66-600: Living Coasts was a coastal zoo at the site of Torquay Marine Spa in Devon, England. It was owned by South West Environmental Parks as part of the Wild Planet Trust , formerly known as Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust , which also operates Newquay Zoo and Paignton Zoo . It was a registered charity , based around seabirds and other coastal wildlife. The site had a covered giant aviary which included several animal enclosures and habitats including an artificial tidal estuary,
132-584: A novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei , China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003 , but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll. Scientists used statistical analysis of data from genetic sequencing, combined with epidemiological and estimated travel data, to estimate
198-422: A 12 inches (30 cm) pipe, travelled around 40 yards (37 m) through the pipe, and out onto the beach below. The pipe was covered in corroded metal and barnacles, tearing her swimming costume from her body, and causing her serious injuries. The subsequent septicaemia led her to spending an extended period in hospital, where she was visited by King George V 's personal physician Farquhar Buzzard . As
264-555: A 45-minute swim with the penguins. Living Coasts had a cafe that overlooked Torbay and the Tradewinds gift shop, themed on a colonial harbour. Both facilities were open to visitors and non-visitors. On 23 March 2020, Living Coasts, along with other visitor attractions nationwide, temporarily closed during the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdown. On 11 June, the House of Commons debated
330-464: A ballroom, concert hall, sunlit conservatory and private bathing facilities. There was also a large public swimming bath open to the sea below these. In 1817, Dr Pollard built a swimming bath adjacent to Torquay Harbour, which was known as the Bath House, taking advantage of the popularity of sea bathing , but by the 1850s demand exceeded the capacity of those baths, and a new company was formed to build
396-771: A further increase in cases that surpassed previous records, although the true number of infections was thought to be higher. It became mandatory for people to show proof of full vaccination or proof that they are not infected to enter certain indoor hospitality and entertainment venues. On 9 January 2022, the UK became the seventh country worldwide to pass 150,000 reported COVID-19 deaths. All remaining legally enforced COVID-19 related restrictions concluded in Northern Ireland and England during February 2022, with that step being taken in Scotland (partially extended into April) and Wales by
462-494: A hospital appointment, and 37% of older people felt less confident going to a GP surgery. Research by The Sunday Times reported that in 2021, the proportion of private school pupils receiving A*, a mark for exceptional achievement, was 39.5 per cent, rising from 16.1 per cent in 2019. The highest record in terms of increase came from the North London Collegiate School , where senior fees could surpass £21,000
528-501: A new facility on Beacon Hill. It was planned that there would be a large swimming pool, with a large saloon or hall and private bathing facilities. In order to achieve this, under the direction of Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon , large parts of the beacon promontory hill were cut away, with spoil being used to being the Haldon Pier enclosing 10 acres of the harbour. The Marine Spa baths were opened on 3 August 1857. The building
594-422: A new swimming bath on the site of the spa. The original baths were described as "dark and sunless" and the repeated destruction by storms meant it was costly. The amount of £15,000 was set aside, with a contract signed for £14,912. The onset of World War I delayed the building and by the end of 1915, costs had risen to between £17,000 and £20,000. The new swimming pool finally opened in late 1916, but following
660-520: A penguin beach, a tropical mangrove swamp, and underwater viewing areas. Living Coasts was also home to the oldest African Penguin in the UK, named Pat, before he was euthanized in 2015 at the age of 37. Living Coasts was Britain's first and only coastal zoo. It was a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), and
726-498: A result, the pool was redesigned, with the outlet vent Bastin was sucked through being removed, and replaced by a similar diameter pipe in the floor of the deep end of the pool, and covered with two strong steel bars. Torquay's Medical Officer of Health raised concerns over the health and safety of the pool between 1959 and 1965, saying that "many other aspects in which the bath falls short of present day standards of health, safety, and convenience. The reconstruction and modernisation of
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#1732851241986792-558: A significant impact on people's mental health—with particular damage to the mental health of foreign-born men whose work hours have been reduced/eliminated. The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences in the country that go beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications. Sophie Grégoire Trudeau , the wife of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , tested positive for COVID-19 upon her return from WE Day events in
