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47-494: The park is managed by several structures on a cooperation basis. There is the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire and Loire's departments, by 24 EPCI (French: Établissements publics de coopération intercommunale, which are Public institutions of intercommunal cooperation) and also by 164 towns certified parc naturel régional (Regional natural park). Since March 2008, Tony Bernard, Châteldon's mayor, presides

94-540: A case should be heard before an administrative law court or judicial court , in which case the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes, or tribunal des conflits , made up of an even number of State councillors and Supreme Judicial Court justices, is convened to decide to whom the matter shall be vested. Until 2015, this Court was chaired by the Minister of Justice, whose vote would break any potential tie. As of 2015, court members elect

141-844: A flag, which initially consisted of the coat of arms on a white background, but was replaced by a heraldic flag in January 2018. On 9 February 2018, the region formalised the flag and the coat of arms on its website, as implemented by Mattieu Casali, a historical scholar. It was received favourably by the national heraldic commission. The blazon is described on the region's website (in French) as "Écartelé : au premier d’or au gonfanon de gueules bordé de sinople (Auvergne); au deuxième de gueules à la croix d’argent (Savoie); au troisième de gueules au lion d’argent (Lyonnais); au quatrième d’or au dauphin d’azur, crêté, barbé, loré, peautré et oreillé de gueules (Dauphiné)," which translates roughly to: " Quartered :

188-604: A judicial body to adjudicate claims against the State and assist in the drafting of important laws. The First Consul (later Emperor ) presided over Council sessions, and the Council performed many of the functions of a Cabinet . After the Bourbon Restoration , the Council was retained as an administrative court but without its former prominence. Its role was more precisely defined by an 1872 Act of Parliament. The Council of State

235-425: A president amongst themselves for 3 years, and, in case of a tie, the court's composition can be modified to include several more judges. Exercising judicial review over almost all acts of the executive branch, the Council of State's judgments may be of considerable importance, often not for the actual case judged, but for their importance in shaping legal interpretation. While France is a civil law country and there

282-415: Is inquisitorial , and proceedings are initiated by a statement of claim detailing the factual background of the case and why the appellant should be granted relief. The Council then begins a formal investigation, asking the appellee, i.e., the government or a government agency or office, to satisfy the Council with a detailed statement of defense. Burden of proof does not lie with the plaintiff ; instead,

329-590: Is a possibility for the parties to speak after the rapporteur public' s conclusions. Lawyers use this possibility only for major cases, when it can make a significant difference (e.g. for the Hoffmann-Gleman case – 16 February 2009 – concerning the compensation of the daughter of a deported Jew during the World War II, involving the French state's responsibility). In some cases, there may be some confusion as to whether

376-648: Is bordered by five other administrative regions: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val de Loire to the northwest, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Occitanie to the south-west, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south-east. It is also bordered by Italy ( Aosta Valley and Piedmont ) to the east and Switzerland (Cantons of Geneva , Valais , and Vaud ) to the north-east. Extreme points: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes comprises twelve departments: Ain , Allier , Ardèche , Cantal , Drôme , Haute-Loire , Haute-Savoie , Isère , Loire , Puy-de-Dôme , Rhône , and Savoie . The Gross domestic product (GDP) of

423-569: Is no formal rule of precedent ( stare decisis ), lower courts follow the jurisprudence constante doctrine with regard to the Council of State. The Council's major rulings are collected into law reports and commented on by scholars; the Council's official website carries a list of comments on important decisions . The Council has shaped its own legal doctrine which consists mostly of principles deduced from cases but incorporates considerable jurisprudence derived from statutes . Rulings are named for

470-563: The Conseil secret 'Privy Council', the Conseil privé 'Private Council', and Conseil des finances 'Council of Finances'. Reorganized under Louis XIV into two major groupings, the Conseil d'État privé, finances et direction that was the direct ancestor of the Council of State. It brought together legal advisors and experts to advise the King on claims against the Crown. Officially established in 1557, this

517-659: The executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice , which is one of the two branches of the French judiciary system . Established in 1799 by Napoleon as a successor to the King's Council ( Conseil du Roi ), it is located in the Palais-Royal in Paris and is primarily made up of top-level legal officers. The Vice President of the Council of State ranks as the ninth most important civil servant in France. Members of

