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62-693: The Loboc River (also called Loay River ) is a river in the Bohol province of the Philippines . It is one of the major tourist destinations of Bohol. The source of the Loboc River is located in the town of Carmen , almost in the center of Bohol. From Carmen, the river takes a westerly course for a distance of about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) then flows due south into the Mindanao or Bohol Sea . Its drainage area of approximately, 520 square kilometres (200 sq mi),

124-534: A Spanish explorer named Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Bohol seeking spices and gold . After convincing the native chieftains that they were not Portuguese (who raided the islands of Mactan in 1521), Legazpi made a peace pact with Datu Sikatuna . This pact was signified with a sandugo (blood compact) between the two men. This event, simply called the Sandugo ("one blood"), is celebrated in Bohol every year during

186-847: A barangay or village in Tagbilaran City where Miguel Lopez de Legazpi supposedly landed. The region of Southeastern Bohol, particularly Cogtong Bay in Candijay and the Anda Peninsula are known as the "cradle of civilization of Bohol" from archaeological findings of pre-colonial petroglyphs, and ancient bodies from burial sites which were housed in boat-shaped wooden-coffins. Boat coffin burial has been found prevalent in Mindanao, Palawan, Negros, Panay, Maranduque, and Masbate as well as throughout Southeast Asia in Borneo and Vietnam. Today, local healers and shaman still practice pagdiwata rituals, or offerings to

248-462: A coastline 261 km (162 mi) long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines. The main island is surrounded by about 70 smaller islands, the largest of which are Panglao Island , facing Tagbilaran , in the southwest and Lapinig Island in the northeast. The terrain of Bohol is basically rolling and hilly, and about half the island is covered in limestone . Near the outer areas of

310-509: A force of 50 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops, battled the rebels and settled in Bohol. The other was the famous Dagohoy Rebellion , considered the longest in Philippine history. This rebellion was led by Francisco Dagohoy , also known as Francisco Sendrijas, from 1744 to 1829. Politically, Bohol was administered as part of Cebu Province . It was separated from Cebu on 22 July 1854, together with Siquijor . A census in 1879 found Bohol with

372-983: A geopark, as nominated by the corresponding government, to be included in the GGN: Criteria satisfaction is evaluated during biennial meetings (every even year) by the Geoparks Committee, known as the International Conference on Geoparks , which is also in charge with the periodic review of projects related to geological awareness. The first members of the GGN were named during the first conference in 2004, and it has continued to grow since then: The GGN works closely with another project under UNESCO's Ecological and Earth Sciences Division—the Man and Biosphere (MAB) World Network of Biosphere Reserves —to come up with and establish different means of sustainable development in promoting

434-476: A holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development." As the geopark did not naturally conform to all those requirements, compliance involved considerable work of the country where the geopark was to be located. In essence, the park had to be not only protected, but marketed sustainably to the public. In 2015, the Member States of UNESCO ratified the rebranding to the current name. Since 2015,

496-568: A population of 253,103 distributed among 34 municipalities. The culture of the Boholanos was influenced by Spain and Mexico during colonization. Many traditional dances, music, dishes and other aspects of the culture have considerable Hispanic influence. After the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish–American War , the U.S. bought the entire Philippine islands. However, under

558-472: A severe earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale . Its epicenter was at 9°52′N 124°04′E  /  9.86°N 124.07°E  / 9.86; 124.07 (6 km (3.7 mi) S 24° W of Sagbayan and 629 km (391 mi) from Manila ), and its depth of focus was 12 km (7.5 mi). The quake was felt as far as Davao City , Mindanao . According to official reports by

620-499: Is a first-class province divided into 3 congressional districts , comprising 1 component city and 47 municipalities . It has 1,109 barangays . The province is a popular tourist destination with its beaches and resorts. The Chocolate Hills , numerous mounds of brown-colored limestone formations, are the most popular attraction. The formations can be seen by land (climbing the highest point) or by air via ultralight air tours. Panglao Island , located just southwest of Tagbilaran,

682-460: Is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region , consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. Its capital is Tagbilaran , the largest city of the province. With a land area of 4,821 km (1,861 sq mi) and a coastline 261 km (162 mi) long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines . The province of Bohol

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744-517: Is bordered by a horseshoe-shaped chain of mountain peaks rising to an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft). Rainfall is distributed almost uniformly throughout the year, thus Loboc River has a steady and high base flow. The Loboc river passes through the town center of the Municipality of Loboc , offering a riverside view of the Loboc church across the highway. Various activities on the river, including

