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75-452: The London City Mission's early work centred on the poor and destitute, developing a wide range of charitable help including Ragged Schools and ministering to working people. One missionary wrote Last year I walked 3,000 miles on London pavements, paid 1,300 visits, 300 of which were to sick and dying cab men. Missionaries were also appointed to visit members of London's new fire service. The service's first Chief, James Braidwood , introduced

150-535: A Portsmouth shoemaker, also provided significant inspiration for the movement. When he was 12, his father arranged for him to be apprenticed as a shipwright. Three years later, he fell into a dry dock and was crippled for life after damaging his thigh. Unable to continue as a shipwright, he became a shoemaker and, by 1803, had a shop on St Mary Street, Portsmouth. In 1818, Pounds, known as "the crippled cobbler", began teaching poor children without charging fees. He actively recruited them to his school, spending time on

225-453: A Sabbath school , is an educational institution , usually Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes. Sunday school classes usually precede a Sunday church service and are used to provide catechesis to Christians, especially children and teenagers, and sometimes adults as well. Churches of many Christian denominations have classrooms attached to the church used for this purpose. Many Sunday school classes operate on

300-424: A Sunday school primarily teaching children Bible stories. She worked within the state church. Her Sunday school was supported by Peter Fjellstedt and grew quickly, with 250 students noted in 1853. Around 1851, Sunday schools were established by Foy's friends Betty Ehrenborg (1818–1880) and Per Palmqvist (1815–1887), brother of Swedish Baptist pioneers Johannes and Gustaf Palmquist . That year, Ehrenborg and

375-399: A background in education as a result of their occupations. Some churches require Sunday school teachers and catechists to attend courses to ensure that they have a sufficient understanding of the faith and of the teaching process to educate others. Other churches allow volunteers to teach without training; a profession of faith and a desire to teach is all that is required in such cases. It

450-401: A brief sketch of the rise and progress of this good work. The friends heartily responded to an earnest appeal for help to build new schools, and contributed £128 17s. ld. It is proposed to raise another £100 by 23rd of June. The friends have thus raised in a few months over £350, which, with Mr. Spurgeon's promise of £150, makes £500. At least £300 more is required. There was a massive growth in

525-565: A doctor and become a missionary in China. In London, he was confronted by a city where disease was rife, poverty and overcrowding endemic, and educational opportunities for the poor nonexistent. He watched helplessly as a cholera epidemic swept through the East End, leaving more than 3,000 Londoners dead and many destitute. He gave up his medical training to pursue his local missionary works and, in 1867, opened his first ragged school where children could gain

600-570: A few such schools were set up in the early 19th century by individual reformers, the London Ragged School Union was established in April 1844 to combine resources in the city, providing free education, food, clothing, lodging, and other home missionary services for poor children. Although the Union did not extend beyond London, its publications and pamphlets helped spread ragged school ideals across

675-493: A free primary education. Ten years later, Barnardo's Copperfield Road School opened its doors to children, and for the next thirty-one years, it educated tens of thousands of children. It closed in 1908, by which time enough government schools had opened in the area to serve the needs of local families. The buildings, originally warehouses for goods transported along the Regent's Canal, then went through various industrial uses until, in

750-680: A hundred children from six to fourteen years old. The society has published its textbooks and brought together nearly 4,000 Sunday schools. In 1785, 250,000 English children were attending Sunday school. There were 5,000 in Manchester alone. By 1835, the Sunday School Society had distributed 91,915 spelling books, 24,232 New Testaments and 5,360 Bibles. The Sunday school movement was cross-denominational. Financed through subscription, large buildings were constructed that could host public lectures as well as provide classrooms. Adults would attend

825-628: A picture of John Pounds in Portsmouth and felt inspired and humbled by the cobbler's work. In 1840, the London City Mission used the term "ragged" in its Annual Report to describe its establishment of five schools for 570 children. The report stated that the schools had been formed exclusively for children "raggedly clothed", meaning children in worn-out clothes who rarely had shoes and did not own sufficient clothing suitable to attend any other school. By 1844, there were at least 20 free schools for

