44-558: A lollipop is a type of sugar candy usually consisting of hard candy mounted on a stick and intended for sucking or licking . Different informal terms are used in different places, including lolly , sucker , sticky-pop , etc. Lollipops are available in many flavors and shapes. Lollipops are available in a number of colors and flavors, particularly fruit flavors. With numerous companies producing lollipops, they come in dozens of flavors and many different shapes. Lollipops can range from very small candies bought in bulk and given away as
88-535: A Tootsie Roll ) can be added to the final product but are not part of the main structure of a simple lollipop. The formation and physical state of the glassy amorphous structure used in the creation of the lollipop are involved in a chemical process . The first step in making lollipops after mixing the main ingredients is the heating process. During heating, the molecules increase in their translational mobility and therefore begin to resemble liquids. Although many hard candies are heated to about 310 °F (154 °C),
132-480: A pH of 3.557 at 25 °C (77 °F). Upon dissolution in water, potassium bitartrate will dissociate into acid tartrate, tartrate, and potassium ions . Thus, a saturated solution creates a buffer with standard pH. Before use as a standard, it is recommended that the solution be filtered or decanted between 22 °C (72 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F). Potassium carbonate can be made by burning cream of tartar, which produces " pearl ash ". This process
176-413: A component of baking powders and baking mixes, as mordant in textile dyeing, as reducer of chromium trioxide in mordants for wool, as a metal processing agent that prevents oxidation, as an intermediate for other potassium tartrates, as a cleaning agent when mixed with a weak acid such as vinegar , and as reference standard pH buffer . Medical uses include as a medical cathartic , as a diuretic, and as
220-421: A connection between potassium bitartrate and canine and feline toxicity of grapes was first proposed. Since then, it has been deemed likely as the source of grape and raisin toxicity to pets. Potassium bitartrate is naturally formed in grapes from the acid dissociation of tartaric acid into bitartrate and tartrate ions. Potassium bitartrate has a low solubility in water. It crystallizes in wine casks during
264-425: A courtesy at banks , barbershops , and other locations, to very large treats made from candy canes twisted into a spiral shape. Most lollipops are eaten at room temperature, but " ice lollipops ", "ice lollies", or "popsicles" are frozen water-based lollipops. Some lollipops contain fillings, such as bubble gum or soft candy. Some novelty lollipops have more unusual items, such as mealworm larvae , embedded in
308-474: A historic veterinary laxative and diuretic. It is produced as a byproduct of winemaking by purifying the precipitate that is deposited in wine barrels. It arises from the tartaric acid and potassium naturally occurring in grapes. In culinary applications, potassium bitartrate is valued for its role in stabilizing egg whites, which enhances the volume and texture of meringues and soufflés. Its acidic properties prevent sugar syrups from crystallizing, aiding in
352-446: A large crystal of sugar candy (Kandiszucker or in the regional dialect Kluntje) is placed at the bottom of the cup and the hot tea added, which cracks and dissolves the crystal. Similarly in Iran, tea is consumed with sugar candy (called nabat ) placed either in the tea or in the mouth. In China , sugar candy is used to sweeten Chrysanthemum tea as well as Cantonese dessert soups and
396-399: A loss of shape, color, texture and flavor, rather than the growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments. This process is due to
440-458: A paste with hydrogen peroxide , can be used to clean rust from some hand tools , notably hand files . The paste is applied, left to set for a few hours, and then washed off with a baking soda/water solution. After another rinse with water and thorough drying, a thin application of oil will protect the file from further rusting. Slowing the set time of plaster of Paris products (most widely used in gypsum plaster wall work and artwork casting)
484-503: A stick is very simple, and it is probable that the lollipop has been invented and reinvented numerous times. The first confections that closely resemble lollipops date back to the Middle Ages , when the nobility would often eat boiled sugar with the aid of sticks or handles. The invention of the modern lollipop is still something of a mystery, but a number of American companies in the early 20th century have laid claim to it. According to