806-500: Is cool and often creates a mist in humid mornings which can hide the falls. The Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape protects Bohol's largest remaining lowland forest and can be found in the island's southern portion near Bilar. List of rivers in Bohol by length: The 85 outlying islands surrounding mainland Bohol under the jurisdiction of the Bohol Provincial Government are: UNESCO Global Geoparks The agency

868-557: Is famous for its diving locations and is routinely listed as one of the top ten diving locations in the world. Numerous tourist resorts and dive centers dot the southern beaches. The Philippine tarsier , among the world's smallest primates , is indigenous to the island. It was the home province of Carlos P. Garcia , the eighth president of the Republic of the Philippines (1957–1961) who was born in Talibon, Bohol . On October 15, 2013, Bohol

930-574: Is owed to its strategic location along the busy trading channels of Cebu and Butuan . For other countries such as Ternate to gain access to the busy trade ports of the Visayas, they need to first forge diplomatic ties with the Bohol "kingdom". Relations between the Sultanate of Ternate and the province of Bohol soured when the Ternatan sultan learned the sad fate of his emissary and his men who were executed by

992-492: Is the island of Leyte and to the south, across the Bohol Sea , is Mindanao . The Cebu Strait separates Bohol from Cebu, and both island provinces share a common language, but Boholano retains a conscious distinction from Cebuano . Bohol's climate is generally dry, with maximum rainfall between the months of June and October. The interior is cooler than the coast. With a land area of 4,821 km (1,861 sq mi) and

1054-540: The Dapitan settlement. Bohol is derived from the word Bo-ho or Bo-ol. The island was the seat of the first international treaty of peace and unity between the native king Datu Sikatuna and Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi on 16 March 1565, through a blood compact alliance known today by many Filipinos as the Sandugo . The earliest significant contact of the island with Spain occurred in 1565. On 16 March 1565,

1116-525: The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), 57 people died in Bohol, and 104 were injured, The North Bohol Fault or "Great Wall of Bohol" is a reverse fault was discovered on 15, October 2013 during the 2013 Bohol earthquake . It became one of the tourist attractions in Bohol province It was the deadliest earthquake in the Philippines since the 7.8 magnitude 1990 Luzon earthquake . Earlier that same year, Bohol

1178-742: The Sandugo Festival . The Sandugo or blood compact is also depicted on Bohol's provincial flag and the Bohol provincial seal. Two significant revolts occurred in Bohol during the Spanish Era. One was the Tamblot Uprising in 1621, led by Tamblot , a babaylan . This revolt met with reprisals from the Spanish forces in Cebu, who on 6 January 1635; under orders by Juan de Alcarazo the Alcalde-Mayor of Cebu,

1240-447: The river cruise and standup paddleboarding typically feature a scenic trip upriver to Busay falls, or to various points in the river where visitors can enjoy buffets, cultural presentations, firefly watching, birding , and even paddleboard yoga . Prior to an earthquake that struck Bohol in 2013, night cruises on the Loboc river also featured lightshows through colored lights installed on

1302-702: The 18 new sites, and the Philippines country's first, in its Global Geoparks network. The United Nations cites geoparks as “single, unified geographical areas” where sites and landscapes have international geological significance and to also be “managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development,” UNESCO said. Bohol as a UNESCO Global Geopark covers 8,808 square kilometers of land surrounding lush marine protected areas. It features wondrous, not-yet-popular karstic geosites like caves, sinkholes, among others. UNESCO cited Bohol Island’s “400 years of rich history and cultural traditions in harmony with its unique geological treasures.” Some of

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1364-417: The 1980s and 1990s. The government was only able to declare Bohol "NPA free" in the 2010s, after the success of an effort termed the "Bohol Model", which saw military action play a secondary role while highlighting the civil government's provision of services which addressed local poverty and other root causes of community discontent. At 8:12 a.m. ( PST ) on 15 October 2013, the island province suffered

1426-589: The American colonial area, particularly conducted by the University of Michigan and Bucknell University in the 1920s. The University of Michigan has up to 22 human remains taken from Carmen and Mabini, Bohol. In the early 17th Century Father Ignacio Alcina, recorded that a certain Datung Sumanga of Leyte wooed the princess, Bugbung Humasanum, of Bohol, and married her after raiding Imperial China and aftwards were

1488-570: The Boholano guerrilla fighters and U.S. liberation forces defeat the Japanese Imperial forces under General Sōsaku Suzuki . After the death of President Ramon Magsaysay , Vice President Carlos P. Garcia , who had been born in Talibon, succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term in the 1957 presidential election . He ran for a second full term as president in the 1961 presidential election and

