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109-510: This protected area is located on a barrier island jutting out into Lake Erie . It comprises a complex system of dunes , wetlands , and marshes offering numerous habitats for flora and fauna. It is home to no less than 47 species of mammals , 331 birds , 34 reptiles and amphibians , and 60 fish , plus no less than 660 species of vascular plants . The area was once part of the Neutral and Mississaugas hunting grounds before being settled in

218-419: A barrier island does not receive enough sediment to grow, repeated washovers from storms will migrate the island towards the mainland. Wave-dominated barrier islands may eventually develop into mixed-energy barrier islands. Mixed-energy barrier islands are molded by both wave energy and tidal flux. The flow of a tidal prism moves sand. Sand accumulates at both the inshore and off shore sides of an inlet, forming

327-700: A barrier island typically contain coastal vegetation roots and marine bioturbation. The lagoon and tidal flat area is located behind the dune and backshore area. Here the water is still, which allows fine silts, sands, and mud to settle out. Lagoons can become host to an anaerobic environment. This will allow high amounts of organic-rich mud to form. Vegetation is also common. Barrier Islands can be observed on every continent on Earth, except Antarctica. They occur primarily in areas that are tectonically stable , such as "trailing edge coasts" facing (moving away from) ocean ridges formed by divergent boundaries of tectonic plates, and around smaller marine basins such as

436-651: A barrier island. Many have large numbers of barrier islands; Florida, for instance, had 29 (in 1997) in just 300 kilometres (190 mi) along the west (Gulf) coast of the Florida peninsula, plus about 20 others on the east coast and several barrier islands and spits along the panhandle coast. Padre Island , in Texas, is the world's longest barrier island; other well-known islands on the Gulf Coast include Galveston Island in Texas and Sanibel and Captiva Islands in Florida. Those on

545-506: A characteristic drumstick shape, with a wide portion at the northern end near the mouth of Phillipi Creek. Barrier islands are critically important in mitigating ocean swells and other storm events for the water systems on the mainland side of the barrier island, as well as protecting the coastline. This effectively creates a unique environment of relatively low energy, brackish water . Multiple wetland systems such as lagoons, estuaries, and/or marshes can result from such conditions depending on

654-825: A confederation of five nations: the Attiragenregas, the Ahondihronons, the Antouaronons, the Onguiaronons, and the Kakouagogas. At its peak, the confederation's population was estimated at between 12,000 to 40,000 inhabitants living in 28 to 40 villages. These villages disappeared around 1653, victim to the Beaver Wars . The region was then occupied by the Mississaugas , a semi-nomadic Algonquian -speaking tribe. The independence of

763-425: A flood delta or shoal on the bay or lagoon side of the inlet (from sand carried in on a flood tide), and an ebb delta or shoal on the open water side (from sand carried out by an ebb tide). Large tidal prisms tend to produce large ebb shoals, which may rise enough to be exposed at low tide. Ebb shoals refract waves approaching the inlet, locally reversing the longshore current moving sand along the coast. This can modify

872-633: A part of various other Iroquoian nations. Historical records kept by the French do not discuss the Neutrals as a nation or confederacy after 1672. The Neutrals' name for themselves was Chonnonton , or 'people of the deer', or, more precisely, 'the people who tend or manage deer'. They were called '' Attawandaron'' by the Huron , meaning 'people whose speech is awry or a little different'. The Iroquois called them Atirhagenrat (Atirhaguenrek) and Rhagenratka. Some of

981-576: A primary resource, allowed them to trade simultaneously with often-warring Huron and Iroquois tribes. Since they were not at war with the Huron or the Iroquois in 1600, Jesuits travelling in the area of what is now Hamilton, the lower Grand Valley and Niagara, called them the Neutrals. However, the confederacy had feuds with an Algonkian people called the Mascouten or "Fire Nation", who were believed to live in what

1090-600: A single island until a storm created a channel between them in 1896). North Stradbroke Island is the second largest sand island in the world and Moreton Island is the third largest. Fraser Island , another barrier island lying 200 km north of Moreton Bay on the same coastline, is the largest sand island in the world. Barrier islands are found most prominently on the United States' East and Gulf Coasts, where every state, from Maine to Florida (East Coast) and from Florida to Texas ( Gulf coast ), features at least part of

1199-404: A small tidal range and a wave-dominated coast, there must be a relatively low gradient shelf. Otherwise, sand accumulation into a sandbar would not occur and instead would be dispersed throughout the shore. An ample sediment supply is also a requirement for barrier island formation. This often includes fluvial deposits and glacial deposits . The last major requirement for barrier island formation

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1308-507: A small to moderate tidal range. Coasts are classified into three groups based on tidal range : microtidal, 0–2 meter tidal range; mesotidal, 2–4 meter tidal range; and macrotidal, >4 meter tidal range. Barrier islands tend to form primarily along microtidal coasts, where they tend to be well developed and nearly continuous. They are less frequently formed in mesotidal coasts, where they are typically short with tidal inlets common. Barrier islands are very rare along macrotidal coasts. Along with