858-421: A very short use by the local lifesaving and swimming clubs, was requisitioned for the sole use of the armed forces. This use lasted for nearly 4 years, and the damage and wear required significant remediation, and the baths did not open to the public until 1920. The new pool took water from the sea below, and was initially heated to 65 °F (18 °C). The sunlight through the roof allowed seaweed to grow and
924-678: A year and the proportion of A* grades rose from 33.8 per cent in 2019 to 90.2 per cent in the summer of 2021. At 25 schools, the number of A* grades trebled or even quadrupled. These and other findings led MPs to call for an inquiry into the "manipulation" of the exam system during the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic was widely disruptive to the economy of the United Kingdom, with most sectors and workforces adversely affected. Some temporary shutdowns became permanent; some people who were furloughed were later made redundant. The economic disruption has had
990-471: Is the best way to compare outcomes between countries. The study found that, compared to other countries, the UK tended to attribute more deaths to COVID-19. A Cambridge University epidemiologist, Raghib Ali, said that the study would correct "widespread misconceptions" about the way the UK had handled the pandemic, and that there was "no clear relationship between levels of excess mortality and different levels of restrictions... across western Europe or indeed
1056-525: The United Kingdom , it has resulted in 25,012,428 confirmed cases, and is associated with 232,112 deaths. The virus began circulating in the country in early 2020, arriving primarily from travel elsewhere in Europe. Various sectors responded , with more widespread public health measures incrementally introduced from March 2020. The first wave was at the time one of the world's largest outbreaks. By mid-April
1122-1710: The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). On 16 June 2020, Living Coasts announced it would not be reopening following its closure during the COVID-19 pandemic . Some of the species they had during the almost twenty years before closure were common cuttlefish, common octopus, lesser octopus, tropical white spotted octopus, wonderpus, african penguins, gentoo penguins, macaroni penguins, south american fur seals, asian short clawed otter, atlantic mudskipper, tufted puffin, inca tern, common tern, australian big bellied seahorse, short snouted seahorse, black necked stilt, red billed choughs, spiny starfish, Red-Legged kittiwake, black legged Kittiwake, Indian bluespotted Ribbontai ray, whiptail ray, upside down jellyfish, common redshank, white spotted pufferfish, figure of eight pufferfish, pied avocet, pigeon guillemots, common guillemots, edible crab, broad clawed porcelain crab, common hermit crab, european spider crab, land hermit crab, ruffs, red lionfish, common lobster, banded archerfish, Scatophagus argus, striped mullet, thick lipped grey mullet, Barrow's goldeneye, bank cormorant, common murre, snake lock anemone, strawberry anemone, rhino beetle, sun beetle, tompot blenny, Chough, orange chromide, shore clingfish, death head cockroach, four eyed fish, leopard gecko, goby, stick insect, silver moony, oyster catcher, greater pipefish, broadnose pipefish, common sea urchin, green sea urchin, blue baboon spider, corkwing wrasse, longtailed duck, bristletail filefish, bearded reedling, wolffish, horseshoe crab, blacktailed godwit, black rat, black scoter, and common scoter. Living Coasts opened to
1188-581: The severe economic impact . It also forwent the procurement process in contracts in response to shortages of PPE and medical equipment , major issues in the early months of the outbreak, and for developing a contact tracing app . There has been some disparity between the outbreak's severity in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland – health-care in the UK is devolved , each constituent country having its own publicly-funded healthcare system run by devolved governments. The COVID-19 pandemic led to
1254-415: The 20th-highest death rate worldwide. Since early 2021 the UK has had one of the world's highest testing rates. In March 2022, The Lancet published a study showing that, compared to other western European countries, with 127 per 100,000 population, the UK had a lower excess deaths rate during the pandemic than the average, and lower than Italy (227), Portugal (202), Spain (187), Belgium (147), and
1320-550: The Netherlands (140), that the difference between the UK, France (124), and Germany (121) was not statistically significant, and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had a lower rate. The UK rate is marginally more than the world average of 120. The study was of excess mortality in 191 countries over the years 2020 and 2021 during the pandemic, the method that the chief medical officer of England , Chris Whitty , said