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900-551: A range of ministry methods. The LCM exists to share with the people of London , patiently, sensitively and individually the transforming love of God in Jesus Christ, and to enable them to join his Church. A scholarly work on the London City Mission is Donald M. Lewis' Lighten Their Darkness: The Evangelical Mission to Working-Class London, 1828-1860 (Greenwood Press, 1985; reprinted by Paternoster, 2001). Lewis examines

975-557: A result many clergymen supported schools, which aimed to teach the youngsters reading, writing, cyphering (doing arithmetic) and a knowledge of the Bible. The Sunday School Society was founded by Baptist deacon William Fox on 7 September 1785 in Prescott Street Baptist Church of London. The latter had been touched by articles of Raikes, on the problems of youth crime. Pastor Thomas Stock and Raikes have thus registered

1050-703: A separate room. Historically, Sunday schools were held in the afternoons in various communities, and were often staffed by workers from varying denominations. Beginning in the United States in the early 1930s and Canada in the 1940s, the transition was made to Sunday mornings. Sunday school often takes the form of a one-hour or longer Bible study , which can occur before, during, or after a church service . While many Sunday schools are focused on providing instruction for children (especially those sessions occurring during service times), adult Sunday-school classes are also popular and widespread (see RCIA ). In some traditions,

1125-628: A set curriculum, with some teaching attendees a catechism . Members often receive certificates and awards for participation, as well as attendance. Sunday school classes may provide a light breakfast. On days when Holy Communion is being celebrated, however, some Christian denominations encourage fasting before receiving the Eucharistic elements. Sunday schools in Europe began with the Catholic Church's Confraternity of Christian Doctrine , founded in

1200-426: A tailor by trade, his educational background had included studies at a Sunday school on Kingsland Road , Hackney and in 1798, he established a free children's day school on Kent Street near London Bridge . By his death in 1838, he had established 19 free schools offering opportunities and services daily, nightly, and Sundays for children and infants living in the lower-income areas of London. John Pounds ,

1275-726: A week, sometimes for more than 13 hours a day. By 1785 over 250,000 children throughout England attended schools on Sundays. In 1784 many new schools opened, including the interdenominational Stockport Sunday School , which financed and constructed a school for 5,000 scholars in 1805. In the late-19th century this was accepted as being the largest in the world. By 1831 it was reported that attendance at Sunday schools had grown to 1.2 million. The first Sunday school in London opened at Surrey Chapel, Southwark , under Rowland Hill . By 1831 1,250,000 children in Great Britain, or about 25 per cent of

1350-486: Is estimated that between 1844 and 1881, about 300,000 children went through just the ragged schools in London alone. The Ragged School Museum in the East End of London , housed in buildings previously occupied by Thomas John Barnardo , shows how a ragged school would have looked. It provides an idea of the working of a ragged school, although Thomas Barnardo's institution differed considerably in practice and philosophy from

1425-429: The läsare (Reader) movement . Always engaged in charitable work, she started a Sunday school not long after her spiritual awakening. However, it was soon closed due to the protests of clergy, who considered it "Methodist". Another attempt by Augusta Norstedt was noted around the same time. Sometime between 1848 and 1856, educator and preacher Amelie von Braun , also part of the revivalist awakening movement, started

1500-520: The Education Act 1902 , which replaced them with local education authorities . Founded in 1990, a Ragged School Museum occupies a group of three canalside buildings on Copperfield Road in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets that once housed the largest ragged school in London; the buildings had previously been used by Dr Thomas Barnardo . Barnardo arrived in London in 1866, planning to train as

1575-616: The Elementary Education Act 1870 ( 33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) following campaigning by George Dixon , Joseph Chamberlain , and the National Education League for elementary education that was free from Anglican doctrine. Board members were directly elected, not appointed by borough councils or parishes. The demand for ragged schools declined as the school boards were built and funded. The school boards continued in operation for 32 years. They were officially abolished by