1417-490: A strategy used while hunting. Another group, the Onguiaahra ('near the big waters' or possibly 'the strait' – or something else, see Niagara Falls § Toponymy ), populated the more southern Niagara Peninsula and allegedly account for the origin of the word "Niagara". The Chonnonton territory contained large deposits of flint, which was a valuable resource for sharp tools, fire-starting and, eventually, firearms, which, as

1526-503: A winter among the Nation, during 1625–1626. A Franciscan Récollet , Father Joseph de La Roche Daillon , spent time with the Nation in 1626 and estimated the population as 40,000 at that time. About 14 years later, Brébeuf and Chaumonot visited 18 Neutral Confederacy settlements and stayed in ten villages. By that time, the estimated population was only "about 12,000 people and 4,000 warriors in about 40 villages and hamlets". After destroying

1635-414: Is a stable sea level. It is especially important for sea level to remain relatively unchanged during barrier island formation and growth. If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation . The formation of barrier islands requires a constant sea level so that waves can concentrate

1744-428: Is coarser. The foreshore is the area on land between high and low tide. Like the upper shoreface, it is constantly affected by wave action. Cross-bedding and lamination are present and coarser sands are present because of the high energy present by the crashing of the waves. The sand is also very well sorted . The backshore is always above the highest water level point. The berm is also found here which marks

1853-602: Is divided into two territories. The first, Thoroughfare Point , is located at the base of the peninsula and covers an area of 450 ha. The second, Long Point , covers the eastern part of the Point. The western sector is adjacent to Long Point Provincial Park . In addition, we find the Turkey Point Provincial Park to the north of Long Point Bay as well as the Ruisseau-Big National Wildlife Area to

1962-490: Is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an annual total of almost 1,000 mm. The average temperature in the three hottest months is 19.4 °C, while the average temperature in the three coldest months is -4.5 °C. The oldest evidence of human presence in southern Ontario dates back 11,000 years. Arrowheads are the only artifacts found from the Palaeoindian period. The regional vegetation changed to what it

2071-517: Is home to 660 species of vascular plants. The first plants to colonize the newly created dunes were eastern cottonwood ( Populus deltoides ) and Virginia juniper ( Juniperus virginiana ). These were replaced by swamps of tamarack ( Larix laricina ), eastern white cedar ( Thuja occidentalis ), forests of white pine ( Pinus strobus ), savannahs of paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) and northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ). The shallow marshes are mainly occupied by cattails ( Typha sp. ). Lake Erie

2180-410: Is home to no less than 60 species of fish. The most common species caught by commercial fishermen are cisco ( Coregonus artedi ), walleye ( Sander vitreus ), yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ), and lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ). Long Point is home to 47 species of mammals . The only ungulate still present is the white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ). Carnivores present in

2289-447: Is less than a critical value. The island did not narrow below these values because overwash was effective at transporting sediment over the barrier island, thereby keeping pace with the rate of ocean shoreline recession. Sections of the island with greater widths experienced washover deposits that did not reach the bayshore, and the island narrowed by ocean shoreline recession until it reached the critical width. The only process that widened

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2398-701: Is located in the Lake Erie Lowlands Level III ecoregion, itself located in the Eastern Temperate Forests Level I ecoregion. Canada's ecological framework replaces the latter with the Mixedwood Plains ecozone . This ecoregion has one of the mildest climates in Canada. The reserve has been recognized internationally as a biosphere reserve , a Ramsar site , an Important Bird Area (IBA) of worldwide significance for its gregarious species,

2507-432: Is located in the upper shoreface. The middle shoreface is strongly influenced by wave action because of its depth. Closer to shore the sand is medium-grained, with shell pieces common. Since wave action is heavier, bioturbation is not likely. The lower shoreface is constantly affected by wave action. This results in development of herringbone sedimentary structures because of the constant differing flow of waves. The sand

2616-420: Is no infrastructure dedicated to tourism in the reserve. However, it is possible to canoe , fish (in some areas), hunt , observe wildlife and hike in the western sector. The easternmost sector is only accessible by boat. Barrier island Barrier islands are a coastal landform , a type of dune system and sand island , where an area of sand has been formed by wave and tidal action parallel to

2725-590: Is present-day Michigan . In 1616, the Neutral Confederacy had an estimated 40 villages and 4,000 warriors. In 1641, after a serious epidemic, the Jesuits counted 40 Neutral villages, with about 12,000 people. The nation was unable to survive the changes. In the 1650s, after the Iroquois Wars , they dispersed. One source indicates that the reasons included "wars, diseases and famine". The remaining members became

2834-554: Is today 8,000 years ago, beginning in the Archaic period . The Woodland period began with the appearance of ceramics around the 10th century BC. Around 900, the population gradually began to adopt the cultivation of maize , beans , and squash trio, also known as the Three Sisters . The region was inhabited by Iroquoians , who later became known as the Neutrals . The Neutrals formed

