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33-545: The arboretum was chartered in 1965 on the grounds of the antebellum "Lockerly" (originally " Rose Hill ") mansion (1852) constructed by Judge & Mrs. Daniel R. Tucker whose grounds were influenced by their friend A. J. Downing. In 1998, Col. Oliver N. Worley donated an additional 200 acres (0.81 km) to the foundation for an Environmental Education facility. The arboretum is a horticultural laboratory, with collections of azalea , camellia , conifers , holly , rhododendron , and viburnum , as well as daylily , iris , and

66-464: A flower festival in which the blooming of Tsutsuji is celebrated. Tatebayashi, Gunma is famous for its Azalea Hill Park, Tsutsuji-ga-oka. Nezu Shrine in Bunkyo, Tokyo , holds a Tsutsuji Matsuri from early April until early May. Higashi Village has hosted an azalea festival each year since 1976. The village's 50,000 azalea plants draw an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 visitors each year. Sobaeksan , one of

99-670: A greenhouse for cactus and tropical plants. The Rose Hill mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. 33°03′40″N 83°13′35″W  /  33.06107°N 83.22633°W  / 33.06107; -83.22633 This article related to a garden in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This arboretum article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Baldwin County, Georgia state location article

132-630: Is a diploid and primarily heterothallic species with two mating types, A1 and A2. Sexual reproduction in heterothallic Phytophthora species ordinarily occurs when gametangia of opposite mating type interact in host tissue. This interaction leads to the formation of oospores that can survive for long periods in or outside the host. Phytophthora cinnamomi is facultatively homothallic and capable of self-fertilization. Cultures of mating type A2 can be induced to undergo sexual reproduction by damaging conditions such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide or mechanical damage. Phytophthora cinnamomi lives in

165-596: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Azalea Azaleas ( / ə ˈ z eɪ l i ə / ə- ZAY -lee-ə ) are flowering shrubs in the genus Rhododendron , particularly the former sections Tsutsusi (evergreen) and Pentanthera (deciduous). Azaleas bloom in the spring (April and May in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, and October and November in the Southern Hemisphere), their flowers often lasting several weeks. Shade tolerant, they prefer living near or under trees. They are part of

198-460: Is a designated path, planted with azaleas in private gardens, through Mobile, Alabama . The Azalea Trail Run is an annual road running event held there in late March. Mobile, Alabama is also home to the Azalea Trail Maids , fifty women chosen to serve as ambassadors of the city while wearing antebellum dresses, who originally participated in a three-day festival, but now operate throughout

231-593: Is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants variously called " dieback ", " root rot ", or (in certain Castanea species), "ink disease". Once infected soil or water is introduced, the organism can spread rapidly throughout an environment. An infestation can lead to the illness, death, and possible eradication of vulnerable plants, as well as habitat reduction for animals. An outbreak can be challenging to recognize and can inflict irreversible harm to ecosystems. The plant pathogen

264-521: Is also a problem in the Mexican state of Colima , killing several native oak species and other susceptible vegetation in the surrounding woodlands. It is implicated in the die-off of the rare endemic shrub Ione manzanita ( Arctostaphylos myrtifolia ) in California . Phytophthora cinnamomi is the leading cause of damage to avocado trees, and is commonly known as "root rot" amongst avocado farmers. Since

297-701: Is also highly toxic—it contains andromedotoxins in both its leaves and nectar, including honey from the nectar. Bees are deliberately fed on Azalea/ Rhododendron nectar in some parts of Turkey, producing a mind-altering, potentially medicinal, and occasionally lethal honey known as " mad honey ". Azalea is dangerous to pets, as, if consumed, the toxins within the plant tissue can cause central nervous system depression , which in turn can lead to multi-organ failure. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, laryngeal edema and heart rhythm disturbances, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest and therefore death. Acute kidney failure may also occur. Motoyama, Kōchi has

330-467: Is held in Ma On Shan , where six native species ( Rhododendron championae , Rhododendron farrerae , Rhododendron hongkongense , Rhododendron moulmainense , Rhododendron simiarum and Rhododendron simsii ) are found in the area. The festival has been held since 2004; it includes activities such as exhibitions, photo contests and carnivals. Many cities in the United States have festivals in