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1650-548: The Houses of Parliament . Lord Shaftesbury became an ardent supporter of the Mission and YMCA's founder George Williams (YMCA) was an early president, until his death in 1905. LCM was established as a joint venture by members of different Protestant denominations. LCM was a pioneering organisation, in: LCM and its staff were innovative, being instrumental in the founding of other Christian and social organisations and in developing

1725-650: The 16th century by the archbishop Charles Borromeo to teach young Italian children the faith. Protestant Sunday schools were first set up in the 18th century in England to provide education to working children. William King started a Sunday school in 1751 in Dursley , Gloucestershire. Robert Raikes , editor of the Gloucester Journal , started a similar one in Gloucester in 1781. He wrote an article in his journal, and as

1800-589: The 1730s and joined the Sabbatarian Ephrata Cloister in 1739, where he soon created the Sunday school for the impoverished children of the area, and published, on the Ephrata Press, a full textbook. Rev. Ira Lee Cottrell writes:"It is especially interesting to us to know that a Seventh Day Baptist Sabbath school was organized about 1740, forty years before Robert Raikes Sunday-school. This Sabbath school

1875-692: The 1860s. More Sunday schools were soon founded in the 1870s and 1880s: in Vaasa – including by the local Lutheran parish, in Kotka , Turku , Åland , Helsinki , Ekenäs , Hanko , and other cities. The first organized and documented Sunday school in the United States was founded in Ephrata , Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, by an immigrant from Germany, Ludwig Höcker, the son of a well-respected and influential Reformed Church Pastor and teacher in Westerwald. Ludwig immigrated in

1950-410: The 1920s they also promoted sports, and ran Sunday school leagues. They became social centres hosting amateur dramatics and concert parties. By the 1960s, the term Sunday school could refer to the building and rarely to the activities inside. By the 1970s even the largest Sunday school had been demolished. The locution today chiefly refers to catechism classes for children and adults that occur before

2025-790: The Field Lane ragged school began in Clerkenwell, London , and it was the secretary of the school, S. R. Starey, who first applied the term 'ragged' to the institutions in an advert he submitted to The Times seeking public support. Historians have debated how connected the movement was between England and Scotland. E.A.G. Clark argued that 'the London and Scottish schools had little in common except their name'. More recently, Laura Mair has demonstrated that literature, philosophy, and passionate individuals were shared between schools. She writes that 'schools forged significant links across cities and countries that disregarded physical distance'. In Edinburgh,

2100-638: The International Uniform Lesson Curriculum, also known as the "Uniform Lesson Plan". By the 1800s 80% of all new members were introduced to the church through Sunday school. In 1874, interested in improving the training of Sunday school teachers for the Uniform Lesson Plan, Miller and Vincent worked together again to found what is now the Chautauqua Institution on the shores of Chautauqua Lake , New York. Increasingly

2175-553: The Lord's Day should be devoted to God; as such many children and teenagers often return to the church in the late afternoon for youth group before attending an evening service of worship. The first recorded Protestant Sunday school opened in 1751 in St Mary's Church, Nottingham . Hannah Ball made another early start, founding a school in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , in 1769. However,

2250-579: The Mission. They are given "not in the words which man's wisdom teaches, but which the Holy Spirit teaches". Ragged Schools Ragged schools were charitable organisations dedicated to the free education of destitute children in 19th-century Britain . The schools were developed in working-class districts and intended for society's most impoverished youngsters who, it was argued, were often excluded from Sunday School education because of their unkempt appearance and often challenging behaviour. After

2325-645: The Sunday school. In the United States the American Sunday School Union was formed (headquartered in Philadelphia) for the publication of literature. This group helped pioneer what became known as the International Sunday School Lessons. The Sunday School Times was another periodical they published for the use of Sunday schools. LifeWay Christian Resources , Herald and Banner Press, David C. Cook , and Group Publishing are among

