85-632: Longeville-lès-Metz ( French pronunciation: [lɔ̃ʒvil lɛ mɛs] , literally Longeville near Metz ; German : Langenheim bei Metz - 1915-18 and 1940-44) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France . This Arrondissement of Metz geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Metz Metz ( / ˈ m ɛ t s / METS , French: [mɛs] , Latin : Divodurum Mediomatricorum , then Mettis )
170-578: A Knights Templar chapel remains a major symbol of the city's High Medieval heritage. The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral , several churches and Hôtels , and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages . Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads ( French : Maison des Têtes ). The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) and
255-507: A burial site located in the western industrial zone of Varna , approximately 4 km from the city centre, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory. The oldest gold treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. The gold piece dating from 4,500 BC, found in 2019 in Durankulak , near Varna is another important example. Other signs of early metals are found from
340-410: A ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from metal fatigue . Metals under constant stress at elevated temperatures can creep . Cold-working processes, in which the product's shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes, while the product is cold, can increase the strength of
425-413: A liquid bath. Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using metallography , a technique invented by Henry Clifton Sorby . In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The sample is then examined in an optical or electron microscope , and
510-401: A major concern. Cast irons, including ductile iron , are also part of the iron-carbon system. Iron-Manganese-Chromium alloys (Hadfield-type steels) are also used in non-magnetic applications such as directional drilling. Other engineering metals include aluminium , chromium , copper , magnesium , nickel , titanium , zinc , and silicon . These metals are most often used as alloys with
595-568: A recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. Before the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, it was the oppidum of the Celtic Mediomatrici tribe. Integrated into the Roman Empire , Metz became quickly one of the principal towns of Gaul with a population of 40,000, until the barbarian depredations and its transfer to the Franks about the end of the 5th century. Between
680-861: A rich 3,000-year history, having variously been a Celtic oppidum , an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of Austrasia , the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty , a cradle of the Gregorian chant , and one of the oldest republics in Europe . The city has been steeped in French culture , but has been strongly influenced by German culture due to its location and history. Because of its historical, cultural and architectural background, Metz has been submitted on France's UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List . The city features noteworthy buildings such as
765-615: A smelted copper axe dating from 5,500 BC, belonging to the Vinča culture . The Balkans and adjacent Carpathian region were the location of major Chalcolithic cultures including Vinča , Varna , Karanovo , Gumelnița and Hamangia , which are often grouped together under the name of ' Old Europe '. With the Carpatho-Balkan region described as the 'earliest metallurgical province in Eurasia', its scale and technical quality of metal production in
850-653: A studio of 800 m (8,600 sq ft) with backstages. Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance . For instance, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory. Then called Messin Chant, it remains the oldest form of music still in use in Western Europe. The bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang promoted its use for
935-563: A superior metal could be made, an alloy called bronze . This represented a major technological shift known as the Bronze Age . The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than for copper or tin. The process appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC, beginning the Iron Age . The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in
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#17331218754051020-497: A total area of 205,000 ha (506,566 acres). Lorraine has an oceanic climate . tending to continental humid. The summers are warm and humid, sometimes stormy, and the warmest month of the year is July, when daytime temperatures average approximately 25 °C (77.0 °F). The winters are cold but not often snowy with temperature dropping to an average low of −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) in January. Lows can be much colder through
1105-401: Is a chemical surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold , silver , chromium or zinc to the surface of the product. This is done by selecting the coating material electrolyte solution, which is the material that is going to coat the workpiece (gold, silver, zinc). There needs to be two electrodes of different materials: one the same material as
1190-580: Is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est region . Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany and Luxembourg , the city forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion . Metz has
1275-426: Is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements , their inter-metallic compounds , and their mixtures, which are known as alloys . Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals, including the production of metals and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy
1360-609: Is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, consisting of around 2,000 retailers. Important retail companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette , the Printemps department store and the Fnac entertainment retail chain. The historic city centre displays one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France and a mall,