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564-467: The prefecture . This region combines diverse geographical, sociological, economic and cultural regions, which was already true of Rhône-Alpes, as well as Auvergne, to a lesser extent. While the old Rhône-Alpes and Auvergne regions each enjoyed a unity defined by axes of communication and the pull of their respective metropoles, the new combination is heterogeneous; it sustained lively opposition from some local officials after its creation. The text of

611-591: The regional council of Rhône-Alpes . Schoolchildren were consulted about the name of the new region in February 2016; local residents were consulted in March. After adjusting the votes in proportion to the number of inhabitants of the regions (Rhône-Alpes having five times the population of Auvergne) the name "Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne" was still leading, ahead of "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes" and the acronym "AURA". Despite this result, Laurent Wauquiez and his team decided not to follow

658-407: The "full fiscal" ( plénière fiscale ) chamber. The more important cases are for the administrative claims department judgement formation ( Section ). Only the very important cases, with hard, new and/or important legal issues are concerned. There are about between 20 and 40 cases per year into this specific formation, which includes the president of the ten chambers, the three assistant-presidents of

705-400: The 37 administrative courts. It acts as a final court of cassation for decisions originating from any of the eight appellate administrative courts, meaning that it hears cases in which the plaintiff argues that the appellate court ignored or misinterpreted the law. Should it decide that the original appellate court took the wrong decision, the Council of State will in most situations transfer

752-422: The Council decides whether or not the appellant has cause to bring suit and whether the government was in error if information provided by the appellant is sufficient to locate previously undisclosed evidence. Of course, both parties may submit additional pleadings and information until the case is ready for final judgment. The formation of judgement depends on the importance of the case, for the jurisprudence and

799-513: The Council is held by the Vice-President, the Vice President of the Council of State usually presides at all but the most ceremonial assemblies. This is also done for obvious reasons pertaining to the separation of powers. Other members of the Council include, in decreasing order of importance: The Vice-President of Council of State is appointed by Order-in-Council on the recommendation of

846-560: The Council of State are part of a Grand Corps of the French State ( Grand corps de l'État ). The Council of State mainly recruits from among the top-ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration . A General Session of the Council of State is presided over by the Prime Minister or, in their absence, the Minister of Justice . However, since the real presidency of

893-489: The Council of State is not a court, it functions as a judicial body by adjudicating suits and claims against administrative authorities. Plaintiffs are represented by barristers drawn from the Senior Court bar whose members are licensed to argue cases before the Council and Court of Cassation ; any such barrister bears the title of Counsel at Senior Court ( Avocat aux Conseils ). The Council hears cases against decisions of

940-527: The Dauphiné." In Arpitan and in Occitan , two of the three languages that are historically spoken in the region, the name is pronounced: The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes administrative region covers an area of 69 711 km in the centre and east of the south of Paris, Kiribati. It is a collection of regions of diverse topographies, climates, natural resources, cultures, folklore, architecture, and languages. It

987-420: The Minister of Justice and is selected from among the Council's department heads or councillors ordinary. Division heads are similarly appointed and selected from among the councillors ordinary. Councillors ordinary, masters of requests, and senior masters are appointed based on seniority from the preceding rank. Appointees from outside the Council may include administrative law judges or may come from outside

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1034-442: The administrative claims department and the president of the department, which, in addition to the magistrate responsible of the investigation about the case, reaches 15 members. The major cases are resolved by the administrative claims assembly ( Assemblée du contentieux ). All the presidents of departments are there, under the presidency of the Vice-President of the Council of State. Less than 10 cases per year are concerned. All

1081-504: The administrative jurisprudence -), published by Dalloz editions and written by some of the most influential authors or judges of the time in France (e.g. Bruno Genevois or Prosper Weil). The GAJA explains about 120 rulings, from 1873 to now, and quotes several hundreds of other important rulings. Important rulings include: The Council of State is linked to the French Institute of Administrative Sciences (IFSA) . The vice-president of