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2400-661: The United Kingdom in 1886. The earliest recorded Sunday school programme in Ireland goes back to 1777, when Daniel Delany , Roman Catholic priest started a school in Tullow, County Carlow. He set up a complex system which involved timetables, lesson plans, streaming, and various teaching activities. This system spread to other parishes in the diocese. By 1787 in Tullow alone there were 700 students, boys and girls, men and women, and 80 teachers. The primary intent of this Sunday school system

2475-673: The boys and girls working in the factories could attend. Using the Bible as their textbook, the children learned to read and write. In 18th-century England, education was largely reserved for a wealthy, male minority and was not compulsory . The wealthy educated their children privately at home, with hired governesses or tutors for younger children. The town-based middle class may have sent their sons to grammar schools , while daughters were left to learn what they could from their mothers or from their fathers' libraries. The children of factory workers and farm labourers received no formal education, and typically worked alongside their parents six days

2550-542: The brothers traveled to London. The brothers, at least, reconnected with Scott, whom they knew from Sweden. In England, they studied the Methodists' Sunday schools and teaching methods, impressed by the number of students and teachers. There were over 250 children and 20 to 30 teachers; classes were taught by laypeople and included literacy training in addition to Bible lessons, singing, and prayer. Upon Palmqvist's return to Sweden, he invited 25 local poor children and founded

2625-523: The country among a number of denominations, with 23,058 officers and teachers and 317,648 students. The first Sunday schools in Finland were run by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , with the first one founded in 1807. They were often for those who had not become literate. As a form of schooling, they were recommended by the state in 1853. Some Sunday schools gave vocational training in

2700-521: The country before they were phased out by the final decades of the 19th century. Working in the poorest districts, teachers (often local working people) initially utilised stables, lofts, and railway arches for their classes. The majority were voluntary teachers, although a small number were employed. There was an emphasis on reading, writing, arithmetic, and study of the Bible , and the curriculum expanded into industrial and commercial subjects in many schools. It

2775-402: The early 1980s, they were threatened with demolition. A group of local people joined together to save them and reclaim their unique heritage. The Ragged School Museum Trust was set up and opened a museum in 1990. The museum was founded to make the history of the ragged schools and the broader social history of the East End accessible to all. An authentic Victorian classroom has been set up within

2850-632: The eligible population, attended Sunday schools weekly. The schools provided basic lessons in literacy alongside religious instruction. In 1833, "for the unification and progress of the work of religious education among the young", the Unitarians founded their Sunday School Association, as "junior partner" to the British and Foreign Unitarian Association , with which it eventually set up offices at Essex Hall in Central London . The work of Sunday schools in

2925-565: The first Baptist Sunday school; the same year, Ehrenborg began a Sunday school as well, with 13 mostly Baptist and free-church students. Palmqvist was given £5 in financial support by the London Sunday School Association and used the money to travel to Norrland , home of a significant revival movement, to spread the idea of Sunday school there. The first Sunday school association in Sweden, Stockholms Lutherska Söndagsskolförening,

3000-505: The first example was the Vennel Ragged School (aka New Greyfriars School) created by Rev William Robertson , the minister of the nearby New Greyfriars Church , in 1846 on the ground on the north-west corner of George Heriot's School . The unassuming Robertson was, however, eclipsed by the self-promoting Rev Thomas Guthrie , who created a parallel Ragged School on Mound Place, off Castlehill in April 1847. Guthrie placed himself at

3075-518: The first such missionary in 1854. Within five years the missionary was visiting nineteen fire stations throughout London, ministering to 450 people (firemen, their wives and dependents). The first Ragged School established by the London City Mission was in 1835 in a disused stable in the City of Westminster. It was established by the missionary Andrew Walker with a charitable donation fund-raised by Lord Shaftesbury amongst his colleagues in, and visitors to,

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3150-685: The forefront of the movement in Scotland but was certainly not alone in his aims. His 'Plea for Ragged Schools', published in March 1847 to garner the public's support for a school in the city, laid out his indisputable arguments that proved highly influential. Guthrie was first introduced to ragged schools in 1841 while acting as the Parish Minister of St. John's Church in Edinburgh. On a visit to Anstruther in Fife, he saw

