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29-400: The 1895 earthquake destroyed an old monastery with a diocesan college for girls. After the damaged building was removed, Vodnik Square provided a venue for an outdoor market. The present market building, designed by the architect Jože Plečnik , was built between 1940 and 1942 by Matko Curk 's company. It originally had an area of 1,876 square metres (20,190 sq ft). The design of

58-463: A crown land of Austria-Hungary and the capital of modern-day Slovenia , on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1895. It was the most, and the last, destructive earthquake in the area. With a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS Intensity of VIII–IX, the earthquake struck at 22:17 UTC (23:17 local time). The earthquake's epicenter was located in Janče , about 16 kilometres (10 mi) to

87-545: A parking garage under it, since June 2012 at the Slovenian Constitutional Court . The protection has been endorsed by the civil initiative We're Not Giving Up the Market ( Tržnice ne damo ). 46°3′6″N 14°30′35″E  /  46.05167°N 14.50972°E  / 46.05167; 14.50972 1895 Ljubljana earthquake An earthquake struck Ljubljana , the capital and largest city of Carniola ,

116-473: A dependence on space and a dependence on time. And more recently, through the application of a fractional solution of the reactive differential equation, a double power law model shows the number density decay in several possible ways, among which is a particular case the Utsu-Omori Law. The other main law describing aftershocks is known as Båth's Law and this states that the difference in magnitude between

145-471: A great deal of the city dates back to today, but for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism that followed. From 1895 to 1910, 436 new buildings were created and hundreds of buildings were renovated or extended in the Vienna Secession style. Most of Ljubljana's bridges, monuments, parks, and main buildings date back to the post-earthquake development. A chapel, dedicated to Our Lady of

174-479: A large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock. Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks and the sequences can last for years or even longer especially when a large event occurs in a seismically quiet area; see, for example, the New Madrid seismic zone , where events still follow Omori's law from the main shocks of 1811–1812. An aftershock sequence is deemed to have ended when

203-506: A low number of aftershocks and high foreshock rates compared to continental strike-slip faults . Seismologists use tools such as the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence model (ETAS) to study cascading aftershocks and foreshocks. Following a large earthquake and aftershocks, many people have reported feeling "phantom earthquakes" when in fact no earthquake was taking place. This condition, known as "earthquake sickness"

232-640: A main shock and its largest aftershock is approximately constant, independent of the main shock magnitude, typically 1.1–1.2 on the Moment magnitude scale . Aftershock sequences also typically follow the Gutenberg–Richter law of size scaling, which refers to the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in a region in a given time period. Where: In summary, there are more small aftershocks and fewer large aftershocks. Aftershocks are dangerous because they are usually unpredictable, can be of

261-459: Is open daily except for Sundays. It has a flower market at the junction of Pogačar Square and Vodnik Square, a fish market and dried fruit on the lower level of the market hall and bakery, dairy and meat stalls on both levels. The colonnade at the Triple Bridge end provides shelter for stalls selling herbs, spices, and arts and crafts. From October 2008, the market was provisionally protected by

290-420: Is proportional to the inverse of time since the mainshock and this relationship can be used to estimate the probability of future aftershock occurrence. Thus whatever the probability of an aftershock are on the first day, the second day will have 1/2 the probability of the first day and the tenth day will have approximately 1/10 the probability of the first day (when p is equal to 1). These patterns describe only

319-512: The 1812 New Madrid earthquake . Some scientists have tried to use foreshocks to help predict upcoming earthquakes , having one of their few successes with the 1975 Haicheng earthquake in China. On the East Pacific Rise however, transform faults show quite predictable foreshock behaviour before the main seismic event. Reviews of data of past events and their foreshocks showed that they have

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348-428: The 2008 Sichuan earthquake , the aftershock distribution in each case showed that the epicenter (where the rupture initiated) lay to one end of the final area of slip, implying strongly asymmetric rupture propagation. Aftershocks rates and magnitudes follow several well-established empirical laws. The frequency of aftershocks decreases roughly with the reciprocal of time after the main shock. This empirical relation

377-479: The Liberal Nationalist Ivan Hribar , showed particular organizational abilities in providing aid. Shortly thereafter, he was elected mayor and organized the town's extensive reconstruction. The damage was substantial. Most houses were damaged on Hospice Street ( Špitalska ulica , today Stritar Street , Stritarjeva ulica ), where all houses were destroyed except for one, and the markets. Until

406-656: The Slovenian Ministry of Culture under Vasko Simoniti as a cultural monument of national importance. The decree was annulled by his successor Majda Širca in February 2009. In March 2012, the protection at the state level was reenacted by Žiga Turk for one year with the protection of the Vodnik Square Archaeological Site . It has been disputed by the City Municipality of Ljubljana , aiming to build

435-570: The Rosary , was erected in 1895 in Janče by the people of Ljubljana so that Mary would protect them from such disasters. In 1897, the first Austro-Hungarian seismological observatory was established in Ljubljana at Vega Street ( Vegova ulica ). Aftershock In seismology , an aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock , caused as