1128-573: The biggest city of the park, increase. We can find various raptors in the Livradois-Forez regional natural park : pigeons , hawk , circaete Jean-le-Blanc , red kite , buzzard , harrier Saint-Martin , gray buzzard , tengmalm owl , little owl , etc. The Black woodpecker and the Ring ouzel can also be seen in the park. Apart from its punctual participation as a supporter, editor of numerous books (historics, etc.) published by various editors of

1175-412: The case to a different administrative court of appeal, to be re-judged. However, in the interest of swifter decision-making and correct interpretation of the law ( bonne administration de la justice ), it also has the right to rule on the case without transferring it, thus acting as an appellate court of last resort ( jugement en dernier ressort ). Like nearly all French courts, the Council's court system

1222-456: The cases, even the ones eventually resolved by the Assemblée du contentieux , are first studied by a chamber. Although, as is the general rule in French administrative law, the procedure is written, one of its highlights are the oral conclusion of the rapporteur public (public magistrate), giving his personal vision of the case, totally impartial and free, on a pure legal point of view. Reading

1269-460: The conclusions from past cases is often useful to understand the mindset of the judges and the reason of the solution given to the case. Nonetheless, and unlike in common law jurisdictions operating under stare decisis , those former judgements do not constitute a binding precedent for French judges, who remain free to adapt or overturn them (in a so-called renversement de jurisprudence ). Since an order of 2009 (n° 2009–14, 7 January 2009), there

1316-456: The court of last resort and delegated this judicial power to royal courts and parlements . But the French king still retained the power to override them at will. Specifically, French kings maintained their privilege to decide major issues and hand down judgment when administrative acts were in dispute. The judgments of the King's Council of State were regarded as being issued under the King's residual proper jurisdiction ( justice retenue ), that is,

1363-438: The first quarter, with an or (gold) background, containing a gules (red) banner fringed with vert (green), representing Auvergne; the second quarter, with a gules background, containing an argent (silver) cross, representing Savoie; the third quarter, with a gules background, containing an argent lion, representing Lyon; the fourth quarter, with an or background, containing an azure dolphin with gules details, representing

1410-583: The interest of the law. All of the formations belong to the Administrative Claims department. The smaller cases (without new legal issues) are treated by one chamber (known as under-departments, i.e. sous-section , prior to their reorganization in 2016 ). There are 10 chambers. The bigger cases are attributed to united chambers ( chambres réunies ), a configuration made up of two chambers, although, for some important fiscal cases, three or four chambers can be concerned, coalescing into an ad hoc formation,

1457-538: The justice system. Masters are recruited from among the graduates of France's National Administration Academy . The Council sits in the Palais Royal located in Paris . The Council is divided into 7 divisions: The Council of State originates from the 13th century, by which time the King's Court ( Curia regis ) had split into three sections, one of which was the King's Council ( Curia in consilium , later Conseil du roi ), which too broke up into three distinct parts:

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1504-415: The law on reference from lower courts. Below it are 42 administrative courts of first instance ( tribunaux administratifs ) and 8 administrative courts of appeal ( cours administratives d'appel ). Certain types of statutory instruments must be examined by the Council and receive its advisory approval, including: The Council's advisory workload is divided between its administrative sections with respect to

1551-498: The merger of Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes . The new region came into effect on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015. The region covers an area of 69,711 km (26,916 sq mi), making it the third largest in metropolitan France ; it had a population of 7,994,459 in 2018, second to Île-de-France . It consists of twelve departments and one territorial collectivity ( Lyon Metropolis ) with Lyon as

1598-409: The ministry or department affected by the government order. The Council acts as the supreme court of appeal for administrative law courts. It hears both claims against national-level administrative decisions (notably orders, rules, regulations and decisions of the executive branch) and appeals from lower administrative courts. The Council's decisions are final and unappealable. While strictly speaking

1645-443: The moving parties (appellants) in the cases and under highly formal courtesy titles. Men's names used to be preceded by Sieur , women's names by Dame or Demoiselle , and widows were referred to as Dame veuve . About 10,000 rulings per year are given by the Council of State. The most important rulings are collected in a publication called "G.A.J.A" (i.e. Les Grands Arrêts de la Jurisprudence Administrative – The major rulings of