1386-581: The Omicron wave continued. Economic support was given to struggling businesses, including a furlough scheme for employees. As well as the major strain on the UK's healthcare service , the pandemic has had a severe impact on the UK's economy , caused major disruptions to education and had far-reaching impacts on society and politics . On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that
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#17328512419861452-568: The UK and were given special permission to visit a dying parent. The women had entered the country on 7 June, after first flying into Doha and Brisbane . A 2021 study suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant , which was first detected in Kent , spread internationally via flights originating in London in late 2020. This article presents official statistics gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic in
1518-496: The UK introduced advice for travellers coming from affected countries in late January and February 2020, and began contact tracing , although this was later abandoned. The government incrementally introduced further societal restrictions on the public as the virus spread across the country in the following weeks, initially resisting more stringent measures introduced elsewhere in Europe and Asia . Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced
1584-437: The UK went into a third lockdown . The second wave peaked in mid-January with over 1,000 daily deaths, before declining into the summer. The first COVID-19 vaccine was approved and began being deployed across the UK in early December, with a staggered rollout prioritising the most vulnerable and then moving to progressively younger age groups. The UK was the first country to do so, and in early 2021 its vaccination program
1650-759: The UK; on 12 March 2020 the Trudeau family entered two weeks of self-isolation. The first patient in Mauritius was a 59-year-old man who returned from the United Kingdom on 7 March 2020. When he arrived in Mauritius, the Mauritian had no symptoms. Other cases of the novel coronavirus resulting from travel to the UK were subsequently reported in India and Nigeria. On 16 June 2020, it was widely reported in British media that New Zealand's first COVID-19 cases in 24 days were diagnosed in two British women, both of whom had travelled from
1716-536: The United Kingdom. Reports from the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College , London have been providing mathematically calculated estimates of cases and case fatality rates. In February 2020, the team at Imperial College, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson , estimated about two-thirds of cases in travellers from China were not detected and that some of these may have begun "chains of transmission within
1782-418: The aim is to reduce the health impact of the epidemic but not to stop transmission completely; and suppression, where the aim is to reduce transmission rates to a point where case numbers fall. Until this point, government actions had been based on a strategy of mitigation, but the modelling predicted that while this would reduce deaths by approximately 2/3, it would still lead to approximately 250,000 deaths from
1848-415: The auk enclosure were red legged kittiwakes and red billed choughs. Aquarium tanks inside the aviary had a total capacity of 1,214 cubic metres (321,000 US gal). Special shows, extended talks and hands-on events were available throughout the site each day. Other programs let visitors be keeper or junior keeper for the day, take part in one of the penguin feeds, or (for certified SCUBA divers) take
1914-429: The baths is long overdue" and he recommended that the site be redeveloped. The second serious incident came over 40 years after the first, on 13 July 1971, when three children from St Vincent's Children's home were at an evening swimming session in the pool, and challenging each other for who could sit on the bottom of the pool for the longest. When the pool was cleared at 8pm, it became clear that 11-year old John Moran
1980-514: The countries they entered". They forecast that the new type of coronavirus could infect up to 60% of the UK's population, in the worst-case scenario. In a paper on 16 March 2020, the Imperial College team provided detailed forecasts of the potential impacts of the epidemic in the UK and US. It detailed the potential outcomes of an array of 'non-pharmaceutical interventions'. Two potential overall strategies outlined were: mitigation, in which
2046-460: The country's healthcare system , leading to long waiting lists for medical procedures and ambulances, also led to an indirect increase in deaths from other conditions. It also had a major mental health impact . In August 2021, a report from Age UK found that 27% of people over 60 could not walk as far and 25% were living in more physical pain earlier this year compared to the start of the pandemic. 54% of older people felt less confident attending