2943-484: The American toad ( Anaxyrus americanus ), Fowler's toad ( Anaxyrus fowleri ), tree frog ( Hyla versicolor ), spring peeper ( Pseudacris crucifer ), the green frog ( Rana clamitans ), the wood frog ( Rana sylvatica ), the leopard frog ( Rana pipiens ), the marsh frog ( Rana palustris ), and the American bullfrog ( Rana catesbeianus ). The turtles at the peninsula are the snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ),

3052-807: The Banyak Islands (chiefly Tuangku and Bangkaru), Nias , the Batu Islands (notably Pini, Tanahmasa and Tanahbala), the Mentawai Islands (mainly Siberut , Sipura , North Pagai and South Pagai Islands) and Enggano Island . Barrier islands can be observed in the Baltic Sea from Poland to Lithuania as well as distinctly in the Wadden Islands , which stretch from the Netherlands to Denmark. Lido di Venezia and Pellestrina are notable barrier islands of

3161-594: The Bonaparte's gull ( Chroicocephalus Philadelphia ), and the common tern ( Sterna hirundo ). The reserve is also an important nesting site for the black-crowned night heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ), the least bittern ( Ixobrychus exilis ), and Forster's tern ( Sterna forsteri ). The reserve is administered jointly with the Ruisseau-Big reserve from Port Rowan by the Canadian Wildlife Service . There

3270-504: The County of Brant (1920) said that the hunting grounds of the Attawandaron ranged from Genesee Falls and Sarnia and south of a line drawn from Toronto to Goderich . During their travels, Jean de Brébeuf and Pierre Joseph Marie Chaumonot gave each Neutral village a Christian name. The only ones that are mentioned in their writings were Kandoucho , or All Saints, the nearest to

3379-698: The European hare ( Lepus europaeus ), the Eastern chipmunk ( Tamias striatus ), the Groundhog ( Marmota monax ), the grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ), the red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ), the flying squirrel ( Glaucomys volans ), the Canadian beaver ( Castor canadensis ), the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ), the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ), the Southern bog lemming ( Synaptomys cooperi ),

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3488-547: The Huron Nation ; Onguioaahra , on the Niagara River; Teotongniaton or St. William, in the centre of their country; and Khioetoa , or St. Michel (near what is now Windsor, Ontario). Reville described their territory as having been heavily forested and full of "wild fruit trees of vast variety," with nut trees, berry bushes, and wild grape vines. "Elk, caribou, and black bear; deer, wolves, foxes, martens and wild cats filled

3597-569: The Lagoon of Venice which have for centuries protected the city of Venice in Italy. Chesil Beach on the south coast of England developed as a barrier beach. Barrier beaches are also found in the north of the Azov and Black seas . Water levels may be higher than the island during storm events. This situation can lead to overwash , which brings sand from the front of the island to the top and/or landward side of

3706-464: The Mississippi River delta have been reworked by wave action, forming beach ridge complexes. Prolonged sinking of the marshes behind the barriers has converted these former vegetated wetlands to open-water areas. In a period of 125 years, from 1853 to 1978, two small semi-protected bays behind the barrier developed as the large water body of Lake Pelto, leading to Isles Dernieres 's detachment from

3815-560: The Onondaga , Oneida , and St. Lawrence Iroquoians . It was superior for toolmaking to other local chert varieties around the St. Lawrence Lowlands. That important resource was used to make spearheads and arrowheads and so gave the Neutrals the power to maintain their neutrality. Once the neighbours began receiving firearms through trade with the Europeans, however, the possession of the flint grounds

3924-709: The Petun Nation and may have had shared ancestry. The Jesuit Relations in 1652 describes tattooing among the Petun (also called the Tobacco Nation) as well as the Neutrals: "And this (tattooing) in some nations is so common that in the one which we called the Tobacco, and... the Neutral. I know not whether a single individual was found, who was not painted in this manner, on some part of

4033-496: The Silurian and Devonian periods (between 443 and 359 million years ago). The formation of the headland began 7,600 years ago from a moraine crossing the lake. It accelerated when the lake reached its current level 4,000 years ago. The point is fed by the erosion of sand and clay cliffs located up to 95 km to the west of the peninsula. Today, the cape is still growing, advancing almost 5 m eastwards every year. The topography of

4142-634: The United States of America marked the beginning of colonization; the Loyalists arrived as early as the 1780s. The Mississaugas ceded the region to the British on May 22, 1784. The townships of the region were cadastrated at the end of the eighteenth century and the area became known as Long Point Settlement . At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Norfolk County was mainly devoted to agriculture and forestry. The decline and even disappearance of quarry in

4251-463: The common musk turtle ( Sternotherus odoratus ), the painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta ), the map turtle ( Graptemys geographica ), the spotted turtle ( Clemmys guttata ), the Blanding's turtle ( Emydoidea blandingii ), and the spiny softshell turtle ( Apalone spinifera ). The snakes in the area include the garter snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis ), the eastern ribbonsnake ( Thamnophis sauritus ),

