Model Library were undamaged. The fair being almost over, the building was not rebuilt. In 1909–10, the current World's Fair Pavilion in Forest Park was built on the site of the Missouri building with profits from

9400-402: Was politically affiliated with two-time governor Francis T. Nicholls (1876–1880; 1888–1892), a former Confederate general. He was Nicholls' campaign manager in the 1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election , which was riddled with fraud and the intimidation of African American voters to ensure Nicholls' election. White was nominated by President Grover Cleveland to be an associate justice of

9500-493: Was recorded by many artists, including Billy Murray . Both the fair and the song are focal points of the 1944 feature film Meet Me in St. Louis starring Judy Garland , which also inspired a Broadway musical version . Scott Joplin wrote the rag "Cascades" in honor of the elaborate waterfalls in front of Festival Hall. A book entitled Wild Song , by Candy Gourlay , was inspired by the Louisiana Purchase. Following

9600-468: Was revealed here. The automobile display contained 140 models including ones powered by gasoline, steam, and electricity . Inventor Lee de Forest demonstrated a prototype car radio . Four years later, the Ford Motor Company began producing the affordable Ford Model T . Airplane – The 1904 World's Fair hosted the first "Airship Contest". Stationary air balloons demarcated a time trial with

9700-552: Was sometimes called "Barrow's Regiment" or the "9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment," was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn (a postwar mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana) served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudson's commander, General Franklin Gardner , to General Joseph E. Johnston , crossing the Union siege lines by swimming the Mississippi . Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in

9800-556: Was succeeded by former president Taft, who had elevated White to the chief justice seat and had long desired the seat himself. White married Leita Montgomery Kent, the widow of Linden Kent, on November 6, 1894, in New York City . His wife was the daughter of Romonzo and Virginia High Montgomery; White proposed to her before her first marriage but was turned down, and proposed again after her first husband died in 1892. White's paternal ancestors were of Irish Catholic descent , and he

9900-514: Was the first large-scale application of steel as a structural material. As with the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, all but one of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition's grand, neo-Classical exhibition palaces were temporary structures, designed to last but a year or two. They were built with a material called " staff ," a mixture of plaster of Paris and hemp fibers, on a wood frame. As at

10000-423: Was unusual, as White was the first incumbent associate justice to be appointed as chief justice. ( John Rutledge , a former associate justice, had been given a recess appointment as chief justice in 1795). The wisdom of elevating an associate justice to chief justice was questioned, as were Taft's motives for selecting White. Nonetheless, the Senate confirmed White the same day, and again on a voice vote. He became

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