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49-472: Loei ( Thai : เลย , pronounced [lɤ̄ːj] ), is one of the more sparsely populated provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It lies in the Isan region of upper northeastern Thailand . Neighboring provinces are (from east clockwise) Nong Khai , Udon Thani , Nong Bua Lamphu , Khon Kaen , Phetchabun , and Phitsanulok . In the north it borders Xaignabouli and Vientiane province of Laos . As of 2020,

98-498: A (อะ), not the 'o', or 'ə' of Thai: this short a is never omitted in pronunciation, and if the vowel is not to be pronounced, then a specific symbol must be used, the pinthu อฺ (a solid dot under the consonant). This means that sara a (อะ) is never used when writing Pali, because it is always implied. For example, namo is written นะโม in Thai, but in Pali it is written as นโม, because the อะ

147-692: A bewildering variety of romanisations are used, making it difficult to know how to pronounce a word, or to judge if two words (e.g. on a map and a street sign) are actually the same. For more precise information, an equivalent from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is given as well. The consonants can be organised by place and manner of articulation according to principles of the International Phonetic Association . Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for plosive consonants: Where English has only

196-579: A combination of those. The Thai script is derived from the Sukhothai script , which itself is derived from the Old Khmer script ( Thai : อักษรขอม , akson khom ), which is a southern Brahmic style of writing derived from the south Indian Pallava alphabet ( Thai : ปัลลวะ ). According to tradition it was created in 1283 by King Ram Khamhaeng the Great ( Thai : พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช ). The earliest attestation of

245-502: A comma ( Thai : จุลภาค or ลูกน้ำ , chunlaphak or luk nam ), and major pauses by a period ( Thai : มหัพภาค or จุด , mahap phak or chut ), but most often are marked by a blank space ( Thai : วรรค , wak ). Thai writing also uses quotation marks ( Thai : อัญประกาศ , anyaprakat ) and parentheses (round brackets) ( Thai : วงเล็บ , wong lep or Thai : นขลิขิต , nakha likhit ), but not square brackets or braces. A paiyan noi ฯ ( Thai : ไปยาลน้อย )

294-465: A distinction between the voiced, unaspirated /b/ and the unvoiced, aspirated /pʰ/ , Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, which occurs in English only as an allophone of /p/ , approximately the sound of the p in "spin". There is similarly a laminal denti-alveolar /t/ , /tʰ/ , /d/ triplet. In the velar series there is a /k/ , /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series

343-424: A few exceptions in Pali loanwords, where the inherent vowel of an open syllable is /ɔː/ . The circumfix vowels, such as เ–าะ /ɔʔ/ , encompass a preceding consonant with an inherent vowel. For example, / pʰ ɔʔ / is written เ พ าะ , and / tɕʰ a pʰ ɔʔ / "only" is written เ ฉพ าะ . The characters ฤ ฤๅ (plus ฦ ฦๅ , which are obsolete) are usually considered as vowels,

392-413: A final nasal /n/ . Only 8 ending consonant sounds, as well as no ending consonant sound, are available in Thai pronunciation. Among these consonants, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ , six ( ฉ , ผ , ฝ , ห , อ , ฮ ) cannot be used as a final. The remaining 36 are grouped as following. Thai vowel sounds and diphthongs are written using a mixture of vowel symbols on a consonant base. Each vowel

441-417: A special form when shortened The Thai script (like all Indic scripts ) uses a number of modifications to write Sanskrit and related languages (in particular, Pali). Pali is very closely related to Sanskrit and is the liturgical language of Thai Buddhism . In Thailand, Pali is written and studied using a slightly modified Thai script. The main difference is that each consonant is followed by an implied short

490-450: A subsidiary of Tongkah Harbour PCL . Tungkum's gold mining operation has been accused in the courts of environmental destruction. The province is divided into 14 districts ( amphoe ). The districts are further divided into 89 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 839 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Loei Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 29 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

539-507: A syllable starts with a vowel sign. There are 44 consonant letters representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants either correspond to sounds that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exist (in particular, voiced obstruents such as d ), or different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in

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588-704: A syllable. Where a combination of consonants ends a written syllable, only the first is pronounced; possible closing consonant sounds are limited to 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' and 't'. Although official standards for romanisation are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) defined by the Royal Thai Institute, and the almost identical ISO 11940-2 defined by the International Organization for Standardization , many publications use different romanisation systems. In daily practice,

637-496: A symbol of friendship between the two kingdoms. The provincial tree is the Khasi pine ( Pinus kesiya ). Altigena lippa the cyprinid fish is the provincial aquatic life. The provincial slogan is "city of the sea of mountains, coldest place in Siam, with beautiful flowers of three seasons." Agriculture drives Loei's economy. Macadamia nuts, passion fruit, and Arabica coffee are grown in