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2112-572: The country, localised lockdowns, social distancing measures , self-isolation laws for those exposed to the virus and rules on face masks were introduced (though certain exemptions were permitted), as well as efforts to expand COVID-19 testing and tracing. In autumn and winter 2020, further nationwide lockdowns were introduced in response to a surge in COVID-19 cases and the Alpha variant . A COVID-19 vaccination programme began in December 2020. In mid-2021,
2178-516: The delay in the reporting of deaths from the virus meant there was a risk of underestimating the steepness of the rising epidemic trend. In December 2021 scientists from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine predicted that Omicron could cause from 25,000 to 75,000 deaths in England over the five months to April 2022 unless there were more stringent restrictions, and would probably become
2244-474: The disease and the health systems becoming overwhelmed. On 16 March, the Prime Minister announced changes to government advice, extending self-isolation to whole households, advising social distancing particularly for vulnerable groups, and indicating that further measures were likely to be required in the future. A paper on 30 March 2020 by the Imperial College group estimated that the lockdown would reduce
2310-410: The dominant variant by the end of 2021. As of 20 December 2021, there had been 11.4 million confirmed cases – the most in Europe and fourth-highest worldwide. By that date there had been 232,112 deaths among people who had recently tested positive – the world's seventh-highest death toll and 28th-highest death rate by population . This is Europe's second-highest death toll after Russia , and
2376-686: The early weeks of the pandemic, case numbers were underestimated, obscuring the extent of the outbreak. A legally-enforced Stay at Home Order, or lockdown , was introduced on 23 March, banning all non-essential travel and contact with other people, and shut schools, businesses, venues and gathering places. People were told to keep apart in public. Those with symptoms, and their households, were told to self-isolate , while those considered at highest risk were told to shield . The health services worked to raise hospital capacity and established temporary critical care hospitals , but initially faced some shortages of personal protective equipment . By mid-April it
2442-574: The end of March. Cases rose following the relaxation of restrictions but began, along with hospitalisations and deaths, to fall shortly after. The UK Health Security Agency publishes a weekly "national influenza and coronavirus (COVID-19) report", which summarises COVID-19 levels and other seasonal respiratory illnesses. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the UK Government introduced various public health and economic measures to mitigate its impact. Devolution meant that
2508-480: The first national lockdown on 23 March 2020 and Parliament introduced the Coronavirus Act 2020 , which granted the devolved governments emergency powers and empowered the police to enforce public health measures. As the governments began lifting the nationwide stay-at-home order, policies and approaches diverged between the four nations. The Scottish government uniquely pursued an elimination strategy . Across
2574-460: The force of the water had bent apart the metal bars which covered the 12 in (30 cm) pipe. The recovery operation took 26 hours to cut away the concrete end wall of the pool, causing significant damage, which would have cost in excess of £25,000 to repair. With a new pool already planned to open in two years time in Paignton, the council decided to close the pool permanently. The pool complex
2640-666: The four nations' administrative responses to the pandemic differed; the Scottish Government , the Welsh Government , and the Northern Ireland Executive produced different policies to those that apply in England. Numerous laws were enacted or introduced throughout the crisis. The UK government had developed a pandemic response plan in previous years. In response to the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in January 2020,
2706-536: The government lifted most restrictions during the third wave driven by the Delta variant , until the "winter plan" reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December that year. Remaining restrictions were lifted in England from 24 February 2022 under a " living with COVID " plan announced by the government on that date. Economic support was provided to struggling businesses and to furlough employees to mitigate
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2772-523: The highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant . However, mass vaccination continued to keep deaths and hospitalisations at much lower levels than in previous waves. Infection rates remained high and hospitalisations and deaths rose into the autumn. In December, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was confirmed to have arrived and begun spreading widely in the community, particularly in London , driving