4360-649: The common watersnake ( Nerodia sipedon ), the red-bellied snake ( Storeria occipitomaculata ), the DeKay's brown snake ( Storeria dekayi ), the Smooth green snake ( Liochlorophis vernalis ), Eastern hognose snake ( Heterodon platirhinos ), Gray ratsnake ( Pantherophis gloydi ), eastern foxsnake ( Pantherophis spiloides ), Milk snake ( Lampropeltis triangulum ), queen snake ( Regina septemvittata ) and eastern massasauga rattlesnake ( Sistrurus catenatus ). At Long Point, 331 bird species have been identified, making it one of

4469-593: The muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ), the Woodland vole ( Microtus pinetorum ), the meadow vole ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ), the Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), the common mouse ( Mus musculus ), the Meadow jumping mouse ( Zapus hudsonius ) and the American porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ). The following bats are also found here: the little brown bat ( Myotis lucifugus ), the Eastern small-footed myotis ( Myotis leibii ),

Long Point National Wildlife Area - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-566: The northern bat ( Myotis septentrionalis ), the Silver-haired bat ( Lasionycteris noctivagans ), the Tricolored bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ) and the big brown bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ). The peninsula's southerly position means that a number of species that are rare in Canada can be observed, including the small shrew, the eastern pipistrelle, the American badger, the grey fox, the northern bat,

4687-536: The tundra swan ( Cygnus columbianus ), the ring-necked duck ( Aythya collaris ), the Canvasback ( Aythya valisineria ), the redhead duck ( Aythya americana ), the lesser scaup ( Aythya affinis ), the common merganser ( Mergus merganser ), the red-breasted merganser ( Mergus serrator ). Besides the waterfowl , the reserve is also home to the following migratory species: the Eurasian whimbrel ( Numenius phaeopus ),

4796-976: The East Coast include Miami Beach and Palm Beach in Florida; Hatteras Island in North Carolina; Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland ; Absecon Island in New Jersey, where Atlantic City is located; and Jones Beach Island and Fire Island , both off Long Island in New York. No barrier islands are found on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to the rocky shore and short continental shelf, but barrier peninsulas can be found. Barrier islands can also be seen on Alaska 's Arctic coast. Barrier Islands can also be found in Maritime Canada, and other places along

4905-554: The Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, including: the North and South Anclote Bars associated with Anclote Key , Three Rooker Island , Shell Key , and South Bunces Key . American geologist Grove Karl Gilbert first argued in 1885 that the barrier sediments came from longshore sources. He proposed that sediment moving in the breaker zone through agitation by waves in longshore drift would construct spits extending from headlands parallel to

5014-579: The Hurons, the Iroquois attacked the Neutrals. Around 1650, during a period that is now loosely referred to as the Beaver Wars , referring to the theft of furs, the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on the Attawandaron. Some historians state that the Iroquois destroyed the Neutral society, which ended as a separate entity in 1651. However, the Neutral population had already been reduced by diseases such as smallpox and measles carried by Europeans. By 1652,

5123-469: The Iroquois had also destroyed the Huron, Petun and Erie Nations. Some of the Neutrals were incorporated into Seneca villages in upstate New York, and others were absorbed into various other societies. The Kenjockety family, one of the last known families to trace their ethnicity to the Neutrals, still lives among the Senecas. Anthropologist Jackes discussed the year 1651 as particularly significant: "during

5232-502: The Ivan Elliot site was 4,000; the Neutrals lived in longhouses and used the village for about 20 years. Another nearby site, on the McPhee farm, owned by Raymond Reid, was excavated in 1983. The village had a population of about 1,000 around 1500–1530. The Neutral Confederacy decline and eventual end can be attributed to genocide. The final catastrophe that led to its end by the early 1650s

5341-518: The Long Point region. Salamander include the Common mudpuppy ( Necturus maculosus ), Eastern newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ), blue-spotted salamander ( Ambystoma laterale ), Jefferson salamander ( Ambystoma jeffersonianum ), spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ), four-toed salamander ( Hemidactylium scutatum ), and Red-backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ). Frogs in the region include

5450-607: The Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico . Areas with relatively small tides and ample sand supply favor barrier island formation . Moreton Bay , on the east coast of Australia and directly east of Brisbane , is sheltered from the Pacific Ocean by a chain of very large barrier islands. Running north to south they are Bribie Island , Moreton Island , North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island (the last two used to be

5559-495: The Neutral Confederacy has been extinct for more than three centuries, little is known about the Neutrals' language. Mithun (1979:145, 188–189) cites Jesuits pointing out that the Neutral language was different from the Wendat language, in that the Neutrals were "vne Nation differente de langage, au moins en plusieurs choses" (Thwaites 21.188) / "a Nation different in language, at least in many respects" (Thwaites 21.189). Mithun further cites work by Roy Wright (Mithun 1979:160) where

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5668-440: The Neutral Confederacy hunted not only deer but also elk, moose, beaver, raccoons, squirrels, black bear, fox and muskrat. The remains of catfish, whitefish, salmon and trout were also common at many of the sites. In 1983–1985, another site was excavated. One of the largest Attawandaron villages, the location covered 13 acres of the Badenoch section of Puslinch, on the east side of Morriston, Ontario . The estimated population of

