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50-617: In 2004, the 43-km Baiguo-Hongguo section of the Panxi railway was added to the Shuibai line, and the combined line is known as the Liupanshui–Hongguo railway or Shuihong railway . The line traverses rugged terrain in the Wumeng Mountains of western Guizhou and has 50 tunnels and 102 bridges, which collectively account for 64% of the track length. The arch bridge across the deep canyon of

100-424: A character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of

150-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

200-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as

250-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

300-568: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),

350-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

400-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

450-459: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century

500-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

550-609: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to

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600-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

650-642: The Beipan River and is the highest railway bridge in the world with its road bed 275 m above the Beipan River below. The remote location of Shuibai line required the building of 220.3 km of access roads to support the railway's construction. The Shuibai railway is owned and operated by the Guizhou Shuihong railway Company, Ltd. (GSRC), a state owned joint venture between the Guizhou provincial government and

700-1077: The Neijiang–Kunming railway , Liupanshui–Baiguo railway , Panxi and Weishe–Hongguo railway lines to the Nanning–Kunming railway at Weishe, saving 279 km (173 mi) from traveling via the Chengdu–Kunming railway to the Nankun line at Kunming. Notable stations along route include Zhanyi, Fucheng County , Hongguo Township and Baiguo Township. Rail connections [ edit ] Zhanyi : Shanghai–Kunming railway Hongguo: Weishe–Hongguo railway Baiguo: Liupanshui–Baiguo railway See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Trains portal List of railways in China References [ edit ] ^ "盘西线电气化铁路开通运营" . Xinhua (in Chinese). 2001-12-26. Archived from

750-456: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across

800-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

850-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

900-582: The ADB undertook an assessment study and determined the project had created a cost-effective mode of transport for mining and industrial outputs and passengers in the region. The report noted the incorporation of the 43-km Hongguo–Baiguo rail line into the operations of the GSRC significantly improved the commercial performance of the line. Delays in the development of coal mines along route had caused freight traffic and income levels to be below anticipated levels. The shortfall

950-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

1000-735: The Guizhou Provincial and Liupanshui Municipal Government jointly proposed the Shuibai Railway Project to the National Planning Committee, the institutional predecessor of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) . The project was intended create a means to transport coal from mines in western Pan County, boost local economic development and connect the Guiyang-Kunming and Panxi railways . In 1993,

1050-780: The NDRC recommended the project to the State Council . After the State Council gave approval, the project was assessed by the China International Engineering Consulting Corporation. In 1996, the Guizhou Provincial Government, Ministry of railways and Ministry of Coal formed a joint-venture company, the GSRC. The Ministry of Coal eventually withdrew from the venture, leaving the Guizhou government and railway Ministry with 51% / 49% sharehold in

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1100-630: The PRC Ministry of railways. In 2004, the GSRC acquired the 43 km section of the Panxi railway between Baiguo and Hongguo from the MOR to extend service south and draw traffic from the Nanning–Kunming railway . As of 2006, the GSRC operated freight service in coordination with the Chengdu Railway Bureau and passenger service in coordination with the Kunming Railway Bureau . In 1992,

1150-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between

1200-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

1250-465: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from

1300-472: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see

1350-616: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

1400-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including

1450-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

1500-503: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during

1550-610: The 💕 Railway line in China The Pan County west railway or Panxi railway ( simplified Chinese : 盘西铁路 ; traditional Chinese : 盘西鐵路 ; pinyin : pánxī tiělù ), is a single-track electrified railroad in Southwest China between Zhanyi County in eastern Yunnan province and Baiguo Township in Pan County in western Guizhou province . The line is 136.3 km (85 mi) in length and

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1600-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what

1650-459: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,

1700-424: The line was $ 392.6 million due to higher than anticipated costs of resettlement, project administration, civil works, signaling and electrification. Only $ 105 million of the ADB loan was actually disbursed as foreign currency costs were lower than expected due to competitive contracting bids. The local currency costs were shared between the GSRC ($ 138.6 million) and a state development bank ($ 72.3 million). In 2007,

1750-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,

1800-779: The original on March 12, 2002. ^ "动乱岁月 逆境奋起（1966年~1976年）" . 脚步 (in Chinese). 2010-09-08. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. ^ "难忘建设盘西线的日子" . 石家庄日报 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-04-26 . Retrieved 2011-12-04 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panxi_railway&oldid=1179061532 " Categories : Railway lines in China Rail transport in Guizhou Rail transport in Yunnan Hidden categories: CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description

1850-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

1900-461: The railway experienced significant growth in both freight and passenger traffic. The project was determined to be "relevant, effective, efficient and likely to be sustainable" and therefore "successful." In the years after the project was completed, local government revenue increased by 94%, average income per worker rose by 95% and the proportion of the local population living below the poverty line fell by 55%. Panxi railway From Misplaced Pages,

1950-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on

2000-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

2050-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

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2100-488: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to

2150-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

2200-516: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of

2250-504: The venture. In 1997, the GSRC sought a development assistance loan from the ADB, which undertook a fact-finding mission. A loan of $ 140 million was approved in August 1998 and bidding began on the procurement of civil engineering services. Due to the challenging topography which required extensive tunneling and bridge-building, the cost of the railway per kilometer was twice that of a railway built on level ground. Construction began in 1998 and

2300-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

2350-473: Was built during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1975 to exploit coal fields in western Guizhou and support inland industries as part of the Third Front . The line's name is derived from the fact that the railway from Hongguo to Baiguo, runs along the western border of Pan County. The Panxi line was electrified in 2001 and permits trains from Chengdu to reach the seaport at Fangchenggang by following

2400-430: Was compensated by diversion of additional traffic from congested neighboring railways. No loan covenants were waived or suspended and the GSRC as borrower were in compliance with most covenants, with the exception of the rates for freight and passenger fares which were inadequate to recover capital and operating costs. The lower fares were due in part to the GSRC's use of freight fares to subsidize passenger fares. Overall,

2450-593: Was completed six months ahead of schedule in May 2002, though safety testing continued until September 1, when trial operations began. In November 2002, the Ministry of railways announced the opening of freight transport on the line but commercial full-scale freight operations did not commence until March 1, 2004. Passenger operations began on February 1, 2005. The total cost of the project was estimated to be $ 381 million with $ 170 million in foreign exchange cost. The actual costs of

2500-504: Was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of a component—either

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