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33-611: Loreto's large territory comprises parts of the High and Low Jungle, and is largely covered with thick vegetation . This territory has wide river flood plains, which are covered with rainwater and are usually swamped in summer. In these flood areas there are elevated sectors called restingas , which always remain above water, even in times of the greatest swellings. There are numerous lagoons known as cochas and tipishcas , surrounded by marshy areas with abundant grass vegetation. Numerous rivers cross Loreto's territory, all of which are part of

66-539: A Panoan language . The language is written in the Latin script , and a grammar has been published. From 1963 to 1997, portions of the Bible were translated into Amahuaca. Amahuaca people hunt, fish, farm, and work in the lumber and oil industries or as domestic servants. They harvest and process Brazil nuts . This Peru -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Brazil -related article

99-425: A community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). Prior to this, the two terms (vegetation and flora) were used indiscriminately, and still are in some contexts. Augustin de Candolle (1820) also made a similar distinction but he used the terms "station" ( habitat type) and "habitation" ( botanical region ). Later, the concept of vegetation would influence

132-527: A regular and recurring part of the long-term system dynamic. Fire and wind disturbances are prevalent throughout many vegetation types worldwide. Fire is particularly potent because of its ability to destroy not only living plants but also the seeds, spores, and living meristems representing the potential next generation, and because of fire's impact on fauna populations, soil characteristics and other ecosystem elements and processes (for further discussion of this topic see fire ecology ). Temporal change at

165-507: A slower pace is ubiquitous; it comprises the ecological succession field. Succession is the relatively gradual structure and taxonomic composition change that arises as the vegetation modifies various environmental variables over time, including light, water, and nutrient levels. These modifications change the suite of species most adapted to grow, survive, and reproduce in an area, causing floristic changes. These floristic changes contribute to structural changes inherent in plant growth even in

198-498: Is a refreshing aguaje ice cream. To drink, they serve masato (a beer made of cassava ) or natural fruit juices such as aguaje, maracuyá (passion fruit), and cocona ( Solanum sessiliflorum ). Vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa , life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It

231-456: Is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition . Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community , but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests , coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs , desert soil crusts , roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by

264-537: Is divided into eight provinces ( provincias , singular: provincia ), which are composed of 53 districts ( distritos , singular: distrito ). The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are: The first settlers in the region expanded through the various eastern slopes of the Andes . Many of these ethnic groups settled in the Purús, Turúa and Yaraví river basins, receiving names different from those of their lineage. It

297-503: Is hard to determine the number of indigenous peoples in the region when the first European explorers and missionaries arrived. Numbers given by chroniclers indicate that within the first century of contact, 100,000 natives were baptized. Presumably, when the Spanish arrived, the total population was almost 300,000. Later on, however, the natives were afflicted with diseases such as smallpox , malaria , and yellow fever , due to contact with

330-692: The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), and originally developed by UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy ), the classification is hierarchical and incorporates the non-floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels and limited floristic criteria only into the lower (most specific) two levels. In Europe, classification often relies much more heavily, sometimes entirely, on floristic (species) composition alone, without explicit reference to climate, phenology or growth forms. It often emphasizes indicator or diagnostic species which may distinguish one classification from another. In

363-488: The Jesuits and Franciscans evangelized and founded different towns. During these years, they contributed by opening travel routes and cutting down distances between indigenous groups and colonial villages. When the missions fell, a long period of relative national neglect followed, encompassing most of the 19th century. Nonetheless, this was the time when the foundations of the future political organization were laid. Also, this

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396-666: The phytosociological approach in the study of vegetation relies upon a fundamental unit, the plant association , which is defined upon flora. An influential, clear and simple classification scheme for types of vegetation was produced by Wagner & von Sydow (1888). Other important works with a physiognomic approach includes Grisebach (1872), Warming (1895, 1909), Schimper (1898), Tansley and Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938), Beard (1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Küchler (1967), Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967) (see vegetation classification ). There are many approaches for

429-600: The 18th century, they are currently under threat from ecological devastation, disease and violence brought by oil extractors and illegal loggers. In 1998, they numbered about 520. The largest community of the Amahuaca is in Puerto Varadero, a jungle community on the Peruvian–Brazilian border. The Amahuaca are one group of indigenous Amazonians in which shamans are known to use ayahuasca in ritual ceremonies, typically for

462-568: The Amazon rubber boom, Amahuaca tribes were largely exploited by rubber barons like Carlos Fitzcarrald and Carlos Scharff . The Amahuaca are also known as: Amaguaco, Amawaca, Amawáka, Amawaka, Amenguaca, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Sayaco, Sayacu, or Yora people. In the early twentieth century they were sometimes referred to as the Huni Kui. As of 2000, approximately 220 Amahuaca spoke the Amahuaca language ,

495-599: The Amazonian Hydrographical System. Most of them are navigable. The main river crossing the region is the Amazon , one of the world's most important rivers. Its numerous curves are always changing and sometimes make for a difficult journey. The width between banks of the Amazon sometimes measures a staggering 4 km (2.5 mi). The Yavari River runs from Peru to Brazil, the Putumayo River serves as part of

528-470: The FGDC standard, the hierarchy levels, from most general to most specific, are: system, class, subclass, group, formation, alliance, and association . The lowest level, or association, is thus the most precisely defined, and incorporates the names of the dominant one to three (usually two) species of a type. An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be " Forest, canopy cover > 60% "; at

561-560: The Littoral Province of Loreto was established, comprising today's departments of Ucayali , San Martín , and parts of Ecuador and Colombia . Loreto is home to many Amazonian indigenous peoples such as the Amhuacas and the Urarina . According to the 2007 Peru Census , the mother tongue of most of the residents was Spanish (92.51%). The following table shows the mother tongue of