1445-443: Is an industrial coating process that consists of a heat source (flame or other) and a coating material that can be in a powder or wire form, which is melted then sprayed on the surface of the material being treated at a high velocity. The spray treating process is known by many different names such as HVOF (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel), plasma spray, flame spray, arc spray and metalizing. Electroless deposition (ED) or electroless plating
1530-708: Is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. Ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal. Tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. Additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. That concentrate would then be processed to separate the valuable metals into individual constituents. Much effort has been placed on understanding iron –carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons . Plain carbon steels (those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element) are used in low-cost, high-strength applications, where neither weight nor corrosion are
1615-455: Is defined as the autocatalytic process through which metals and metal alloys are deposited onto nonconductive surfaces. These nonconductive surfaces include plastics, ceramics, and glass etc., which can then become decorative, anti-corrosive, and conductive depending on their final functions. Electroless deposition is a chemical processes that create metal coatings on various materials by autocatalytic chemical reduction of metal cations in
1700-418: Is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Saint Clement of Metz , the first Bishop of the city. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of Metz and can be seen in numerous insignia of the city, from the 10th century on. Writers from Metz tend to present the legend as an allegory of Christianity's victory over paganism , represented by the harmful dragon. Metallurgy Metallurgy
1785-534: Is designated as French Town of Art and History , and has been submitted on to France's UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List . The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, a result of the extensive use of Jaumont stone . The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city with Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis (today the Trinitaires, Taison and Serpenoise streets), and
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#17331218754051870-414: Is distinct from the craft of metalworking . Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how medicine relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist practitioner of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist. The science of metallurgy is further subdivided into two broad categories: chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy . Chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with
1955-521: Is divided into 14 administrative divisions: Metz contains a mishmash of architectural layers, bearing witness to centuries of history at the crossroads of different cultures, and features a number of architectural landmarks. The city possesses one of the largest Urban Conservation Areas in France, and more than 100 of the city's buildings are classified on the Monument Historique list. Because of its historical and cultural background, Metz
2040-514: Is expected to be completed by 2023. Further, a contemporary music venue designed by contextualist French architect Rudy Ricciotti stands in the Borny District. Under the leadership of such people as botanist Jean-Marie Pelt , Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s. Because of the failure of post-war urban planning and housing estate development in Europe during
2125-644: Is found in the Balkans and Carpathian Mountains , as evidenced by findings of objects made by metal casting and smelting dated to around 6000-5000 BC. Certain metals, such as tin, lead, and copper can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire or blast furnace in a process known as smelting. The first evidence of copper smelting, dating from the 6th millennium BC, has been found at archaeological sites in Majdanpek , Jarmovac and Pločnik , in present-day Serbia . The site of Pločnik has produced
2210-508: Is home to the University of Lorraine , Georgia Tech Lorraine , and a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector, notably in metallurgy and metallography , the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry. In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici ", being inhabited by the tribe of the same name. After its integration into
2295-510: Is home to the biggest harbour handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year. Metz is home to the Moselle Chamber of Commerce . International companies such as PSA Peugeot Citroën , ArcelorMittal , SFR and TDF have established plants and centres in the Metz conurbation. Metz is also the regional headquarters of the Caisse d'Epargne and Banque Populaire banking groups. Metz
2380-530: Is the more common one in the United Kingdom . The / ˈ m ɛ t əl ɜːr dʒ i / pronunciation is the more common one in the United States US and is the first-listed variant in various American dictionaries, including Merriam-Webster Collegiate and American Heritage . The earliest metal employed by humans appears to be gold , which can be found " native ". Small amounts of natural gold, dating to
2465-657: Is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics. The Trinitarians Club is a multimedia arts complex housed in the vaulted cellar and chapel of an ancient convent, the city's prime venue for jazz music. The Music Box ( French : Boîte à Musique ), familiarly known as BAM, is the concert venue dedicated to rock and electronic music. The Braun Hall and the Koltès Theater feature plays, and the city has two movie theaters specializing in Auteur cinema . The Saint-Jacques Square , surrounded by busy bars and pubs whose open-air tables fill
2550-633: The Bezirk Lothringen . Metz remained German until the end of the First World War , when it reverted to France. However, after the Battle of France during the Second World War , the city was annexed by Nazi Germany . In 1944, the attack on the city by the U.S. Third Army removed the city from German rule and Metz reverted one more time to France after World War II . During the 1950s, Metz