464-502: The city. The damage was estimated to 7 million florins . The next morning, the Municipal Council adopted emergency measures to assist the worst-affected victims, to direct the police force in extra security measures, and to direct the police force to inspect the damaged houses. All the city's schools were temporarily closed, and some factories temporarily ceased operation. A few days later, emergency shelters were created for

493-518: The city. The largest damage was caused in a circle with a radius of 18 km (11 mi), from Ig to Vodice , while lesser damage occurred in a radius of 50 km (31 mi) from the epicenter. At Vodnik Square ( Vodnikov trg ), an old monastery, which contained a diocesan girls' college and a library was sufficiently damaged that it had to be razed, and the site eventually was turned into an outdoor market ( Ljubljana Central Market , Osrednja ljubljanska tržnica ), now an important site in

522-428: The complex reflects Renaissance influences. It was conceived as a two-storey market hall following the curve of the river. On the side overlooking the river the market halls have large semi-circular windows, while the street side is defined by a colonnade. In order to provide views of the river, the building is interrupted with two open-columned loggias . The roof is covered with concrete tiles. Plečnik planned to fill

551-546: The displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousands of instrumentally detectable aftershocks, which steadily decrease in magnitude and frequency according to a consistent pattern . In some earthquakes the main rupture happens in two or more steps, resulting in multiple main shocks. These are known as doublet earthquakes , and in general can be distinguished from aftershocks in having similar magnitudes and nearly identical seismic waveforms . Most aftershocks are located over

580-401: The east of the Ljubljana downtown. The focus was 16 kilometres (10 mi) deep. The shock was felt in a circle with a radius of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and an area of 385,000 square kilometres (149,000 sq mi), reaching as far away as Assisi , Florence , Vienna , and Split . More than 100  aftershocks followed in the next ten days. At the time, Ljubljana's population

609-492: The event, Ljubljana had a provincial appearance. Expansion of the city and a widespread Vienna Secession architectural change began, which today is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Many buildings, such as the Mladika , were constructed in the aftermath. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" not just because of these architectural changes from which

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638-419: The full area of fault rupture and either occur along the fault plane itself or along other faults within the volume affected by the strain associated with the main shock. Typically, aftershocks are found up to a distance equal to the rupture length away from the fault plane. The pattern of aftershocks helps confirm the size of area that slipped during the main shock. In both the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and

667-539: The homeless. Many citizens of Ljubljana left the city as refugees. Lack of food was quickly felt in the city, and five emergency kitchens were established, which were free or low cost and distributed several thousand hot meals each day. Other areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , especially Vienna , the Czech Lands and Croatia-Slavonia assisted in the aid. Among the individual members of the Municipal Council,

696-685: The middle gap between the market halls with a monumental covered bridge to connect to the Petkovšek Embankment ( Petkovškovo nabrežje ), but his design was never built. His plans for a bridge were finally fulfilled in July 2010, when the newly designed Butchers' Bridge was inaugurated. Since August 2021, the Ljubljana Central Market has been inscribed as part of Plečnik's legacy on the UNESCO World Heritage List . The market

725-669: The rate of seismicity drops back to a background level; i.e., no further decay in the number of events with time can be detected. Land movement around the New Madrid is reported to be no more than 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) a year, in contrast to the San Andreas Fault which averages up to 37 mm (1.5 in) a year across California. Aftershocks on the San Andreas are now believed to top out at 10 years while earthquakes in New Madrid were considered aftershocks nearly 200 years after

754-410: The solution of a differential equation describing the evolution of the aftershock activity, where the interpretation of the evolution equation is based on the idea of deactivation of the faults in the vicinity of the main shock of the earthquake. Also, previously Utsu-Omori law was obtained from a nucleation process. Results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of aftershocks is separable into

783-404: The statistical behavior of aftershocks; the actual times, numbers and locations of the aftershocks are stochastic , while tending to follow these patterns. As this is an empirical law, values of the parameters are obtained by fitting to data after a mainshock has occurred, and they imply no specific physical mechanism in any given case. The Utsu-Omori law has also been obtained theoretically, as

812-475: Was first described by Fusakichi Omori in 1894 and is known as Omori's law. It is expressed as where k and c are constants, which vary between earthquake sequences. A modified version of Omori's law, now commonly used, was proposed by Utsu in 1961. where p is a third constant which modifies the decay rate and typically falls in the range 0.7–1.5. According to these equations, the rate of aftershocks decreases quickly with time. The rate of aftershocks

841-498: Was some 31,000, with around 1,400 buildings. The earthquake directly caused 21 death casualties, two people died later while clearing the rubble and three children died several days after the earthquake due to the severe cold in their temporary accommodation. The lack of food, poor living conditions and rainy weather meant that diseases, especially diphtheria , spread rapidly. The elderly and children in particular were dying. About ten percent of buildings were damaged or destroyed in

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