3225-483: The industrial cities was increasingly supplemented by " ragged schools " (charitable provision for the industrial poor), and eventually by publicly funded education under the terms of the Elementary Education Act 1870 ( 33 & 34 Vict. c. 75). Sunday schools continued alongside such increasing educational provision, and new forms also developed, such as the Socialist Sunday Schools movement, which began in

3300-407: The lowest level of society. It was not confined to the 'three R's', however, as the scholars also received instruction on geology. Three meals a day were provided, and they were taught valuable trades such as shoemaking and printing. A school for girls followed in 1843, and a mixed school in 1845, and from there, the movement spread to Dundee and other parts of Scotland. On Sunday, 7 November 1841,

3375-435: The number of schools, teachers, and students. By 1851, the number of educators would grow to around 1,600 persons. By 1867, some 226 Sunday Ragged Schools, 204 day schools, and 207 evening schools provided a free education for about 26,000 students. However, the schools relied heavily on volunteers and continually faced problems finding and keeping staff. Women played an important role as volunteer teachers. A newspaper report on

3450-429: The original buildings, in which 14,000 children each year experience a school lesson as it would have been taught more than 100 years ago. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Wood, James , ed. (1907). " Ragged school ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . London and New York: Frederick Warne. Sunday school A Sunday school , sometimes known as

3525-468: The pioneer of Sunday schools is commonly said to be Robert Raikes , editor of the Gloucester Journal , who in 1781, after prompting from William King (who was running a Sunday School in Dursley ), recognised the need of children living in the Gloucester slums; the need also to prevent them from taking up crime. He opened a school in the home of a Mrs Meredith, operating it on a Sunday – the only day that

3600-470: The poor, maintained through the generosity of community philanthropists, the volunteers working with their local churches, and the organisational support of the London City Mission . During this time, it was suggested that it would be beneficial to establish an official organisation or society to share resources and promote their common cause. Then, in April 1844, the London Ragged School Union

3675-598: The president for 39 years, and in 1944 the Union adopted the name "Shaftesbury Society" in his honour until, in 2007, the Society was merged with John Grooms, taking the new charity name of Livability . Shaftesbury maintained his commitment to the Ragged Schools and educational reform until he died in 1885. In 1843, Charles Dickens began his association with the schools and visited the Field Lane Ragged School. He

3750-403: The progress of the schools announced that 'the most valuable teachers in ragged schools are those of the female sex'. The ragged school movement became respectable, even fashionable, attracting the attention of many wealthy philanthropists. Wealthy individuals such as Angela Burdett-Coutts gave large sums of money to the London Ragged School Union. This helped to establish 350 ragged schools by

3825-637: The public elementary schools were handling literacy. In response the Sunday schools switched to an emphasis on Bible stories, hymn singing, and memorizing Biblical passages. The main goal was encouraging the conversion experience that was so important to evangelicals. Notable 20th-century leaders in the Sunday school movement include: Clarence Herbert Benson, Henrietta Mears , founder of Gospel Light, Dr. Gene A. Getz, Howard Hendricks , Lois E. LeBar, Lawrence O. Richards, and Elmer Towns . In Evangelical churches, during worship service, children and young people receive an adapted education, in Sunday school, in

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3900-483: The ragged schools. These included Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury , one of Britain's most significant social reformers whose broad-ranging concerns included education, animal welfare, public health, and improving working conditions. In 1844, Lord Shaftesbury became the London Ragged School Union president. He used his knowledge of the schools and refuges and his understanding of low-income families' living conditions to pursue legislation changes. He served as

3975-544: The role that the LCM played in broadening interdenominational cooperation among evangelicals in the nineteenth century, against the earlier view that this sort of cooperation only emerged much later in the century. As the object of the Mission is to extend the knowledge of the Gospel, it is a fundamental law that the following doctrines be prominently taught by the Agents and publications of