1550-581: The Marcos Family resulted in disillusionment, and when protests were met with warranteless detentions and human rights abuses , many oppositionists who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. The activities of the Marcos administration had "mythologized" the CPP's New People Army (NPA), so many of

1612-492: The Portuguese, still unknown to Boholanos. Thousands of Boholanos lost their lives in this conflict, including Pagbuaya's brother Datu Dailisan. After the raid, Datu Pagbuaya, who was left as the sole reigning chief of the island, decided to abandon Bohol together with the rest of the freemen as they considered Bohol island unfortunate and accursed. They settled in the northern coast of the island of Mindanao , where they established

1674-596: The UNESCO recognition. Also on an international level, several sites of geoheritage values are inscribed on the World Heritage list under criterion VIII and/or criterion VII . Many of the names in the list below appear in slightly different forms in different documents or webpages, particularly where they have been anglicised . Dates of accession to network, where not otherwise referenced are taken from UNESCO website. Note * Kula Volcanic Geopark designated in 2013

1736-454: The US. In Bohol, which had been marked by agricultural self-sufficiency and "unusually egalitarian" set of social norms for landholding patterns until then, these economic shocks were worsened by rapid population growth and declining rice yields. The introduction of intensive rice agriculture in the uplands led to large-scale deforestation, which then led to the loss of water for ricefields in

1798-499: The application and designation process has been defined by the Statutes and Operational Guidelines of the UGGp. As of April 2023, there were 195 UGGp's in 48 countries. There are now GGN member sites situated in five of seven continents, there being none currently in either Antarctica or Australasia . There are not yet (2022) global geoparks in the United States . China is the country with

1860-678: The area to the north and east, approximately halfway across the island, but no enemies were found during the reconnaissance. Finally, an enemy group of undetermined strength was located to the north of Ginopolan in Valencia, near the Sierra-Bullones boundary. By April 17 the Task Force was poised to strike in Ginopolan. The bulk of the Japanese force was destroyed and beaten in the ten days of action. Bohol

1922-517: The center of the island to the mid-southern coast; the Abatan River runs in the southwest, and Ipil River in the north. The only natural lake in the province is Cabilao Island Lake, also called Lake Danao or Lanao, on Cabilao Island . Numerous waterfalls and caves are scattered across the island, including Mag‑Aso Falls in Antequera . Mag‑Aso means smoke in the native tongue. The water

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1984-512: The clashes that started at 5 am. Also killed were two Inabanga villagers, though it was not clear whether they were killed in the crossfire or executed by the cornered militants. Security officials hunted down the remainder of the ASG who landed in Bohol from the hinterlands to a neighboring island in the province which ultimately led to the neutralization of Abu Asis, the last of the remaining bandits, in May. He

2046-459: The concerned communities. Since 2015, its members are officially designated as UNESCO Global Geoparks. The first batch of members to the GGN were announced during the first International Conference on Geoparks in 2004. The international network seeks the membership geoparks —geographical areas where geological heritage is the focus of local protection, education and development. A set of criteria as established by UNESCO must first be met for

2108-604: The destruction they caused. In response to the Samson uprising, the U.S. forces pursued a "Scorched-Earth" policy and burned down 20 out of the 35 towns of Bohol, especially Southeastern area of towns such as Duero, Jagna and Candijay where whole barangay villages were burned down in search of freedom fighters resisting U.S. invasion to the newly independent Philippines. In Jagna, Philippine guerrillas led by Captain Gregorio "Guyo" Casenas planned to overtake an American garrison, unfortunately

2170-462: The early landmark events. Economic analysts generally attribute this to the ramp-up on loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign , although Marcos blamed the unrest on the 1968 formation of the Communist Party of the Philippines in an effort to earn political and military support from the zealously anticommunist Nixon and Ford administrations in

2232-507: The island are low mountain ranges. The interior is a large plateau with irregular landforms. Near Carmen , the Chocolate Hills are more than 1,200 uniformly cone-shaped hills named for the grass growing on the hills that turns brown in the summer, making the landscape look like chocolate mounds. They are hills made of limestone left over from coral reefs during the Ice Age when the island

2294-456: The largest number of global geoparks. The Global Geoparks Network ( GGN ) (also known as the Global Network of National Geoparks ) is UNESCO assisted network established in 1998. Managed under the body's Ecological and Earth Sciences Division, the GGN seeks the promotion and conservation of the planet's geological heritage, as well as encourages the sustainable research and development by

2356-642: The local communities’ relationship with the natural environment. The following table contains the detailed articles on the UNESCO Global Geoparks ( UGG ) and further international recognition frameworks of the geoheritage of each continents and their representative regional geopark networks. UNESCO has currently designated two UNESCO Global Geoparks in Africa , located in two state parties, Tanzania and Morocco . There are plans for national geoparks in an initial phase that could be further developed to gain