363-499: Is one of the world's most invasive species and is present in over 70 countries around the world. Phytophythora cinnamomi is distributed worldwide and can infect a diverse range of hosts, including club mosses , ferns , cycads , conifers , cord rushes , grasses , lilies and a large number of species from many dicotyledonous families, and is included in the Invasive Species Specialist Group list of "100 of

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396-495: The 12 well-known Sobaek Mountains , lying on the border between Chungbuk Province and Gyeongbuk has a royal azalea ( Rhododendron schlippenbachii ) festival held on May every year. Sobaeksan has an azalea colony dotted around Biro mountaintop, Gukmang and Yonwha early in May. When royal azaleas have turned pink in the end of May, it looks like Sobaeksan wears a pink Jeogori (Korean traditional jacket). The Ma On Shan Azalea Festival

429-488: The 1940s various breeds of root rot-resistant avocados have been developed to minimize tree damage. Damaged trees generally die or become unproductive within three to five years. A 1960 study of the Fallbrook, California , area correlated higher levels of avocado root rot to soils with poorer drainage and greater clay content. No treatment has been found to eradicate P. cinnamomi , although an integrated approach can control

462-838: The World's Worst Invasive Alien Species". Its potential range is expected to extend polewards with warming due to climate change . It affects a range of economic plants, including food crops such as avocado and pineapple ; as well as trees and woody ornamentals such as Fraser firs , shortleaf pines , loblolly pines , azaleas , camellia and boxwood , causing root rot, dieback and death of infected plants. Symptoms include wilting, decreased fruit size and yield, collar rot, gum exudation, necrosis, leaf chlorosis, leaf curl, and stem cankers. It can also cause dieback of young shoots and may interfere with transpiration of roots to shoots. Older plants may not display symptoms or only exhibit mild dieback despite having severe root rot. Phytophthora cinnamomi

495-407: The azalea is known as "thinking of home bush" ( sixiang shu ), and is immortalized in the poetry of Du Fu . The azalea is also one of the symbols of the city of São Paulo , Brazil . Azaleas and rhododendrons were once so infamous for their toxicity that to receive a bouquet of their flowers in a black vase was a well-known death threat. In addition to being renowned for its beauty, the azalea

528-600: The composition of the forest or native plant community by increasing the number of resistant plants and reducing the number of susceptible plant species. Native animals that rely on susceptible plants for survival are reduced in numbers or are eliminated from sites infested by Phytophthora dieback. In Australia , where it is known as phytophthora dieback , dieback , jarrah dieback or cinnamon fungus , Phytophthora cinnamomi can infect thousands of native plants, causing damage to forests and removing habitats for wildlife. Several native plants are at risk of extinction due to

561-415: The disease, including through the digestive tract of feral pigs. However human activities such as timber harvesting, mining, bush walking, and road construction are also major methods of dispersal. When Phytophthora dieback spreads to native plant communities, it kills many susceptible plants, resulting in a permanent decline in the biodiversity and a disruption of ecosystem processes. It can also change

594-574: The early spring. Hand picking infected leaves is the recommended method of control. They can also be subject to Phytophthora root rot in moist, hot conditions. Azaleas share the economically important disease Phytophthora cinnamomi with more than 3000 other plants. Azaleas share the Azalea lace bug ( Stephanitis pyrioides ) with many other heath species. Shrewsbury & Raupp 2000 find azaleas can be protected from them by companion planting with an overstory above them. In Chinese culture,

627-553: The effects of the disease. Phytophthora cinnamomi ' s impact is greatest in Western Australia , Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia , while the Northern Territory remains unaffected due to the unfavourability of the environment. Of particular concern is the infection and dieback of large areas of forest and heathland which support threatened species in the south-west Western Australia . Many plants from

660-543: The family Ericaceae . Plant enthusiasts have selectively bred azaleas for hundreds of years. This human selection has produced thousands of different cultivars which are propagated by cuttings. Azalea seeds can also be collected and germinated . Azaleas are generally slow-growing and do best in well-drained acidic soil (4.5–6.0 pH). Fertilizer needs are low. Some species need regular pruning . Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North America. They are planted abundantly as ornamentals in

693-494: The genera Banksia , Darwinia , Grevillea , Leucopogon , Verticordia and Xanthorrhoea are susceptible. This in turn impacts on animals reliant on these plants for food and shelter, such as the southwestern pygmy possum ( Cercartetus concinnus ) and the honey possum ( Tarsipes rostratus ). A study in the Perth region found that dieback caused a significant shift in the bird community and affected nectar-feeding species