2635-556: The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum. A basin of urban ecology , Metz gained its nickname of The Green City ( French : La Ville Verte ), as it has extensive open grounds and public gardens. The historic city centre is one of the largest commercial pedestrian areas in France. A historic garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine region, specialising in information technology and automotive industries. Metz
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2720-755: The Decumanus Maximus (today En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets). At the Cardo and Decumanus intersection was situated the Roman forum , today the Saint-Jacques Square . From its Gallo-Roman past, the city preserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of the Golden Courtyard museum), parts of the aqueduct , and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains . Saint Louis' square with its vaulted arcades and
2805-509: The Drogo Sacramentary . The Metz School ( French : École de Metz ) was an art movement in Metz and the region between 1834 and 1870, centred on Charles-Laurent Maréchal . The term was originally proposed in 1845 by the poet Charles Baudelaire , who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings. The Franco-Prussian War and
2890-592: The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral with its largest expanse of stained-glass windows in the world, the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains being the oldest church in France, its Imperial Station Palace displaying the apartment of the German Kaiser , or its Opera House , the oldest one working in France. Metz is home to some world-class venues including the Arsenal Concert Hall and
2975-446: The Jewish religion. Like every commune of the present French Republic , Metz is managed by a mayor ( French : maire ) and a municipal council ( French : conseil municipal ), democratically elected by two-round proportional voting for six years. The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councillors, and the municipal council is held on the last Thursday of every month. Since 2008,
3060-537: The Maginot Line . A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through a former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a vantage point from which to survey the city. Although the steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts at economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce , tourism , information technology and
3145-506: The Roman Empire , the city was called Divodurum Mediomatricum , meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici, then it was known as Mediomatrix . During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to the current spelling, Metz, but also spellings such as Mès , which are no longer used, but reflect its actual pronunciation in French (like "mess"). Metz has
3230-461: The automotive industry. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people work daily within the urban agglomeration . The transport facilities found in the conurbation, including the international high-speed railway , motorway , inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have made the city a transport hub in the heart of the European Union. Metz
3315-420: The sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings, the erection of sustainable districts and buildings , green public transport , and the creation of public gardens by means of landscape architecture . Additionally, the city has developed its own combined heat and power station , using waste wood biomass from the surrounding forests as a renewable energy source. With a thermal efficiency above 80%,
3400-473: The 1740s by Louis de Cormontaigne but based on designs by Vauban . Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city: some, which are of architectural interest, have been converted to civilian use, such as the Arsenal Concert Hall by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill . The extensive fortifications of Metz , which ring the city, include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into
3485-467: The 1960s, mostly based on the concepts of CIAM , Jean-Marie Pelt, then municipal councillor of Metz, initiated a new approach to the urban environment. Based initially on the ideas of the Chicago School , Pelt's theories pleaded for better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered on the relationship between "stone and water". His policy was realized in Metz by
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3570-487: The 20th century are still visible today, incorporated into the design of public gardens along the Moselle and Seille rivers. A medieval bridge castle from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate ( French : Porte des Allemands ), today converted into a convention and exhibition centre, has become one of the landmarks of the city. It is still possible to see parts of the 16th century citadel , as well as fortifications built in
3655-473: The 45MW boiler of the plant provides electricity and heat for 44,000 dwellings . The Metz power station is the first local producer and distributor of energy in France. As a historic garrison town, Metz has been heavily influenced by military architecture throughout its history. From ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified and modified to accommodate the troops stationed there. Defensive walls from classical antiquity to
3740-611: The 6th and 8th centuries, the city was the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia . After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the Kingdom of Lotharingia and was ultimately integrated into the Holy Roman Empire , being granted semi-independent status. During the 12th century, Metz became a republic and the Republic of Metz stood until the 15th century. With