2838-409: The largest fall in life expectancy in England since records began in 1981. On average, British COVID-19 victims lost around a decade of life; the last time deaths rose so sharply in the UK was during World War II . In 2020, the disease was the leading cause of death among men, and second leading cause among women. Research in 2021 suggests over 1 million people in the UK have had Long COVID , with
2904-474: The majority reporting substantial impacts on day-to-day life. Professor Danny Altmann of Imperial College London said in March 2022, "It's kind of an anathema to me that we've kind of thrown in the towel on control of Omicron wave infections and have said 'it's endemic, and we don't care any more, because it's very benign'," he said. "It just isn't. And there are new people joining the long Covid support groups all
2970-551: The new Delta variant , began in July 2021, but the rate of deaths and hospitalisations was lower than with the first two waves – this being attributed to the mass vaccination programme. By early December 2021, the Omicron variant had arrived, and caused record infection levels. The UK government and each of the three devolved governments (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales) introduced public health and economic measures , including new laws , to mitigate its impact. A national lockdown
3036-467: The number of dead from 510,000 to less than 20,000. This paper and others relied on data from European countries including the UK to estimate that the combined non-pharmaceutical interventions reduced the reproduction number of the virus by 67–87%, enough to stop infections from growing. However, followup work concluded that the effectiveness of interventions was lower in later waves of infections. In April 2020, biostatistician Professor Sheila Bird said
3102-454: The opening was delayed by repeated vandalism. Coral Island, by now owned by Bass Leisure , closed on 18 September 1988, having failed to attract visitors outside of the main tourist season, and it lay unused before being demolished in April 1997. Following the demolition, the council proposed a new hanging gardens leading down to Beacon Cove, to be open by 1998. From 2003 to 2020 the site
3168-413: The peak had been passed and restrictions were gradually eased. A second wave, with a new variant that originated in the UK becoming dominant, began in the autumn and peaked in mid-January 2021, and was deadlier than the first. The UK started a COVID-19 vaccination programme in early December 2020. Generalised restrictions were gradually lifted and were mostly ended by August 2021. A third wave, fuelled by
3234-413: The pool required frequent emptying, with filtration not introduced until 1934. The pool had two serious incidents related to the outflow pipe which returned water to the sea directly below, the second of which directly led to the closure and demolition of the pool. On 1 September 1930, a tourist girl, 15-year old Phyllis Bastin, jumped into the pool as the emptying pipe was opened, and was sucked through
3300-461: The public on 14 July 2003, built on the site of the former Torquay Marine Spa . As of 2011 was being visited by over 100,000 visitors a year. It officially closed in June 2020, following significant loss of income caused by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The aviary was 19 metres (62 ft) at its highest point and had a total volume of 1.8 million cubic feet (51,000 m). This free flying enclosure
3366-522: The reopening of zoos amid mounting concerns that many could face permanent closure without visitor revenue. On 15 June, the Government announced zoos could re-open to the public with strict social distancing rules in place, however Living Coasts remained closed. On 16 June, Wild Planet Trust announced the permanent closure of Living Coasts due to its costbase, need to make efficiencies and inability to afford required substantial maintenance. Homes were sought for
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#17328512419863432-454: The sea, where a ladies' bathing cove with a breakwater was located. This breakwater was washed away by a storm in 1859. The spa area had separate men's and women's areas with hot, cold, plunge, douche, and shower baths. Despite the status, the project was in almost immediate financial difficulty, resulting in the a sale in 1862 and bankruptcy in 1863. The baths then passed into the ownership of Baron Haldon. In 1910, Torquay decided to build
3498-454: The source locations of the virus in the UK up to the beginning of March 2020, and following the initial importations which were likely from China or elsewhere in Asia. From this analysis they estimated that about 33% were from Spain, 29% from France, 12% from Italy and 26% from elsewhere. Notes: Though later reporting indicated that there may have been some cases dating from late 2019, COVID-19
3564-513: The time with their disabilities. It's really not OK, and it's heartbreaking." The Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of people in the UK with continuing COVID symptoms like fatigue, muscle pain and breathing problems had doubled in a year from one million in May 2021 to two million in May 2022. The Guardian reported in June 2022 that treatment facilities for patients with long COVID were inadequate. The pandemic's major impact on