4050-518: The same classes as the infants , as each was instructed in basic reading. In some towns, the Methodists withdrew from the large Sunday school and built their own. The Anglicans set up their National schools that would act as Sunday schools and day schools. These schools were the precursors to a national system of education. The educational role of the Sunday schools ended with the Education Act 1870 , which provided universal elementary education. In

4125-462: The schools accountable to the London Ragged School Union. Several schools claim to have pioneered truly free education for impoverished children. They began from the late 18th century onwards but were initially few and far between, only being set up where someone was concerned enough to want to help local disadvantaged children towards a better life, In the late 18th century, Thomas Cranfield offered free education for poor children in London. Although

4200-452: The start of a church service. In certain Christian traditions, in certain grades, for example the second grade or eighth grade, Sunday school classes may prepare youth to undergo a rite such as First Communion or Confirmation . The doctrine of Sunday Sabbatarianism , held by many Christian denominations, encourages practices such as Sunday school attendance, as it teaches that the entirety of

4275-625: The streets and quays of Portsmouth, making contact, and even bribing them to attend with the offer of baked potatoes. He taught them reading, writing, and arithmetic, and his reputation as a teacher grew; he soon had more than 40 students attending his lessons. He also gave classes in cooking, carpentry, and shoemaking. Pounds, who died in 1839, quickly became a figurehead for the later ragged schools movement, his ethos being used as an inspiration. In 1840, Sheriff William Watson established an industrial school in Aberdeen, Scotland to educate, train and feed

4350-516: The term "Sunday school" is too strongly associated with children, and alternate terms such as "Adult Electives" or "religious education" are used instead of "Adult Sunday school". Some churches only operate Sunday school for children concurrently with the adult worship service. In this case, there is typically no adult Sunday school. In Great Britain an agency was formed called the Religious Tract Society which helped provide literature for

4425-468: The time the Elementary Education Act 1870 ( 33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) was passed. As Eager (1953) explains, "Shaftesbury not only threw into the movement his great and growing influence; he gave what had been a Nonconformist undertaking, the cachet of his Tory churchmanship – an important factor at a time when even broad-minded (Anglican) churchmen thought that Nonconformists should be fairly credited with good intentions, but that cooperation (with them)

4500-482: The trades; after 1858 they were also preparatory schools for further education held during the week. However, Sunday schools did not catch on until the later growth of free churches in the country as well as the establishment of public schooling, at which point they became a form of children's religious education. One of the earliest free-church Sunday schools was founded by sisters Netta and Anna Heikel in Jakobstad in

4575-514: The vagrant boys of the town. In contrast to the earlier efforts of Pounds and Cranfield, however, Watson used compulsion to increase attendance. Frustrated by the number of youngsters who committed petty crimes and faced him in court, he used his position as a law official to arrest vagrant boys and enrol them in the school rather than send them to prison. His Industrial Feeding School opened to provide reading, writing, and arithmetic, as Watson believed that gaining these skills would help them rise above

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4650-425: The widely available published resources currently used in Sunday schools across the country. Sunday school teachers are usually lay people who are selected for their role in the church by a designated coordinator, board, or a committee. Normally, the selection is based on a perception of character and ability to teach the Bible, rather than formal training in education. Some Sunday school teachers, however, do have

4725-563: Was "so the boys may wash and for a supervisor"! (from a letter to Field Lane). He later wrote about the school and his experience in Household Words . In 1837, he used the street called Field Lane as a setting for Fagin 's den in his classic novel Oliver Twist . Charles Spurgeon and the Metropolitan Tabernacle were also supporters. In May 1875's Sword and Trowel Spurgeon recorded: A most interesting and enthusiastic meeting

4800-403: Was appalled by the conditions yet moved toward reform. The experience inspired him to write A Christmas Carol . While he initially intended to write a pamphlet on the plight of poor children, he realised that a dramatic story would have more impact. Dickens continued to support the schools, donating funds on various occasions. He donated funds along with a water trough at one point, stating it