686-458: Is also used to spell อังก ฤ ษ angkrit England/English. The word ฤ กษ์ ( roek ) is a unique case where ฤ is pronounced like เรอ . In the past, prior to the turn of the twentieth century, it was common for writers to substitute these letters in native vocabulary that contained similar sounds as a shorthand that was acceptable in writing at the time. For example, the conjunction 'or' ( Thai : หรือ /rɯ̌ː/ rue , cf. Lao : ຫຼຶ/ຫລື /lɯ̌ː/ lu )

735-617: Is home to many Lao people who fled the Communist take-over of the Kingdom of Laos . The area of the province along the Lao border is used by the Laotians to buy and sell goods with the locals on the Thai side. The province is mountainous. The seat of provincial government, Loei , is in a fertile basin surrounded by mountains whose summits are covered by fog and abundant varied flora. The best known mountains in

784-645: Is home to several Tai peoples. The indigenous people are the Tai Lue , while the Phuan , Tai Dam , Thai , and Chinese people make up the rest of the population. The Tai Phuan people came to the province after migrating from Luang Prabang in Laos. The seal of the province shows the stupa at Phra That Si Song Rak , which was built in 1560 by King Maha Chakrapat of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and King Saysettha of Lan Xang as

833-453: Is read out using the Thai values for all the consonants (so ค is read as kha and not [ga]), which makes Thai spoken Sanskrit incomprehensible to sanskritists not trained in Thailand. The Sanskrit values are used in transliteration (without the diacritics ), but these values are never actually used when Sanskrit is read out loud in Thailand. The vowels used in Thai are identical to Sanskrit, with

882-621: Is redundant. The Sanskrit word 'mantra' is written มนตร์ in Thai (and therefore pronounced mon ), but is written มนฺตฺร in Sanskrit (and therefore pronounced mantra ). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. This is an example of a Pali text written using the Thai Sanskrit orthography: อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ ภควา [arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā] . Written in modern Thai orthography, this becomes อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ ภะคะวา arahang sammasamphuttho phakhawa . In Thailand, Sanskrit

931-660: Is shown in its correct position relative to a base consonant and sometimes a final consonant as well. Vowels can go above, below, left of or right of the consonant, or combinations of these places. If a vowel has parts before and after the initial consonant, and the syllable starts with a consonant cluster, the split will go around the whole cluster. Twenty-one vowel symbol elements are traditionally named, which may appear alone or in combination to form compound symbols. The inherent vowels are /a/ in open syllables (CV) and /o/ in closed syllables (CVC). For example, ถนน transcribes / tʰ à n ǒ n / "road". There are

980-596: Is thought as being placed in combination with short sara i and fong man to form other characters. For numerals, mostly the standard Hindu-Arabic numerals ( Thai : เลขฮินดูอารบิก , lek hindu arabik ) are used, but Thai also has its own set of Thai numerals that are based on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ( Thai : เลขไทย , lek thai ), which are mostly limited to government documents, election posters, license plates of military vehicles, and special entry prices for Thai nationals. Pai-yan noi and angkhan diao share

1029-444: Is used for abbreviation. A paiyan yai ฯลฯ ( Thai : ไปยาลใหญ่ ) is the same as "etc." in English. Several obsolete characters indicated the beginning or ending of sections. A bird's eye ๏ ( Thai : ตาไก่ , ta kai , officially called ฟองมัน , fong man ) formerly indicated paragraphs. An angkhan kuu ๚ ( Thai : อังคั่นคู่ ) was formerly used to mark the end of a chapter . A kho mut ๛ ( Thai : โคมูตร )

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1078-505: The Tone table . Differing interpretations of the two marks or their absence allow low class consonants to spell tones not allowed for the corresponding high class consonant. In the case of digraphs where a low class follows a higher class consonant, often the higher class rules apply, but the marker, if used, goes over the low class one; accordingly, ห นำ ho nam and อ นำ o nam may be considered to be digraphs as such, as explained below

1127-418: The /tɕ/ , /tɕʰ/ pair. In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The conventional alphabetic order shown in the table above follows roughly the table below, reading the coloured blocks from right to left and top to bottom. Although

1176-673: The Mainland Southeast Asia . Another addition was consonant clusters that were written horizontally and contiguously, rather than writing the second consonant below the first one. Finally, the script wrote vowel marks on the main line, however this innovation fell out of use not long after. There is a fairly complex relationship between spelling and sound. There are various issues: Thai letters do not have upper- and lower-case forms like Latin letters do. Spaces between words are not used , except in certain linguistically motivated cases. Minor pauses in sentences may be marked by

1225-457: The Thai alphabet , the script is in fact not a true alphabet but an abugida , a writing system in which the full characters represent consonants with diacritical marks for vowels; the absence of a vowel diacritic gives an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are written horizontally from left to right, and vowels following a consonant in speech are written above, below, to the left or to the right of it, or