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#1732858420394528-570: A whiter crumb in cakes due to flour pigments that respond to these pH changes. However, adding too much cream of tartar (>2.4% weight of egg white) can affect the texture and taste of cakes. The optimal cream of tartar concentration to increase volume and the whiteness of interior crumbs without making the cake too tender, is about 1/4 tsp per egg white. As an acid, cream of tartar with heat reduces sugar crystallization in invert syrups by helping to break down sucrose into its monomer components - fructose and glucose in equal parts. Preventing
572-413: Is a favored reaction in this case. During the cooling process, the most important physicochemical characteristic of lollipops, the glass transition process, occurs. Sugar candy Sugar candy is any candy whose primary ingredient is sugar . The main types of sugar candies are hard candies , fondants, caramels , jellies, and nougats . In British English, this broad category of sugar candies
616-409: Is a water molecule attached to each carbon. Sugars come in two forms: straight-chain and ring form. When sugars are in straight-chain form, aldehyde and ketone groups are open, which leaves them very susceptible to reaction. In this state, sugars are unstable. In ring form, sugars are stable and therefore exist in this form in most foods, including lollipops. Sugar interacts differently depending on
660-437: Is around 1–2%, whereas the final moisture content in crystalline candies is 8–12%. The non-crystalline nature of glassy amorphous solids is due to the presence of inhibitors in the solution. Without an inhibitor, crystallization would occur spontaneously and rapidly as sugar cools due to its high concentration. Some common inhibitors used in lollipop production are corn syrup, cream of tartar , honey , and butter . In lollipop,
704-430: Is because red wines have a higher amount of tannin and colouring matter present as well as a higher sugar and extract content than white wines. Various methods such as promoting crystallization and filtering, removing the active species required for potassium bitartrate precipitation, and adding additives have been implemented to reduce the presence of potassium bitartrate crystals in wine. In food, potassium bitartrate
748-428: Is called sweets , and the name candy or sugar-candy is used only for hard candies that are nearly solid sugar. Sugar candy is a sub-type of candy , which includes sugar candies as well as chocolates , chewing gum and other sweet foods. Candy, in turn, is a sub-type of confectionery , which also includes sweet pastries and sometimes ice cream . The oldest sugar candies are presumed to have been made where
792-439: Is sometimes mistakenly made with vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which actually react to neutralize each other, creating carbon dioxide and a sodium acetate solution. Cream of tartar was often used in traditional dyeing where the complexing action of the tartrate ions was used to adjust the solubility and hydrolysis of mordant salts such as tin chloride and alum . Cream of tartar, when mixed into
836-486: Is typically achieved by the simple introduction of almost any acid diluted into the mixing water. A commercial retardant premix additive sold by USG to trade interior plasterers includes at least 40% potassium bitartrate. The remaining ingredients are the same plaster of Paris and quartz -silica aggregate already prominent in the main product. This means that the only active ingredient is the cream of tartar. For dyeing hair, potassium bitartrate can be mixed with henna as
880-432: Is untested, and anecdotal cases of weight loss may be due to the power of suggestion . Flavored lollipops containing medicine are intended to give children medicine without fuss. Actiq is a powerful analgesic lollipop whose active ingredient is fentanyl . Often, patients use large amounts of opioid pain medication and take Actiq on a handle in order to control breakthrough cancer pain. The idea of an edible candy on
924-550: Is used for: Additionally, it is used as a component of: A similar acid salt, sodium acid pyrophosphate , can be confused with cream of tartar because of its common function as a component of baking powder. Adding cream of tartar to egg whites gives volume to cakes, and makes them more tender. As cream of tartar is added, the pH decreases to around the isoelectric point of the foaming proteins in egg whites. Foaming properties of egg whites are optimal at this pH due to increased protein-protein interactions. The low pH also results in
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#1732858420394968-477: The fermentation of grape juice , and can precipitate out of wine in bottles. The rate of potassium bitartrate precipitation depends on the rates of nuclei formation and crystal growth , which varies based on a wine's alcohol, sugar, and extract content. The crystals ( wine diamonds ) will often form on the underside of a cork in wine-filled bottles that have been stored at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), and will seldom, if ever, dissolve naturally into