4875-730: Was converted by George Scott , an influential Scottish Wesleyan Methodist preacher who worked in Sweden from 1830 to 1842 and was controversial due to his preaching in violation of the Conventicle Act . Within the Church of Sweden , however, based on the format of Methodist Sunday schools, he started several in Flykälen , Föllinge , Ottsjön, Storå , and Tuvattnet. Later, Mathilda Foy founded an early Sunday school in 1843–1844. Influenced by Pietistic revivalist preachers such as Scott, and particularly Carl Olof Rosenius , Foy found herself part of

4950-485: Was founded by the established Anglican Protestant church in 1809. The Sabbath School Society of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland was founded in 1862. The concept of Sunday school in Sweden started in the early to mid-1800s, initially facing some backlash, before becoming more mainstream, as it was often intertwined with the growth (and eventual legalization) of free churches . The first documented Sunday school

5025-453: Was founded during a meeting of four men to pray for the city's poor children. Starey, the secretary of Field Lane school, was present along with Locke, Moutlon, and Morrison, and they formed a steering committee to address the social welfare needs of the community. On 11 April 1844, at 17 Ampton Street off London's Grays Inn Road, they facilitated a public meeting to determine local interest, research feasibility, and establish structure. This

5100-596: Was held in the Lecture Hall of the Metropolitan Tabernacle on Wednesday, the 17th ult., in connection with Richmond Street Ragged and Sunday Schools. After tea, at which about six hundred persons sat down, Mr. Olney took the Chair, and the public meeting was addressed by Dr. Barnardo, J. M. Murphy, and W. Alderson, Mr. Curtis, of the Ragged School Union, and the superintendents, Messrs. Burr and Northcroft. Mr. J. T. Dunn gave

5175-520: Was organized at Ephrata, Pa., by Ludwig Hocker among the Seventh Day Baptist Germans, and continued until 1777, when their room with others was given up for hospital purposes after the battle of Brandywine…". In New England a Sunday school system was first begun by Samuel Slater in his textile mills in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790s. In the mid-1860s philanthropist Lewis Miller

5250-587: Was started in 1826 in Snavlunda parish, Örebro County , by priest Ringzelli, and was still active during the time of Pastor Lennart Sickeldal in the 1950s. Ringzelli was also an early organizer of school meals for students who lived far from the school or were from poor families. Carl Ludvig Tellström, later missionary to the Sámi people, made another early attempt to start a Sunday school around 1834. While in Stockholm, he

5325-537: Was started in 1868. However, even despite the abolition of the Conventicle Act in 1858 and increasing religious freedom, there were still challenges: Palmqvist was reported to the Stockholm City Court by a priest in 1870 for teaching children who did not belong to his congregation, but was later acquitted. In Stockholm alone, there were 29 Sunday schools by 1871. By 1915 there were 6,518 Sunday schools in

5400-485: Was the birth of the London Ragged School Union. Mr Locke called for more help in keeping the schools open. Many petitions for funding and grants were made to Parliament to assist with educational reform. He asked the government to give more thought to preventing crime, rather than punishing the wrongdoers and said the latter course only made the young criminals worse. Several people volunteered and offered their time, skills, and talents as educators and administrators of

5475-420: Was the inventor of the " Akron Plan " for Sunday schools. It was a building layout with a central assembly hall surrounded by small classrooms, conceived with Methodist minister John Heyl Vincent and architect Jacob Snyder . It was soon widely copied. John Heyl Vincent collaborated with Baptist layman B. F. Jacobs, who devised a system to encourage Sunday school work, and a committee was established to provide

5550-591: Was the teaching of the Catholic catechism and articles of faith; the teaching of reading and writing became necessary to assist in this. With the coming of Catholic Emancipation in Ireland (1829) and the establishment of the National Schools system (1831), which meant that the Catholic faith could be taught in school, the Catholic Sunday school system became unnecessary. The Church of Ireland Sunday School Society

5625-444: Was undesirable". The ragged schools' success definitively demonstrated a demand for education among people experiencing poverty. In response, England and Wales established school boards to administer elementary schools . However, education was still not free of fees. After 1870, public funding began to be provided for elementary education among working people. School boards were public bodies created in boroughs and parishes under

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