3630-412: The virus is thought to have originated in Kent around September 2020. Once restrictions were lifted, the novel variant rapidly spread across the UK. Its increased transmissibility contributed to a continued increase in daily infections that surpassed previous records. The healthcare system had come under severe strain by late December. Following a partial easing of restrictions for Christmas, all of
3696-406: The zoo's animals. Despite euthanasia fears, on 19 June 2020 it was then announced that homes had been found for all animals. Those listed in italics contain more than 5000 animals Torquay Marine Spa The Torquay Marine Spa was a swimming bath and entertainment complex situated on a promontory overlooking Beacon Cove in the town of Torquay , Devon , England . The buildings included
3762-694: Was at the time one of the largest worldwide. By the autumn, COVID-19 cases were again rising. This led to the introduction of social distancing measures and some localised restrictions. Larger lockdowns took place in all of Wales, England and Northern Ireland later that season. In both England and Scotland, tiered restrictions were introduced in October, and England went into a month-long lockdown during November followed by new tiered restrictions in December. Multi-week 'circuit-breaker' lockdowns were imposed in Wales and Northern Ireland . A new variant of
3828-420: Was confirmed to be present in the UK by the end of January 2020 with the first confirmed deaths in March. Subsequent epidemiological analysis showed that over 1000 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 entered the UK in early 2020 from international travellers, mostly from outbreaks elsewhere in Europe , leading to numerous clusters that overwhelmed contact tracing efforts. Limited testing and surveillance meant during
3894-529: Was demolished, beginning on 27 September 1971. The site was subsequently redeveloped in as the Coral Island complex by Joe Coral , founder of Coral bookmakers , opening in June 1977, ahead of a sister site in Blackpool the following year. This was a large concrete entertainment complex with music, gaming machines, and bars, as well as a small outdoor pool and sun terraces. The new attraction cost £15m, and
3960-407: Was home to mammals and birds including South American fur seals , African penguins , macaroni penguins , sea ducks , pied avocet , redshanks , black-necked stilts , ruffs , and terns . The aviary was the first open-air auk exhibit in the world, and won a design award. It was also the first place in the U.K to breed pigeon guillemots , common guillemots and tufted puffins . Also found in
4026-474: Was in the Italian style, and the complex included two large halls, one used as a ballroom and the other as a roller rink , along with reading rooms. Charles Dickens conducted a number of two-hour long readings from his popular stories in the reading rooms. The main pool was 45 feet (14 m) by 43 feet (13 m) in size, with a depth between 3 feet (0.91 m) and 7 feet (2.1 m) and had open arches to
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#17328512419864092-549: Was introduced on 23 March 2020 and lifted in May, replaced with specific regional restrictions. Further nationwide restrictions were introduced later in 2020 in response to a surge in cases. Most restrictions were lifted during the Delta-variant-driven third wave in mid-2021. The "winter plan" reintroduced some rules in response to the Omicron variant in December 2021, and all restrictions were lifted in February and March 2022 as
4158-410: Was missing from the group, and all of his clothes still in the dressing cubicle. The alarm was raised, and Torbay Fire Brigade were summoned to help empty the 90,000 imperial gallons (410,000 L) of water, whilst the local sub-aqua club tried to locate the body. The divers were able to see the boy's feet deep in the pipe, but were unable to attach a rope to them. Moran's body was bent double, and
4224-581: Was occupied by Living Coasts , a coastal zoo. Its permanent closure was announced on 16 June 2020 due to its high cost base, a need to make efficiencies and inability to afford required substantial maintenance. Homes were sought for the zoo's animals. COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). In
4290-486: Was one of the fastest in the world. By August 2021, more than 75% of adults in the UK were fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Quarantine rules for all incoming travellers were introduced for the first time in late January. Restrictions began to ease from late February onwards and almost all had ended in Great Britain by August. A third wave of daily infections began in July 2021 due to the arrival and rapid spread of
4356-405: Was reported that restrictions had " flattened the curve " of the epidemic and the UK had passed its peak after 26,000 deaths. The UK's overall death toll and by population surpassed that of Italy on 3 May, making the UK the worst affected country in Europe at the time. Restrictions were steadily eased across the UK in late spring and early summer that year. The UK's epidemic in early 2020
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