3825-518: The 6th–5th millennia BC totally overshadowed that of any other contemporary production centre. The earliest documented use of lead (possibly native or smelted) in the Near East dates from the 6th millennium BC, is from the late Neolithic settlements of Yarim Tepe and Arpachiyah in Iraq . The artifacts suggest that lead smelting may have predated copper smelting. Metallurgy of lead has also been found in
3910-642: The Balkans during the same period. Copper smelting is documented at sites in Anatolia and at the site of Tal-i Iblis in southeastern Iran from c. 5000 BC. Copper smelting is first documented in the Delta region of northern Egypt in c. 4000 BC, associated with the Maadi culture . This represents the earliest evidence for smelting in Africa. The Varna Necropolis , Bulgaria , is
3995-624: The Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine , but repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Lorraine . This specific local legislation encompasses different areas including religion, social work and finance. The most striking of
4080-618: The Roman liturgy in Gallic lands under the favorable influence of the Carolingian monarchs. Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation , using neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody. Metz was also an important centre of illumination of Carolingian manuscripts , producing such monuments of Carolingian book illumination as
4165-469: The Saint-Jacques centre. In addition there are several multiplex movie theatres and malls found in the urban agglomeration. In recent years , Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of buildings and public squares. This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010. Since its inauguration,
4250-604: The annexation of the territory by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. The main figures of the Metz School were Charles-Laurent Maréchal , Auguste Migette , Auguste Hussenot [ fr ] , Louis-Théodore Devilly , Christophe Fratin and Charles Pêtre [ fr ] . Their works include paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows and sculptures. A festival named "passages" takes place in May. Numerous shows are presented to it. The Graoully
4335-549: The building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof, and integrates concepts of sustainable architecture . The project encompasses the architecture of two recipients of the Pritzker Architecture Prize , Shigeru Ban (2014) and French Christian de Portzamparc (1994). The Amphitheatre District is also conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin , Jean-Paul Viguier and Jean-Michel Wilmotte , and designer Philippe Starck . The urban project
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#17331218754054420-783: The buildings surrounding the town square are by French architect Jacques-François Blondel , who was awarded the task of redesigning and modernizing the centre of Metz by the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1755 the context of the Enlightenment . Neoclassical buildings from the 18th century, such as the Opera House , the Intendant Palace (the present-day prefecture ), and the Royal Governor's Palace (the present-day courthouse ) built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau , are also found in
4505-478: The centre of the square. Since 2014, the former bus garage has been converted to accommodate over thirty artists in residence, in a space where they can create and rehearse artworks and even build set decorations. The artistic complex, called Metz Network of All Cultures ( French : Toutes les Cultures en Réseau à Metz ) and familiarly known as TCRM-Blida, encompasses a large hall of 3,000 m (32,000 sq ft) while theater and dance companies benefit from
4590-633: The city, stone used in the Rhineland , such as pink and grey sandstone , granite and basalt were used. The district features noteworthy buildings including the rail station and the Central Post Office by German architect Jürgen Kröger . Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of French architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960) and Jean Dubuisson ( subdivisions , 1960s). The refurbishment of
4675-453: The city. The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by the German Empire . In order to "germanise" the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque and neo-Classical, mixed with elements of Art Nouveau , Art Deco , Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles. Instead of Jaumont stone , commonly used everywhere else in
4760-416: The coating material and one that is receiving the coating material. Two electrodes are electrically charged and the coating material is stuck to the work piece. It is used to reduce corrosion as well as to improve the product's aesthetic appearance. It is also used to make inexpensive metals look like the more expensive ones (gold, silver). Shot peening is a cold working process used to finish metal parts. In
4845-520: The current area of Metz municipality is as follows: Several well-known figures have been linked to the city of Metz throughout its history. Renowned Messins include poet Paul Verlaine , composer Ambroise Thomas and mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet ; numerous well-known German figures were also born in Metz notably during the annexation periods. Moreover, the city has been the residence of people such as writer François Rabelais , Cardinal Mazarin , political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville , artist and
4930-445: The establishment of extensive open areas surrounding the Moselle and the Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. As a result, Metz has over 37 m (400 sq ft) of open areas per inhabitant in the form of numerous public gardens in the city. The principles of urban ecology are still applied in Metz with the implementation of a local Agenda 21 action plan. The municipal ecological policy encompasses
5015-588: The former Ney Arsenal as a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Metz Arena in 2002, by Spanish and French architects Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov represent the Postmodern movement . The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in the Amphitheatre District represents a strong architectural initiative to mark the entrance of Metz into the 21st century. Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban ,