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726-477: The most, with fewer species such as the Western Spinebill in areas that were dieback-infested. In New Zealand , Phytophthora cinnamomi (or a local variant Phytophthora agathidicida ?) appeared in recent years and has now been recognized as a major pathogen of the endemic Kauri Tree Agathis australis , causing Kauri dieback disease. Damage to forests suspected to be caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi

759-575: The plants for use in his estate garden. With encouragement from Charles Sprague Sargent from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Gardens was opened to the public in 1871, following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America. Since the late 19th century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory. Azalea leafy gall can be particularly destructive to azalea leaves during

792-426: The soil and in plant tissues and can spread in water. During periods of harsh environmental conditions, the organisms become dormant chlamydospores . When environmental conditions are suitable, the chlamydospores germinate, producing mycelia (or hyphae) and sporangia . The sporangia ripen and release zoospores , which infect plant roots by entering the root behind the root tip. Zoospores need water to move through

825-552: The soil environment less hospitable to P. cinnamomi . For specific plants such as young avocado plants, soil solarisation by using clear polythene sheets laid on the soil surface to trap radiant heat from the sun can reduce spread, and an integrated approach is generally taken to control disease on avocado. Chemical means of control include fumigation and the use of phosphonate fungistats. Fumigation prior to planting may be effective on some life stages of P. cinnamomi , but does not eliminate chlamydospores as they are present deeper in

858-452: The soil where fumigation may not reach. However, fumigation can potentially worsen disease by reducing the population of competing soil microorganisms, and P. cinnamomi is often able to re-invade fumigated soil. Phosphonate fungistats can improve the ability of a tree to tolerate, resist, or recover from infection. Phosphite administered through direct foliage sprays, aerial application by aircraft or direct injection has been used to limit

891-408: The soil, therefore infection is most likely in moist soils. After entering the root, mycelia grow throughout the root absorbing carbohydrates and nutrients and destroy the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Sporangia and chlamydospores form on the mycelia of the infected root allowing further dispersal. Although P. cinnamomi

924-513: The southeastern US, southern Asia, and parts of southwest Europe. According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, Azalea indica (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation Magnolia-on-the-Ashley in Charleston, South Carolina . From Philadelphia, where they were grown only in greenhouses , John Grimke Drayton (Magnolia's owner) imported

957-421: The spread and impact of the disease. Gardening practices to restrict spread include restricting soil or water movement from infected areas by using clean bins and equipment, installing watertight drains to prevent surface run off, and working last in diseased areas after harvesting healthy areas first. Planting in raised beds promotes rapid drainage and reduces prolonged contact of plant roots with water, making

990-436: The spring celebrating the blooms of the azalea, including Summerville, South Carolina ; Hamilton, New Jersey ; Mobile, Alabama ; Jasper, Texas ; Tyler, Texas ; Norfolk, Virginia ; Wilmington, North Carolina ( North Carolina Azalea Festival ); Valdosta, Georgia ; Palatka, Florida ( Florida Azalea Festival ); Pickens, South Carolina ; Muskogee, Oklahoma ; Brookings, Oregon ; and Nixa, Missouri . The Azalea Trail

1023-580: The year. The Azalea Society of America designated Houston, Texas, an "azalea city". The River Oaks Garden Club has conducted the Houston Azalea Trail every spring since 1935. Valdosta, Georgia is called the Azalea City, as the plant grows in profusion there. The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March. Phytophthora cinnamomi Phytophthora cinnamomi , also known as cinnamon fungus ,

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1056-704: Was first identified in tropical and subtropical countries, but can survive and develop in cooler climates as well. It spreads as zoospores and/or chlamydospores in soil and water under favourable conditions such as warm temperatures and high soil moisture. Methods of transmission include local invasion via contact between the roots of infected and susceptible plants, downslope movement in surface or subsurface water such as rivers or irrigation water, zoospore dispersal over long distances via wind-blown soil and debris, and transport of infected plant matter and soil, for example via particles stuck to footwear, vehicles or equipment. Native and feral animals have been known to transport

1089-457: Was first recorded in the United States about 200 years ago. Infection can cause littleleaf disease of shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ), Christmas tree disease in nursery grown Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri ), and sudden death of a number of native tree species such as American chestnut . Oak populations are affected in areas ranging from South Carolina to Texas . Phytophthora cinnamomi

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