5777-428: The Niagara Peninsula to the Detroit River, perhaps as far north as Toronto in the east and Goderich in the west." They had population concentrations on the Niagara Peninsula and in the vicinity of the present-day communities of Hamilton and Milton , Ontario. In addition to this main territory, there was a single population cluster to the east, across the Niagara River , near modern-day Buffalo , New York , which

5886-458: The Sun") who led several raids against the Mascouten (or "The Fire Nation"), who lived in territory in present-day Michigan and Ohio . A 1627 report called him the chief of all of the nation (Neutrals). Tsouharissen died around 1646. Within a generation (by the early 1670s), all of the nearby first nations, the Erie, the Huron, Neutrals, Tobacco tribes, and even the fierce Susquehannocks would all fall between rampaging epidemic diseases or in

5995-399: The barrier beyond the critical width was breaching, formation of a partially subaerial flood shoal, and subsequent inlet closure. Critical barrier width can be defined as the smallest cross-shore dimension that minimizes net loss of sediment from the barrier island over the defined project lifetime. The magnitude of critical width is related to sources and sinks of sand in the system, such as

6104-401: The barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island. Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately 13-15% of the world's coastlines. They display different settings, suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environments. Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation. A human-made offshore structure constructed parallel to

6213-467: The bloody Beaver Wars between themselves and/or to the last tribe standing with any significant military power, the Iroquois . The Neutrals quarried Onondaga chert from the Onondaga Limestone formation in their lands. Prior to European contact, they used this chert as a tool stone for arrowheads , bifaces , and other weapons and tools. This extended into the protohistoric and post-contact periods, and has been documented at sites associated with

6322-552: The body." The Museum of Ontario Archeology describes the society as "semi-nomadic", living in villages for about 20 years before abandoning a site after depleting the game and the soil of the area. A historian in 1997 stated that the Nation "also made use of hamlets, agricultural field cabins, specialized camps ... and cemeteries. Another source describes the Neutrals as a "hunter-gatherer society who lived in longhouses that sheltered multiple families". Research conducted by anthropologist Mary Jackes states that they remained neutral "in

6431-412: The boundary between the foreshore and backshore. Wind is the important factor here, not water. During strong storms high waves and wind can deliver and erode sediment from the backshore. Coastal dunes , created by wind, are typical of a barrier island. They are located at the top of the backshore. The dunes will display characteristics of typical aeolian wind-blown dunes. The difference is that dunes on

6540-449: The coast. A good example is found at Miramichi Bay , New Brunswick , where Portage Island as well as Fox Island and Hay Island protect the inner bay from storms in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Mexico's Gulf of Mexico coast has numerous barrier islands and barrier peninsulas. Barrier islands are more prevalent in the north of both of New Zealand's main islands. Notable barrier islands in New Zealand include Matakana Island , which guards

6649-417: The coast. The subsequent breaching of spits by storm waves would form barrier islands. William John McGee reasoned in 1890 that the East and Gulf coasts of the United States were undergoing submergence, as evidenced by the many drowned river valleys that occur along these coasts, including Raritan , Delaware and Chesapeake bays. He believed that during submergence, coastal ridges were separated from

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6758-424: The concentration of waterfowl, and abundance of migratory land birds; it is also of national importance for the presence of threatened species and gregarious species. It has also been recognized as an international reserve for the monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) following a bi-national agreement with Mexico . The Long Point peninsula is characterized by the Carolinian forest or eastern deciduous forest. It

6867-427: The conflicts between the Iroquois from south of the Great Lakes and the Ontario Iroquoians who lived to the north" and thrived through active trading instead of war, although the Huron nation aggressively worked to prevent trade between the Neutrals and the French.      The chief of 28 villages, villas, and towns in the last years of the Neutral confederacy was named Tsouharissen or Souharissen ("Child of

6976-449: The early nineteenth century. In 1866, the Long Point Company acquired most of the land on the peninsula, ensuring its ecological integrity. Since 1980, the area has been managed as a National Wildlife Area by the Canadian Wildlife Service . The National Wildlife Refuge is located on Long Point , a 40 km-long sandy peninsula north of Lake Erie . It lies entirely within Norfolk County , 10 km south of Port Rowan . The reserve

7085-485: The ebb shoal into swash bars, which migrate into the end of the island up current from the inlet, adding to the barrier's width near the inlet (creating a "drumstick" barrier island). This process captures sand that is carried by the longshore current, preventing it from reaching the downcurrent side of the inlet, starving that island. Many of the Sea Islands in the U.S. state of Georgia are relatively wide compared to their shore-parallel length. Siesta Key, Florida has

7194-424: The entrance to Tauranga Harbour , and Rabbit Island , at the southern end of Tasman Bay . See also Nelson Harbour's Boulder Bank , below. The Vypin Island in the Southwest coast of India in Kerala is 27 km long. It is also one of the most densely populated islands in the world. The Indonesian Barrier Islands lie off the western coast of Sumatra . From north to south along this coast they include Simeulue ,

7303-423: The existence of many villages southwest of Hamilton, comprising a Neutral Confederacy, which he believes to have been centred at the Walker site and was presided over by the chief Souharissen. Noble was instrumental in excavating and documenting other Neutral sites in Thorold , Grimsby , and Binbrook . Reports from those and other Southern Ontario sites near Milton ( Crawford Lake ) and Oakville have indicated that