5100-619: The highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction, and metallurgy of the time. Agricola has been described as the "father of metallurgy". Extractive metallurgy is the practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. In order to convert a metal oxide or sulphide to a purer metal, the ore must be reduced physically, chemically , or electrolytically . Extractive metallurgists are interested in three primary streams: feed, concentrate (metal oxide/sulphide) and tailings (waste). After mining, large pieces of
5185-402: The image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history. Crystallography , often using diffraction of x-rays or electrons , is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allows identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate
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#17331218754055270-529: The institution has become the most popular cultural venue in France outside Paris, with 550,000 visitors per year. Meanwhile, Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited building in the city, accommodating 652,000 visitors per year. In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues, such as: Metz has several venues for the performing arts. The Opera House of Metz , the oldest working opera house in France, features plays, dance and lyric poetry. The Arsenal Concert Hall , dedicated to art music ,
5355-435: The inventor of the motion picture camera Louis Le Prince , French patriot and American Revolutionary War hero Marquis Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette , and Luxembourg-born German-French statesman Robert Schuman . The local law ( French : droit local ) applied in Metz is a legal system that operates in parallel with French law . Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by
5440-446: The joining of metals (including welding , brazing , and soldering ). Emerging areas for metallurgists include nanotechnology , superconductors , composites , biomedical materials , electronic materials (semiconductors) and surface engineering . Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός , metallourgós , "worker in metal", from μέταλλον , métallon , "mine, metal" + ἔργον , érgon , "work" The word
5525-505: The late Paleolithic period, 40,000 BC, have been found in Spanish caves. Silver , copper , tin and meteoric iron can also be found in native form, allowing a limited amount of metalworking in early cultures. Early cold metallurgy, using native copper not melted from mineral has been documented at sites in Anatolia and at the site of Tell Maghzaliyah in Iraq , dating from the 7th/6th millennia BC. The earliest archaeological support of smelting (hot metallurgy) in Eurasia
5610-413: The legal differences between France and Alsace-Lorraine is the absence in Alsace-Lorraine of strict secularism , even though a constitutional right of freedom of religion is guaranteed by the French government. Alsace-Lorraine is still governed by a pre- 1905 law established by the Concordat of 1801 , which provides for the public subsidy of the Roman Catholic , Lutheran and Calvinist churches and
5695-401: The mayor of Metz has been socialist Dominique Gros. The city belongs to the Metz Metropole union of cities, which includes the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration . Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle based in the former Intendant Palace. In addition, Metz is the seat of the parliament of the Grand Est region , hosted in the former Saint-Clement Abbey. The city of Metz
5780-529: The night and early morning and rare snow can fall during a period extending from November to February. The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The shortest day is 21 December with 7:30 hours of sunlight; the longest day is 20 June with 16:30 hours of sunlight. The median cloud cover is 93% and does not vary substantially over the course of the year. Metz with its magnificent open countries, prolific undulating rivers, wooded hillsides, vineyards of fire; cathedral all in volute, where
5865-553: The noted exception of silicon, which is not a metal. Other forms include: In production engineering , metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves production of alloys, shaping, heat treatment and surface treatment of product. The task of the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties, such as cost, weight , strength , toughness , hardness , corrosion , fatigue resistance and performance in temperature extremes. To achieve this goal,
5950-456: The operating environment must be carefully considered. Determining the hardness of the metal using the Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell hardness scales is a commonly used practice that helps better understand the metal's elasticity and plasticity for different applications and production processes. In a saltwater environment, most ferrous metals and some non-ferrous alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or cryogenic conditions may undergo
6035-482: The ore feed are broken through crushing or grinding in order to obtain particles small enough, where each particle is either mostly valuable or mostly waste. Concentrating the particles of value in a form supporting separation enables the desired metal to be removed from waste products. Mining may not be necessary, if the ore body and physical environment are conducive to leaching . Leaching dissolves minerals in an ore body and results in an enriched solution. The solution
6120-402: The piece being treated. The compression stress in the surface of the material strengthens the part and makes it more resistant to fatigue failure, stress failures, corrosion failure, and cracking. Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings. Thermal spraying, also known as a spray welding process,