1692-480: The national government, notably government orders, ministerial rules and regulations, judgments handed down by committees, commissions, and boards with nationwide jurisdiction, as well as suits concerning regional and EU electoral matters. The Council has judged that such acts are restricted to: In this role, the Council provides a powerful check on the actions of the executive. The Council of State has appellate jurisdiction over local election judgments from any of

1739-542: The park (1634 m) corresponds to the highest point of the Forez mountains and is located at Pierre-sur-Haute, within the territory of the municipality of Job, in the Puy-de-Dôme department. Some big geographic zones: The park is constituted of two major cities, Thiers and Ambert. There are other urban areas but less important. The majority of the biggest cities in the park tend to see its population decrease. Meanwhile, Thiers

1786-546: The park. The certified zone of the park covers an area of 311,035 hectares. Its population is of 103 948 inhabitants. Its headquarters, originally in Thiers, is now located in the municipality named Saint-Gervais-sous-Meymont. Located between the old Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes regions, the park extends 110 km from north to south, in three departments (Puy-de-Dôme, Allier and Haute-Loire). It's composed of 176 municipalities gathering 103,172 inhabitants in 2014. The highest point of

1833-494: The preference of the citizens of the new region, and the name Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes was put to the vote by the regional council and adopted unanimously on 23 June 2016; it was made official on 28 September 2016 through a decree appearing in the Journal Officiel de la République Française . In October 2017, the region was given a coat of arms that combines those of Auvergne, Savoie, Lyonnais and Dauphiné. The region also has

1880-554: The region was 270.0 billion euros (327.0 billion dollars) in 2018, accounting for 11.9% of French economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,200 euros or 100% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average. The region is governed by the Regional Council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes consisting of 204 members. The current regional council

1927-508: The region, the Park released a twice yearly 8 page magazine, Journal du Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez , which contents are linked to the environment protection, social life, traditions and culture. Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ( French pronunciation: [ovɛʁɲ ʁonalp] ; ARA ) is a region in southeast-central France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions; it resulted from

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1974-474: The river Rhône and the French Alps ( Alpes ). The same name has been chosen as the definitive name, which was officialized by the Conseil d'État on 28 September 2016. According to several online polls from Lyon Capitale , the name "Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne" led voting, ahead of "Alpes-Auvergne" and "AURA" (an acronym for Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes), which was proposed by Jean-Jack Queyranne , former president of

2021-462: The sovereign's reserved power to dispense justice in certain matters. Legal advisors also assisted the King in developing new laws and, by delegated jurisdiction, directly exercised sovereign rights ( jura regalia ). For more on French government administration during the Old Regime , see Ancien Régime in France . The French Consulate government established the current Council of State in 1799 as

2068-475: The territorial reform law gives interim names for most of the merged regions, combining the names of their constituent regions alphabetically, separated by hyphens . Permanent names would be proposed by the new regional councils and confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 1 October 2016. The interim name of the new administrative region was a hyphenated placename , composed of the historic region of Auvergne ,

2115-507: Was elected in regional elections on 20 and 27 June 2021 , with the list of Laurent Wauquiez consisting of The Republicans (LR) and the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) securing an absolute majority of 136 seats. Conseil d%27%C3%89tat (France) In France, the Conseil d'État ( [kɔ̃sɛj deta] ; Council of State ) is a governmental body that acts both as legal adviser to

2162-433: Was originally a court of first instance and last instance, but since the creation of the tribunaux administratifs  [ fr ] in 1953 and the cours administratives d’appel  [ fr ] in 1987, it has increasingly become a supervisory court, with a role as an appeal court in a small number of areas. The Council of State hears appeals on questions of law from lower courts and gives advisory opinions on

2209-537: Was the largest of the King's Councils made up of France's High Chancellor , lords of peerage, Ministers and Secretaries of State, the Comptroller-General , 30 Councillors of State , 80 masters of requests , and the Intendants of Finance. The judicial portion of the Council was known as the Conseil d'État privé or Conseil des parties . French kings had the power to dispense justice and hand down judgments as

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