7412-456: The fierce ways in which they waged war. A largely agrarian society, the Neutral Confederacy developed farmsteads that were admired and marveled over by European leaders writing reports to their sponsors. The Neutral Confederacy were primarily engaged in hunting; they traded with others through furs and animal skins. The largest group identified as Chonnonton ('keepers of the deer'), partly because of their practice of herding deer into pens,

7521-425: The final Iroquois onslaught...the Neutral fled into the woods and dispersed for the last time ... The years of famine and disease no doubt contributed to the rout".   The last reference to the Neutrals as an independent society is from the fall of 1653. A historical mention in 1864 refers to the "Huron de la nation neuter" and "Hurons neutres" (neutral Hurons). The Neutral Confederacy had much in common with

7630-526: The formation of barrier islands for more than 150 years. There are three major theories: offshore bar, spit accretion, and submergence. No single theory can explain the development of all barriers, which are distributed extensively along the world's coastlines. Scientists accept the idea that barrier islands, including other barrier types, can form by a number of different mechanisms. There appears to be some general requirements for formation. Barrier island systems develop most easily on wave-dominated coasts with

7739-427: The island at an angle will carry sediment long, extending the island. Longshore currents, and the resultant extension, are usually in one direction, but in some circumstances the currents and extensions can occur towards both ends of the island (as occurs on Anclote Key , Three Rooker Bar , and Sand Key , on the Gulf Coast of Florida). Washover fans on the lagoon side of barriers, where storm surges have over-topped

7848-524: The island, are common, especially on younger barrier islands. Wave-dominated barriers are also susceptible to being breached by storms, creating new inlets. Such inlets may close as sediment is carried in them by longshore currents, but may become permanent if the tidal prism (volumn and force of tidal flow) is large enough. Older barrier islands that have accumulated dunes are less subject to washovers and opening of inlets. Wave-dominated islands require an abundant supply of sediment to grow and develop dunes. If

7957-407: The island. This process leads to the evolution and migration of the barrier island. Barrier islands are often formed to have a certain width. The term "critical width concept" has been discussed with reference to barrier islands, overwash, and washover deposits since the 1970s. The concept basically states that overwash processes were effective in migration of the barrier only where the barrier width

8066-434: The latter notes from the Neutral name given to Chaumonot that the Neutral language did not have sound changes that distinguish Wendat from other Northern Iroquoian languages. Hanzeli (1969), referencing Thwaites (21:228–230), notes Brébeuf and Chaumonot considered Neutral different enough from Wendat to write a separate Neutral grammar and dictionary, now lost. The Southwold Earthworks , near St. Thomas, Ontario , contains

8175-430: The mainland coast . They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen. They are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish. A barrier chain may extend for hundreds of kilometers, with islands periodically separated by tidal inlets . The largest barrier island in

8284-538: The mainland, and lagoons formed behind the ridges. He used the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands (consists of Cat , Ship , Horn , Petit Bois and Dauphin Islands) as an example where coastal submergence formed barrier islands. His interpretation was later shown to be incorrect when the ages of the coastal stratigraphy and sediment were more accurately determined. Along the coast of Louisiana , former lobes of

8393-573: The mainland. An unusual natural structure in New Zealand may give clues to the formation processes of barrier islands. The Boulder Bank , at the entrance to Nelson Haven at the northern end of the South Island , is a unique 13 km-long stretch of rocky substrate a few metres in width. It is not strictly a barrier island, as it is linked to the mainland at one end. The Boulder Bank is composed of granodiorite from Mackay Bluff, which lies close to

8502-457: The most diverse bird locations on the Great Lakes . Of these species, 173 are known or suspected to nest on the Point. It is an important continental site for waterfowl migration; in 1998, some 9,624,545 birds were counted during the autumn migration. Migratory species include the mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ), the American wigeon ( Anas americana ), the American black duck ( Anas rubripes ),

8611-657: The nations of the Iroquois Confederacy . During the late 16th and the early 17th centuries, the territory of the Attawandaron , as they were called by the Huron Nation, was mostly within the limits of present-day southern Ontario . The Museum of Ontario Archaeology summarizes that territory as follows: they "inhabited dozens of villages in Southwestern Ontario stretching along the north shore of Lake Erie from

8720-606: The north of the Neutral. They throve on trade, rather than war." Jackes re-examined French reports including the Jesuit Relations and the artefacts found in the Grimsby site. When grounds were prepared for a new housing development in Grimsby, Ontario, in 1976, a Neutral Confederacy burial site was uncovered in sheltered embayment of the Niagara Escarpment. The excavation by Kenyon was closed after only two months in 1977, and

8829-628: The point where the bank joins the mainland. It is still debated what process or processes have resulted in this odd structure, though longshore drift is the most accepted hypothesis. Studies have been conducted since 1892 to determine the speed of boulder movement. Rates of the top-course gravel movement have been estimated at 7.5 metres a year. Richard Davis distinguishes two types of barrier islands, wave-dominated and mixed-energy. Wave-dominated barrier islands are long, low, and narrow, and usually are bounded by unstable inlets at either end. The presence of longshore currents caused by waves approaching