2418-586: The local mayor had disclosed their plans to U.S. troops and this resulted in the Lonoy Massacre or Battle of Lonoy which U.S. troops ambushed and killed 406 Filipino soldiers while 3 Americans were killed. General Hughes led a campaign of repression in October 1901, destroying a number of towns, and threatening in December 1901 to burn Tagbilaran if the rebels did not surrender. Pantaleon E. del Rosario then negotiated

2480-528: The lowlands. Cases of land usurpation began rising, which then degraded the relationships between landowners and tenants. In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president in 1973, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law . This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Bohol went through many social and economic ups and downs. The economic diffiulties, paired with crony capitalism , and personal expensive lifestyles of

2542-552: The morning of April 11, 1945. The convoy taking the Filipino and American liberation forces to Bohol consisted of a flotilla of six landing ships (medium), six landing crafts (infantry), two landing crafts (support), and one landing craft (LSM(R)) . Upon arrival, the reinforced battalion combat team advanced rapidly to the east and northeast with the mission of destroying all hostile forces in Bohol. Motor patrols were immediately dispatched by Col. Considine, Task Force Commander, and combed

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2604-510: The newly proclaimed independent government established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo , which was not recognized by the U.S., Bohol was governed as a Gobierno de Canton . During the resulting Philippine–American War , American troops peacefully took over the island in March 1899. However, in September 1900, Colonel Pedro Samson led 2,000 in rebellion, due to the harsh treatment imparted by these troops and

2666-458: The precursors of the people there. In 1667, Father Francisco Combes, in his Historia de Mindanao , mentioned that at one time in their history, the people of the Panglao invaded Bohol and subsequently imposed their economic and political dominance in the area. They considered the previous inhabitants of the islands as their slaves by reason of war, as witnessed for example by how Datu Pagbuaya, one of

2728-408: The province with the most towns in the Philippines, totalling 47 towns, and 1 component city, Tagbilaran City. Bohol is accordingly derived from the local word bo-ol , a kind of tree that flourished on the island. Similar to Nahuatl , the h in the middle was used to transcribe a glottal stop which is a common phoneme in the languages of the Philippines . The original name survives as Bool ,

2790-586: The radicalized protesters reacted by joining the NPA. By 1981, NPA activities had begun to be noted in the upland areas of Sevilla , Bilar , Batuan and Balilihan . During this time Camp Dagohoy in Tagbilaran functioned as one of many detention centers during the Marcos dictatorship , under the ambit of Regional Command for Detainees III (RECAD III) at Camp Lapu-Lapu in Cebu City. Among whose detainees of Camp Dagohoy

2852-554: The rebel to surrender. At about the same period, on 20 October 1901, Bohol was organized as a province under the provisions of the Provincial Government Act of the Philippine Commission . Two years later, some of its towns were consolidated reducing its 35 municipalities to 32. Japanese troops landed in Tagbilaran on 17 May 1942. Boholanos struggled in a guerrilla resistance against the Japanese forces. Bohol

2914-687: The regular and constable troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army , Philippine Constabulary , and the Boholano guerrillas. During the Second Battle of Bohol from March to August 1945, Filipino troops of the 3rd, 8th, 83rd, 85th and 86th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary captured and liberated the island province of Bohol and helped

2976-608: The river banks. However, the lights were severely damaged due to the said earthquake. There is one hydroelectric plant on the Loboc River. Construction on the plant began in 1955, completed in 1957 and an expansion completed in 1968. Other significant rivers in Bohol: Bohol Bohol ( Tagalog pronunciation: [buˈhol] ), officially the Province of Bohol ( Cebuano : Lalawigan sa Bohol ; Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Bohol ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bohol ),

3038-464: The rulers of Panglao, considered Datu Sikatuna as his vassal and relative. The invasion of Bohol by the people of Panglao ushered the Kedatuan of Bohol . The kedatuan prospered under the reign of the two brother rulers of Panglao - Datu Dailisan and Datu Pagbuaya, with trade links established with neighbouring Southeast Asian countries, particularly with the Sultanate of Ternate . The flourishing of trade

3100-476: The sites highlighted in UNESCO Global Geopark are the following: Danajon Bank Double Barrier Reef, Alicia Panoramic Park, Princess Manan-aw Cave, Can-umantad Falls, Loon Coastal Geomorphic Conservation Park, Maribojoc Uplifted Marine Terrace, Baclayon Marine Terraces, Hinagdanan Cave, Canawa Cold Spring, Cave pools of Anda, Lamanok Island and Batungay Cave. To the west of Bohol is Cebu , to the northeast