1274-453: The Mon-Khmer ( Austroasiatic languages ) and Indo-Aryan languages from which its script is derived. Although Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages have distinctive tones in their phonological system, no tone marker is found in their orthographies. Thus, tone markers are an innovation in the Thai language that later influenced other related Tai languages and some Tibeto-Burman languages on

1323-601: The Thai script is the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription dated to 1292, however some scholars question its authenticity. The script was derived from a cursive form of the Old Khmer script of the time. It modified and simplified some of the Old Khmer letters and introduced some new ones to accommodate Thai phonology. It also introduced tone marks. Thai is considered to be the first script in the world that invented tone markers to indicate distinctive tones, which are lacking in

1372-581: The Tone table. To aid learning, each consonant is traditionally associated with an acrophonic Thai word that either starts with the same sound, or features it prominently. For example, the name of the letter ข is kho khai ( ข ไข่ ), in which kho is the sound it represents, and khai ( ไข่ ) is a word which starts with the same sound and means "egg". Two of the consonants, ฃ ( kho khuat ) and ฅ ( kho khon ), are no longer used in written Thai, but still appear on many keyboards and in character sets. When

1421-450: The exception of ฤ, ฤๅ, ฦ, and ฦๅ, which are read using their Thai values, not their Sanskrit values. Sanskrit and Pali are not tonal languages, but in Thailand, the Thai tones are used when reading these languages out loud. Altigena lippa Altigena lippa is a species of cyprinid fish found in the Mekong drainage in Laos, China, and Myanmar. This Labeoninae article

1470-500: The final consonant, giving /an/ . German: the ü in Mücke Thai is a tonal language , and the script gives full information on the tones . Tones are realised in the vowels, but indicated in the script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), vowel length (long or short), closing consonant ( plosive or sonorant , called dead or live ) and, if present, one of four tone marks, whose names derive from

1519-517: The first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out. Also, neither of these two letters correspond to a Sanskrit or Pali letter, and each of them, being a modified form of the letter that precedes it (compare ข and ค ), has the same pronunciation and the same consonant class as the preceding letter, thus making them redundant. They used to represent

Loei province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-444: The first being a short vowel sound, and the latter, long. The letters are based on vocalic consonants used in Sanskrit, given the one-to-one letter correspondence of Thai to Sanskrit, although the last two letters are quite rare, as their equivalent Sanskrit sounds only occur in a few, ancient words and thus are functionally obsolete in Thai. The first symbol 'ฤ' is common in many Sanskrit and Pali words and 'ฤๅ' less so, but does occur as

1617-434: The highlands; bananas, sesame, and rubber on the plains. Loei is an ecotourism destination due to its natural environment and amalgam of northern and northeastern cultures. Wang Saphung District is the site of a large open pit gold mine that employs many locals. The locality has been the site of a long-standing dispute as well as physical conflict between the villagers of Ban Na Nong Bong and its environs and Tungkum Limited,

1666-507: The names of the digits 1–4 borrowed from Pali or Sanskrit . The rules for denoting tones are shown in the following chart: "None", that is, no tone marker, is used with the base accent (พื้นเสียง, phuen siang ). Mai tri and mai chattawa are only used with mid-class consonants. Two consonant characters (not diacritics) are used to modify the tone: In some dialects there are words which are spelled with one tone but pronounced with another and often occur in informal conversation (notably

1715-442: The overall 44 Thai consonants provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. The consonant sounds in the table for initials collapse in the table for final sounds. At the end of a syllable, all plosives are unvoiced, unaspirated, and have no audible release. Initial affricates and fricatives become final plosives. The initial trill ( ร ), approximant ( ญ ), and lateral approximants ( ล , ฬ ) are realized as

1764-499: The phonetic nature of these classes. Today, the class of a consonant without a tone mark, along with the short or long length of the accompanying vowel, determine the base accent ( พื้นเสียง , phuen siang ). Middle class consonants with a long vowel spell an additional four tones with one of four tone marks over the controlling consonant: mai ek , mai tho , mai tri , and mai chattawa . High and low class consonants are limited to mai ek and mai tho , as shown in

1813-399: The positions of consonants or consonant clusters. The first one represents the initial consonant and the latter (if it exists) represents the final. Ro han (ร หัน) is not usually considered a vowel and is not included in the following table. It represents the sara a /a/ vowel in certain Sanskrit loanwords and appears as ◌รร◌. When used without a final consonant (◌รร), /n/ is implied as