8938-458: The powerful Iroquois Five Nations Confederacy, who were also Iroquoian speakers. That dissolved in 1639, with devastating effects, particularly to the Wenrohronon. The Wenrohronon made an alliance with the Huron , who were located farther away and could not offer much support. Traveling south from Midland, Ontario , Étienne Brûlé passed through the Attawandaron territory circa 1615 and spent

9047-459: The region include the coyote ( Canis latrans ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), Stoat ( Mustela erminea ), the long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), the American mink ( Neovison vison ), the American badger ( Taxidea taxus ), the striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ), the river otter ( Lontra canadensis ), and the Canadian lynx ( Lynx canadensis ). Small mammals found in

9156-645: The region prompted a group of hunters, organized under the Long Point Company , to purchase most of the land on the Point, i.e. 6,044 ha, from the Province of Canada to make it a hunting reserve in 1866. The only land not acquired was the Anderson family property at the tip of the Point. White-tailed deer were introduced to the peninsula in 1874. The company implemented a number of wildlife conservation techniques, issuing hunting licenses and banning waterfowl hunting in

9265-523: The remains of a precontact Neutral village and is a National Historic Site of Canada . It is known for conspicuous earthworks, which were rare in southern Ontario, and are well preserved. The Museum of Ontario Archaeology in London, Ontario , is located adjacent to the Lawson site . It is another 500-year-old Neutral village which has been under study since the early 1900s. An Ontario historical plaque commemorates

9374-659: The reserve include the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ), the Cinereus shrew ( Sorex cinereus ), the Smoky shrew ( Sorex fumeus ), the Northern short-tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ), the North American least shrew ( Cryptotis parva ), the hairy-tailed mole ( Parascalops breweri ), the Star-nosed mole ( Condylura cristata ), the Eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ),

9483-459: The reserve is fairly flat, with altitudes ranging from 174 m, corresponding to the level of Lake Erie, to 183 m. The southern part of the reserve is characterized by a 32 km-long beach. The north of the peninsula features a vast system of marshes and wetlands alternating with sand dunes. The climate in the Long Point region is reputed to be one of the most gentle in Canada. Winters are mild and snowy, while summers are hot and humid. Precipitation

9592-514: The sand into one location. In 1845 the Frenchman Elie de Beaumont published an account of barrier formation. He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy. As the bars developed vertically, they gradually rose above sea level, forming barrier islands. Several barrier islands have been observed forming by this process along

9701-406: The shore is called a breakwater . In terms of coastal morphodynamics , it acts similarly to a naturally occurring barrier island by dissipating and reducing the energy of the waves and currents striking the coast. Hence, it is an important aspect of coastal engineering . The shoreface is the part of the barrier where the ocean meets the shore of the island. The barrier island body itself separates

9810-408: The shoreface from the backshore and lagoon / tidal flat area. Characteristics common to the upper shoreface are fine sands with mud and possibly silt. Further out into the ocean the sediment becomes finer. The effect of waves at this point is weak because of the depth. Bioturbation is common and many fossils can be found in upper shoreface deposits in the geologic record . The middle shoreface

9919-566: The site "is among a cluster of Attawandaron villages in this part of the region". In 1976, a Neutral Confederacy cemetery was unearthed in Grimsby, Ontario . The area that now comprises Morriston in Puslinch, Ontario is said to have been inhabited by the Neutral Confederacy, in a village of 4,000. This region may have had the largest Neutral Confederacy settlement in Ontario, at one time. Onondaga chert

10028-508: The site, which was occupied by Neutrals in the 1500s. About 1000 to 2000 people lived in longhouses in the fortified community. Scientific excavation was first completed in 1921–1923, when the site was owned by the Lawson family. The searches have recovered 30,000 artifacts and the remains of 19 longhouses. Some of the longhouses and the pallisade have been reconstructed. The McMaster University professor William Noble has excavated and documented

10137-433: The skeletons were reburied near the original site. It was estimated that over 100 bodies were recovered at the time. "Natural disruption, disease, famine and years of severe weather would have been sufficient to begin population decline. Intensifying war, with many killed, taken captive or forced to become refugees, led to almost complete population collapse." Jackes suggested that this burial site "had significance and that it

10246-399: The small flying squirrel, and the woodland vole. Some species, however, have disappeared from the region since the beginning of colonization: the elk ( Cervus canadensis ), the bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), the black bear ( Ursus americanus ), the eastern wolf ( Canis lycaon ), and the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ). Around 34 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded in

10355-502: The spring. Long Point Provincial Park was created in 1921 at the base of the peninsula. The Long Point Company transferred part of its land to the Canadian Wildlife Service , which made it a National Wildlife Area in 1980. In 1982, Long Point was recognised as a Ramsar site . Finally, it was recognized as a Biosphere Reserve in 1986. According to the Commission for Environmental Cooperation 's ecological classification, Long Point