3162-841: The spirits for good fortune, located in Lamanok Point in Anda. The wooden boat coffins are estimated to date back 6,000 years ago from the Metal Age to the Protohistoric Period. The National Museum of the Philippines has excavated and recorded 9 local caves for preservation. Human remains found in Southeastern Bohol also contained artificially modified crania or a form of head-binding, practiced by ancient communities throughout history. Unfortunately, theft and extraction of sacred burial sites of human remains by U.S. universities occurred during

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3224-469: The two ruling chieftains of Bohol as punishment for abusing one of the concubines. Thus, in 1563, the Ternatans attacked Bohol. Twenty joangas deceitfully posing as traders were sent by the sultan of Ternate to attack Bohol. Caught unaware, the inhabitants of Bohol could not defend themselves against the Ternatan raiders who were also equipped with sophisticated firearms like muskets and arquebuses provided by

3286-446: Was defeated by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal . In 1965 after a number of attempts to convert Tagbilaran into a City, the three Congressmen of Bohol sponsored the Bill to which would become Republic ACt 4660, creating the City Charter of Tagbilaran on 18 June 1966. The Philippines' gradual postwar recovery took a turn for the worse in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis being one of

3348-401: Was devastated by a 7.2 magnitude earthquake whose epicenter was 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Sagbayan . The earthquake, which also hit southern Cebu , claimed 222 lives altogether and injured 374 people. It also destroyed or damaged a number of Bohol's heritage churches . In 2023, Bohol Island was designated as a UNESCO Global Geopark , the first in the Philippines. Bohol is also

3410-463: Was extended and renamed as Kula Salihli in 2020 Whilst the length of the list has grown year on year, some members drop out from time to time, either by choice or by failing the network's revalidation procedures. UNESCO Global Geoparks are given this designation for a period of four years after which the functioning and quality of each UNESCO Global Geopark is thoroughly re-examined during a revalidation process. ^ A. Names and spellings used for

3472-530: Was founded in 2004 in partnership with the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The network was set up to conserve Earth's geological heritage, as well as to promote the sustainable research and development by the concerned communities. To implement these goals they adopted the concept of geopark, a term that had already been in use for one of the proposed parks. Geoparks were conceived as "single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with

3534-512: Was gunned down by police Special Weapons and Tactics operatives in Barangay Lawis, Calape while fighting it out to the end along with Ubayda. All 11 ASG members killed in the intrusion were given proper burials under Muslim tradition. The tourism industry in Bohol was negatively affected by the ASG militants' incursion on the island, though tour operators believe the industry can recover. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on 24 May 2023, added Bohol as one of

3596-435: Was later liberated by the local guerrillas and the Filipino and American troops who landed on 11 April 1945. A plaque placed on the port of Tagbilaran commemorating the liberation reads: One thousand one hundred seventy two officers and men of the 3rd Battalion of the 164th Infantry Regiment of the Americal Division under the command of Lt. Col. William H. Considine landed at the Tagbilaran Insular Wharf at 7:00 o'clock in

3658-443: Was officially declared liberated on 25 May 1945, by Major General William H. Arnold , Commander of the Americal Division . About this time, most officers and men of the Bohol Area Command had been processed by units of the Eighth United States Army . On 31 May 1945, the Bohol Area Command was officially deactivated upon orders of Lt. General Robert L. Eichelberger , Commanding General of the Eighth United States Army, together with

3720-409: Was struck by an earthquake (on February 8, 1990) with an epicentre almost exactly the same as in 2013, causing six fatalities and 200 injured. Several buildings were damaged and it caused a tsunami . On 12 April 2017, 11 Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) militants staged an attack on Bohol . Three soldiers, a police officer and at least four of the armed men, including their leader Abu Rami, were killed in

3782-417: Was submerged. The Chocolate Hills are considered one of Philippine's natural wonders and Bohol is often referred to as the Jewel of the Philippines . They appear on the provincial seal of Bohol. Bohol has 114 springs, 172 creeks, and four main rivers that run through Bohol with a radial drainage pattern. The largest river, the Inabanga , runs in the northwestern part of the province; the Loboc River drains

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3844-406: Was the 19-year old brother of Judge Meinrado Paredes, who was beaten with firearms so that he eventually suffered permanent damage to his hearing. The immediate government response to the NPA presence was an integrated "social, economic, cultural and political" program which also saw the deployment of a "Special Action Force" to the island in 1985, but conflict continued and even intensified through

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