594-688: The Spaniards. On February 12, 1542, and after a search of several months, Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana discovered the Amazon River , an adventure that began in the Sierra . Even though colonization had started several decades earlier, the city of Iquitos was founded in the 1750s. It is located between the Nanay River and the left bank of the Amazon river, which makes it an ideal starting point when traveling to surrounding regions. During colonial times,

627-428: The absence of species changes (especially where plants have a large maximum size, i.e., trees), causing slow and broadly predictable changes in the vegetation. Succession can be interrupted at any time by disturbance, setting the system back to a previous state or off on another trajectory altogether. Because of this, successional processes may or may not lead to some static, final state . Moreover, accurately predicting

660-532: The border with Colombia, and the Ucayali and Marañón rivers penetrate Loreto after going through the Pongo de Manseriche . The weather is warm and humid with an average temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F) during the months of June and July, and up to a high of 36 °C (97 °F) from December through March. The average humidity level is 84%, with strong rain all year round. The region

693-460: The characteristics of such a state, even if it does arise, is not always possible. In short, vegetative communities are subject to many variables that set limits on future conditions' predictability. Generally, the larger an area under consideration, the more likely the vegetation will be heterogeneous. Two main factors are at work. First, the temporal dynamics of disturbance and succession are increasingly unlikely to be in synchrony across any area as

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726-436: The classification of vegetation (physiognomy, flora, ecology, etc.). Much of the work on vegetation classification comes from European and North American ecologists, and they have fundamentally different approaches. In North America, vegetation types are based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, plant habit , phenology and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the current US standard (adopted by

759-459: The level of a formation as " Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest "; at the level of alliance as " Arbutus menziesii forest"; and at the level of association as " Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus dense flora forest", referring to Pacific madrone-tanoak forests which occur in California and Oregon, US. In practice, the levels of the alliance and/or an association are

792-506: The most often used, particularly in vegetation mapping, just as the Latin binomial is most often used in discussing particular species in taxonomy and in general communication. Like all biological systems, plant communities are temporally and spatially dynamic; they change at all possible scales. Dynamism in vegetation is defined primarily as changes in species composition and structure. Temporally, many processes or events can cause change, but for

825-716: The people of the Loreto Region by province: The typical dishes in Loreto are very similar to those of other places in the Amazon region. Motelo or turtle meat soup and juanes (rice tamales with chicken or fish) are typical Loretan dishes. Vendors in the local markets offer fried or steamed monkey or lizard meat considered delicious according to the local people. Other typical dishes include, cecina (dried and smoked pork), tacacho (coal cooked bananas, pork, and chopped onions), chonta salad, palometa (fish soup), carachama (fish) and paiche (a large fish). Among desserts there

858-403: The purpose of entering the realm of spirits and deceased relatives or ancestors. The use of this drug is not recreational, but rather spiritual. The Amahuaca, like many neighboring tribes in southwestern Amazonia, speak a Panoan language. Since the group established contact with Westerners in the 18th century, they have been threatened by illegal logging , disease, and loss of territory. During

891-636: The sake of simplicity, they can be categorized roughly as abrupt or gradual. Abrupt changes are generally referred to as disturbances ; these include things like wildfires , high winds , landslides , floods , avalanches and the like. Their causes are usually external ( exogenous ) to the community—they are natural processes occurring (mostly) independently of the natural processes of the community (such as germination, growth, death, etc.). Such events can change vegetation structure and composition very quickly and for long periods, and they can do so over large areas. Very few ecosystems are without some disturbance as

924-405: The size of that area increases. Different areas will be at various developmental stages due to other local histories, particularly their times since the last significant disturbance. This fact interacts with inherent environmental variability (e.g., in soils, climate, topography, etc.), also a function of area. Environmental variability constrains the suite of species that can occupy a given area, and

957-405: The study of vegetation is common among biogeographers working on vegetation on a world scale, or when there is a lack of taxonomic knowledge of someplace (e.g., in the tropics, where biodiversity is commonly high). The concept of " vegetation type " is more ambiguous. The definition of a specific vegetation type may include not only physiognomy but also floristic and habitat aspects. Furthermore,

990-471: The term vegetation . The vegetation type is defined by characteristic dominant species, or a common aspect of the assemblage, such as an elevation range or environmental commonality. The contemporary use of vegetation approximates that of ecologist Frederic Clements' term earth cover , an expression still used by the Bureau of Land Management . The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of

1023-483: The two factors interact to create a mosaic of vegetation conditions across the landscape. Only in agricultural or horticultural systems does vegetation ever approach perfect uniformity. There is always heterogeneity in natural systems, although its scale and intensity will vary widely. Amhuaca The Amahuaca or Amhuaca are indigenous peoples of the southeastern Amazon Basin in Peru and Brazil . Isolated until

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1056-490: The usage of the term biome with the inclusion of the animal element. Other concepts similar to vegetation are " physiognomy of vegetation" ( Humboldt , 1805, 1807) and "formation" ( Grisebach , 1838, derived from " Vegetationsform ", Martius , 1824). Departing from Linnean taxonomy , Humboldt established a new science, dividing plant geography between taxonomists who studied plants as taxa and geographers who studied plants as vegetation. The physiognomic approach in

1089-431: Was the beginning of navigation via steamboats, the rubber heyday, and foreign immigration . The Golden Age of Iquitos started at the end of the 19th century with the rubber boom . Since the region was very rich in rubber and it became so expensive, it turned into the center of attention and ambitions in the world. This period lasted 25 years and left behind gigantic development once the rubber boom had passed. In 1853,

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