1862-618: The primary spelling for the Thai adaptation of Sanskrit 'rishi' and treu ( Thai : ตฤๅ /trɯ̄ː/ or /trīː/ ), a very rare Khmer loan word for 'fish' only found in ancient poetry. As alphabetical entries, ฤ ฤๅ follow ร , and themselves can be read as a combination of consonant and vowel, equivalent to รึ (short), and รือ (long) (and the obsolete pair as ลึ, ลือ), respectively. Moreover, ฤ can act as ริ as an integral part in many words mostly borrowed from Sanskrit such as ก ฤ ษณะ ( kritsana , not kruetsana ), ฤ ทธิ์ ( rit , not ruet ), and ก ฤ ษดา ( kritsada , not kruetsada ), for example. It

1911-487: The pronouns ฉัน chan and เขา khao , which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script). Generally, when such words are recited or read in public, they are pronounced as spelled. Spoken Southern Thai can have up to seven tones. When Southern Thai is written in Thai script, there are different rules for indicating spoken tone. Other diacritics are used to indicate short vowels and silent letters: Fan nu means "rat teeth" and

1960-599: The province are Phu Kradueng , Phu Luang , and Phu Ruea . The Loei River , which flows through the province, is a tributary of the Mekong , which forms part of the northern boundary of the province with neighboring Laos. Phu Thap Buek , the highest mountain of the Phetchabun Range , is in the province. The mountain Phu Kradueng is in Phu Kradueng National Park (อุทยานแห่งชาติภูกระดึง). The western part of

2009-702: The province reaches the southern end of the Luang Prabang Range of the Thai highlands . The total forested area is 3,382 km (1,306 sq mi) or 32.2 percent of the province. There are four national parks, along with two other national parks, make up region 8 (Khon Kaen) , and Na Yung–Nam Som in region 10 (Udon Thani) and Phu Hin Rong Kla region 11 (Phitsanulok) of Thailand's protected areas. There are three wildlife sanctuaries, two of which are in region 8 (Khon Kaen) , and Phu Khat in region 11 (Phitsanulok) of Thailand's protected areas. Loei province

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2058-422: The province. Loei with Wang Saphung have town ( thesaban mueang ) status. There are a further 27 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 71 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations, SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Route 201 leads from Chiang Khan in the north on the border with Laos , through Loei, to Non Sa-at near Chum Phae . Route 203 leads west to

2107-658: The provincial governor is Chaiwat Chuenkosum. The province was allocated 225.6 million baht in the FY2019 Thailand budget. Loei was founded by a Thai tribe from the Kingdom of Yonok Chiang Saen . Khun Pha Muang founded the village of Dan-kwa, and Bang Klang Hao founded Dan Sai. Drought and disease later led to the villagers move to the site of present-day Loei. In 1907, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) created Loei province. The Loei Cultural Centre (ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเลย) displays Loei's history, religions, and traditions. The province

2156-528: The same character. Sara a ( –ะ ) used in combination with other characters is called wisanchani . Some of the characters can mark the beginning or end of a sentence, chapter, or episode of a story or of a stanza in a poem. These have changed use over time and are becoming uncommon. ค, ฅ, ฆ ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส พ, ฟ, ภ colour codes red: dead green: alive colour codes pink: long vowel, shortened by add "ะ"(no ending consonant) or "-็"(with ending consonant) green: long vowel, has

2205-532: The sound /x/ in Old Thai, but it has merged with /kʰ/ in Modern Thai. Equivalents for romanisation are shown in the table below. Many consonants are pronounced differently at the beginning and at the end of a syllable. The entries in columns initial and final indicate the pronunciation for that consonant in the corresponding positions in a syllable. Where the entry is '-', the consonant may not be used to close

2254-538: The tally of 44. Consonants are divided into three classes — in alphabetical order these are middle ( กลาง , klang ), high ( สูง , sung ), and low ( ต่ำ , tam ) class — as shown in the table below. These class designations reflect phonetic qualities of the sounds to which the letters originally corresponded in Old Thai. In particular, "middle" sounds were voiceless unaspirated stops ; "high" sounds, voiceless aspirated stops or voiceless fricatives ; "low" sounds, voiced. Subsequent sound changes have obscured

2303-547: The vicinity of Phu Ruea , and then turns south to Lom Sak . Loei is served by Loei Airport . Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at the provincial level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index measuring eight key areas of human development. The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. Thai alphabet Although commonly referred to as

2352-566: Was formerly used to mark the end of a document , but is now obsolete. Thai (along with its sister system, Lao) lacks conjunct consonants and independent vowels, while both designs are common among Brahmic scripts (e.g., Burmese and Balinese ). In scripts with conjunct consonants, each consonant has two forms: base and conjoined. Consonant clusters are represented with the two styles of consonants. The two styles may form typographical ligatures , as in Devanagari . Independent vowels are used when

2401-555: Was often written Thai : ฤ . This practice has become obsolete, but can still be seen in Thai literature. The pronunciation below is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet and the Romanisation according to the Royal Thai Institute as well as several variant Romanisations often encountered. A very approximate equivalent is given for various regions of English speakers and surrounding areas. Dotted circles represent

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