10464-468: The surroundings. They are typically rich habitats for a variety of flora and fauna. Without barrier islands, these wetlands could not exist; they would be destroyed by daily ocean waves and tides as well as ocean storm events. One of the most prominent examples is the Louisiana barrier islands . Neutral Nation The Neutral Confederacy (also Neutral Nation , Neutral people , or Attawandaron )

10573-537: The term Neutrals Attawandaron was derived. The five-nation Iroquois Confederacy was across Lake Ontario to the southeast. Like others of Iroquoian language and culture, the tribes would raid and feud with fellow Iroquoian tribes. They were generally wary of rival Algonquian -speaking peoples, such as those who inhabited Canada to the East, along the St. Lawrence Valley basin . Iroquoian tribes were later known to historians for

10682-576: The tribes of the Neutral confederacy included the Aondironon, the Wenrehronon, and the Ongniaahraronon. They spoke Iroquoian languages but were culturally distinct from the Iroquois and competed with them for the same resources. The French called the people "Neutral" ( French : la Nation neutre ) because they tried to remain neutral in the many wars between the confederacy of the Huron tribes and

10791-408: The volume stored in the dunes and the net long-shore and cross-shore sand transport, as well as the island elevation. The concept of critical width is important for large-scale barrier island restoration, in which islands are reconstructed to optimum height, width, and length for providing protection for estuaries, bays, marshes and mainland beaches. Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for

10900-519: The west of the bay. Several other Lake Erie peninsulas have similar protected areas, such as Rondeau Provincial Park and Point Pelee National Park in Ontario , along with Presque Isle State Park in Pennsylvania . Long Point is a 40 km barrier island jutting out into Lake Erie . It is the largest barrier beach in the Great Lakes . The subsoil is composed of sedimentary rocks dating from

11009-430: The winter of 1626–1627. Daillon visited 28 Neutral villages, including the capital, which the French referred to as Nôtre Dame des Anges. The fertile flats of the various oxbows that Big Creek makes three miles from its mouth at Grand River , were ideal for long-term settlement. Noble uses the term "Neutralia" to designate the concentration of Iroquoian -speaking natives in the area. F. Douglas Reville's The History of

11118-473: The woods." According to the City of Waterloo, Ontario , the indigenous people who lived in the area in the precontact era included the Neutral Confederacy. In 2020, a site in nearby Kitchener, Ontario was found to include artifacts from an Iroquioan village that was inhabited circa 1300 to 1600. Archeologists found some 35,000 objects including stone tools and a 4,000 year old arrowhead. Another source states that

11227-529: The world is Padre Island of Texas, United States, at 113 miles (182 km) long. Sometimes an important inlet may close permanently, transforming an island into a peninsula , thus creating a barrier peninsula , often including a beach , barrier beach . Though many are long and narrow, the length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range , wave energy , sediment supply , sea-level trends , and basement controls . The amount of vegetation on

11336-502: Was a dialect of Iroquoian. They believed that all three groups had once been a part of a single group. Their neighbours, the Wendat (Wyandot, or Huron) Nation referred to the Neutrals (Chonnonton) impolitely as "Attawandaron," meaning "Those whose speech is awry" because their dialect was different. (Apparently, the Chonnonton referred to the Wendat by the same term.) Because the language of

11445-608: Was a tribal confederation of Iroquoian peoples . Its heartland was in the floodplain of the Grand River in what is now Ontario , Canada. At its height, its wider territory extended toward the shores of lakes Erie , Huron , and Ontario , as well as the Niagara River in the east. To the northeast were the neighbouring territories of Huronia and the Petun Country , which were inhabited by other Iroquoian confederacies from which

11554-516: Was investigated by the archaeologist Mary Jackes. The demise of the Neutral Confederacy occurred in spite of reports by the French, who first met it, "in 1610 as strong, healthy and numerous. They lived in the most fertile and warmest part of Ontario. They were determined to remain neutral in the conflicts between the Iroquois from south of the Great Lakes and the Ontario Iroquoians who lived to

11663-402: Was much less of an advantage. Flints were still used in trade for the flintlocks on guns. The Neutral continued to trade commodities such as maize , tobacco , and black squirrel and other high-grade furs for steel axes, glass beads, cloaks, conch shells, gourd containers, and firearms. Records left by Jesuit priests in the 1600s indicate that the Neutral language was similar to Huron and so

11772-704: Was plentiful in Neutral lands due to the presence of the Onondaga Limestone formation. This tool stone was also available to the Five Nations Iroquois in their own lands, but not to other neighbouring peoples. The Neutral territory marked the furthest northern and western extent of useable chert deposits, even though the Onondaga Limestone runs further. The Neutrals had an alliance with the Wenrohronon , also Iroquoian-language people, to defend against

11881-530: Was west of the Wenro people. – Souharissen was the warrior chief who lived in a village called Ounontisatan, which was visited by the French in 1625-1626. His trade agreement with the Neutral people provided protection for them by his warriors. The principal headman took on and defeated the Fire Nation in what is present-day Michigan . The Recollect priest Joseph de la Roche Daillon lived with him for five months in

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