1012-507: The sugar cane plant was domesticated. Sugar cane probably originated in Papua New Guinea, and from there was taken to Southeast Asia and other Pacific Islands, and ultimately to India and China. From India, sugar spread to the Arab states and eventually to Europe. Sugar candy is often used to sweeten tea. Northern Germany, specifically East Frisia , has an established tea culture , where
1056-517: The tartaric acid that is released reacts with baking soda to form carbon dioxide that is used for leavening . Since cream of tartar is fast-acting, it releases over 70 percent of carbon dioxide gas during mixing. Potassium bitartrate can be mixed with an acidic liquid, such as lemon juice or white vinegar, to make a paste-like cleaning agent for metals, such as brass , aluminium , or copper , or with water for other cleaning applications, such as removing light stains from porcelain . This mixture
1100-532: The Soviet Union with an animal farm ruthlessly dominated by a ruling class of pigs, a raven called Moses regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays established religion as "the black raven of priestcraft—promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." The pigs bring
1144-465: The book Food for Thought: Extraordinary Little Chronicles of the World , they were invented by George Smith of New Haven, Connecticut , who started making large hard candies mounted on sticks in 1908. He named them after a racehorse of the time, Lolly Pop—and trademarked the lollipop name in 1931. The term 'lollipop' was recorded by English lexicographer Francis Grose in 1796. The term may have derived from
1188-666: The candy. Other novelty lollipops have non-edible centers, such as a flashing light embedded within the candy; there is also a trend, principally in North America, of lollipops with sticks attached to a motorized device that makes the candy spin around in one's mouth. In the Nordic countries , Germany , and the Netherlands , some lollipops are flavored with salmiak . Lollipops can be used to carry medicines. Some lollipops have been marketed for use as diet aids , although their effectiveness
1232-523: The effects of water activity , which results in the transfer of unwanted water from a high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous sugar candies, is the glass transition process. This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. In George Orwell's satirical book Animal Farm which equates
1276-474: The exiled raven back (Ch. IX), as Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church . Cream of tartar Potassium bitartrate , also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate , with formula K C 4 H 5 O 6 , is a chemical compound with a number of uses. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid (a carboxylic acid ). In cooking, it is known as cream of tartar . It is used as
1320-430: The fasting period of Lent , because "sugared spices" (such as comfits ) were, in his opinion, digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food. Shelf life is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions. High-sugar candies, such as hard candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage for low-moisture candies tends to involve
1364-431: The formation of sugar crystals makes the syrup have a non-grainy texture, shinier and less prone to break and dry. However, a downside of relying on cream of tartar to thin out crystalline sugar confections (like fudge) is that it can be hard to add the right amount of acid to get the desired consistency. Cream of tartar is used as a type of acid salt that is crucial in baking powder . Upon dissolving in batter or dough,
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1408-688: The liquor baijiu . Sugar candy is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking, and many households have sugar candy available to marinate meats and add to stir fry. Sugar candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties and is used to prepare food such as yao shan . It is a common ingredient in Tamil cuisine , particularly in the Sri Lankan city of Jaffna . Chemically, sugar candies are broadly divided into two groups: crystalline candies and amorphous candies. Crystalline candies are not as hard as crystals of
1452-466: The mild acid needed to activate the henna. Cream of tartar has been used internally as a purgative , but this is dangerous because an excess of potassium, or hyperkalemia , may occur. Potassium bitartrate is the United States' National Institute of Standards and Technology 's primary reference standard for a pH buffer . Using an excess of the salt in water, a saturated solution is created with
1496-734: The mineral variety, but derive their name and their texture from their microscopically organized sugar structure, formed through a process of crystallization , which makes them easy to bite or cut into. Fudge , creams, and fondant are examples of crystalline candies. Amorphous candies have a disorganized crystalline structure. They usually have higher sugar concentrations, and the texture may be chewy, hard, or brittle. Hard candies , such as lollipops, caramels , nut brittles and toffees are all examples of amorphous sugar candies, even though some of them are as hard as rocks and resemble crystals in their overall appearance. Crystalline sugar candies are chemically described as having two phases, because