6205-414: The population of Metz to be 116,581, while the population of Metz metropolitan area was about 368,000. Through history, Metz's population has been affected by the vicissitudes of the wars and annexations involving the city, which have prevented continuous population growth. More recently, the city has suffered from the restructuring of the military and the metallurgy industry. The historical population for
6290-445: The process of shot peening, small round shot is blasted against the surface of the part to be finished. This process is used to prolong the product life of the part, prevent stress corrosion failures, and also prevent fatigue. The shot leaves small dimples on the surface like a peen hammer does, which cause compression stress under the dimple. As the shot media strikes the material over and over, it forms many overlapping dimples throughout
6375-666: The product by a process called work hardening . Work hardening creates microscopic defects in the metal, which resist further changes of shape. Metals can be heat-treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation strengthening , quenching, and tempering: Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what are known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high-alloy special steels, superalloys and titanium alloys. Electroplating
6460-1008: The production of metals. Metal production begins with the processing of ores to extract the metal, and includes the mixture of metals to make alloys . Metal alloys are often a blend of at least two different metallic elements. However, non-metallic elements are often added to alloys in order to achieve properties suitable for an application. The study of metal production is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (also known as black metallurgy ) and non-ferrous metallurgy , also known as colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron , while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95% of world metal production. Modern metallurgists work in both emerging and traditional areas as part of an interdisciplinary team alongside material scientists and other engineers. Some traditional areas include mineral processing, metal production, heat treatment, failure analysis , and
6545-641: The reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. Subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include mineral processing , the extraction of metals , thermodynamics , electrochemistry , and chemical degradation ( corrosion ). In contrast, physical metallurgy focuses on the mechanical properties of metals, the physical properties of metals, and the physical performance of metals. Topics studied in physical metallurgy include crystallography , material characterization , mechanical metallurgy, phase transformations , and failure mechanisms . Historically, metallurgy has predominately focused on
6630-602: The signature of the Treaty of Chambord in 1552, Metz passed into the hands of the Kings of France . As the German Protestant Princes who traded Metz (alongside Toul and Verdun) for the promise of French military assistance, had no authority to cede territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the change of jurisdiction was not recognised by the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Under French rule, Metz
6715-771: The success of the Philistines . Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations. This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East , ancient Iran , ancient Egypt , ancient Nubia , and Anatolia in present-day Turkey , Ancient Nok , Carthage , the Celts , Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe , medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China , ancient and medieval India , ancient and medieval Japan , amongst others. A 16th century book by Georg Agricola , De re metallica , describes
6800-552: The third millennium BC in Palmela , Portugal, Los Millares , Spain, and Stonehenge , United Kingdom. The precise beginnings, however, have not be clearly ascertained and new discoveries are both continuous and ongoing. In approximately 1900 BC, ancient iron smelting sites existed in Tamil Nadu . In the Near East , about 3,500 BC, it was discovered that by combining copper and tin,
6885-558: The wind sings as a flute, and responding to it via the Mutte: this big voice of the good Lord! The inhabitants of Metz are called Messin(e)s . Statistics on the ethnic and religious make up of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Republic prohibits making distinctions between citizens regarding race, beliefs, and political and philosophic opinions in the process of census taking. The French national census of 2018 estimated
6970-461: Was built in a place where many branches of the Moselle river create several islands, which are encompassed within the urban planning. The terrain of Metz forms part of the Paris Basin and presents a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north–south direction. Metz and its surrounding countryside are included in the forest and crop Lorraine Regional Natural Park , covering
7055-662: Was chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine region . With the creation of the European Community and the later European Union , the city has become central to the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion . Metz is located on the banks of the Moselle and the Seille rivers, 43 km (27 mi) from the Schengen tripoint where the borders of France, Germany and Luxembourg meet. The city
7140-434: Was originally an alchemist 's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopædia Britannica . In the late 19th century, metallurgy's definition was extended to the more general scientific study of metals, alloys, and related processes. In English , the / m ɛ ˈ t æ l ər dʒ i / pronunciation
7225-749: Was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics and became a strategic fortified town. With creation of the departments by the Estates-General of 1789 , Metz was chosen as capital of the Department of Moselle . Although largely French-speaking, after the Franco-Prussian War and under the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871 the city became part of the German Empire , being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine and serving as capital of
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