1540-439: The moisture content falls to less than 2% at the end of the lollipop making process, water is required at the start of the process. All other ingredients used in the process of lollipop production are optional. The use of inhibitors is dependent on the type of sugar used. The amount of inhibitor in the lollipop is usually small in comparison to the amount of sugar used. Additional flavors, colorings, and inclusions (like bubble gum or
1584-420: The prerequisite fresh grape juice should be chilled overnight to promote crystallization. The potassium bitartrate crystals are removed by filtering through two layers of cheesecloth . The filtered juice may then be made into jam or jelly. In some cases they adhere to the side of the chilled container, making filtering unnecessary. The presence of crystals is less prevalent in red wines than in white wines. This
1628-544: The presence of other ingredients and on various treatments. When heated enough to break the molecules apart, sugar generates a complex flavor, changes the color, and creates a pleasing aroma. Sugar can form two types of solids in foods: crystalline and glassy amorphous . Glassy amorphous solids can be found in products such as lollipops, marshmallows, and caramels. Glassy amorphous solids result when moderate sugar concentrations (50% solutions) are heated to high temperatures, eliminating nearly all moisture. The final moisture content
1672-419: The production of smooth confections such as candies and frostings. When combined with baking soda, it acts as a leavening agent, producing carbon dioxide gas that helps baked goods rise. Additionally, potassium bitartrate is used to stabilize whipped cream, allowing it to retain its shape for longer periods. Potassium bitartrate was first characterized by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786). This
1716-406: The temperature that the solution is heated to is dependent on the specific volume and contents of the mixture. After heating is complete, the solution can then be cooled. The final cooled solution is supersaturated due to the moisture content dropping below 2%. Supersaturated or supercooled liquids are also formed due to inhibitors preventing crystallization. They are unstable because crystallization
1760-533: The terms "lolly" (tongue) and "pop" (slap). The first references to the lollipop in its modern context date to the 1920s. Alternatively, it may be a word of Romani origin, related to the Roma tradition of selling candy apples on a stick. Red apple in the Romani language is loli phaba . The main ingredients in a standard lollipop are sugar and corn syrup . Sugars are fully hydrated carbon chains , meaning that there
1804-547: The tiny, solid sugar crystals are suspended in a thick liquid solution. These are also called grained candies, because they can have a grainy texture. Amorphous sugar candies have only one phase, which is either solid or liquid, and do not have a grainy texture, so they may be called ungrained . Commercially, sugar candies are often divided into three groups, according to the amount of sugar they contain: Each of these three groups contains both crystalline (grained) and amorphous (ungrained) sugar candies. Historically, candy
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1848-623: The wine. Over time, crystal formation is less likely to occur due to the decreasing supersaturation of potassium bitartrate, with the greatest amount of precipitation occurring in the initial few days of cooling. Historically, it was known as beeswing for its resemblance to the sheen of bees' wings. It was collected and purified to produce the white, odorless, acidic powder used for many culinary and other household purposes. These crystals also precipitate out of fresh grape juice that has been chilled or allowed to stand for some time. To prevent crystals from forming in homemade grape jam or jelly ,
1892-480: Was a result of Scheele's work studying fluorite and hydrofluoric acid . Scheele may have been the first scientist to publish work on potassium bitartrate, but use of potassium bitartrate has been reported to date back 7000 years to an ancient village in northern Iran. Modern applications of cream of tartar started in 1768 after it gained popularity when the French started using it regularly in their cuisine. In 2021,
1936-435: Was used not only as food but also as pharmaceutical preparations, to disguise the unpleasant taste of the drug ingredients. Cough drops and some other drugs show this heritage in the form of sugar tablets containing drugs, active drug ingredients being added to hard candies, and panned sugar coatings surrounding unpalatable pills. During the Middle Ages , Thomas Aquinas authorized the consumption of sugar candy during
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