Max Graf (1 October 1873 – 24 June 1958) was an Austrian music historian and critic.
38-546: Herbert Graf (10 April 1903 – 5 April 1973) was an Austrian-American opera producer. Born in Vienna in 1903, he was the son of Max Graf (1873–1958), and Olga Hönig. His father was an Austrian author, critic, musicologist and member of Sigmund Freud 's circle of friends. Herbert Graf was the Little Hans discussed in Freud's 1909 study Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy . This
76-457: A Five-year-old Boy . The information gathered from the father included reports of Herbert's dreams, his behavior, and his answers to the father's questions. Freud believed that what he learned from Herbert's situation backed up his ideas about infantile sexuality as outlined in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1905. Herbert's fear was thought to be the result of several factors, including
114-455: A charming, comprehensive, intelligent treatise on music criticism, drawing generously on his own large supply of knowledge and experience.... The only major issue which I cannot reach agreement with Dr. Graf is his manner. He is much too polite. No subject in the world deserves more rudeness than music criticism." Countering this impression, Graf published a deeply critical review of a Metropolitan Opera production produced by his son in 1946. In
152-1141: A legendary Don Giovanni conducted by Furtwängler and designed by Clemens Holzmeister (1953, with Cesare Siepi , Elisabeth Grümmer , Anton Dermota , Schwarzkopf, Otto Edelmann , Walter Berry , Raffaele Arié , Erna Berger ; revival 1954, with Dezsö Ernster replacing Arié; 1956 with Dimitri Mitropoulos conducting), Gottlob Frick replacing Ernster, Léopold Simoneau replacing Dermota, Lisa Della Casa replacing Schwarzkopf, Fernando Corena replacing Edelmann, Rita Streich replacing Berger) an equally legendary The Magic Flute conducted by Georg Solti and designed by Oskar Kokoschka (1955, cast included Gottlob Frick , Dermota, Schöffler, Kunz, Grümmer, Erika Köth , Peter Klein; revival in 1956 with Berry replacing Kunz); Elektra (1957, conducted by Mitropoulos, with Inge Borkh , Della Casa, Jean Madeira , Max Lorenz , Kurt Böhme ), Simon Boccanegra (1961, with Gianandrea Gavazzeni conducting, with Tito Gobbi , Leyla Gencer , Giorgio Tozzi , Rolando Panerai ), and finally La rappresentazione di anima e di corpo by Emilio de' Cavalieri (the production premiered in 1968 and
190-991: A strong sense of tradition and encouraged young operatic talent. In the late 1950s, he returned to Europe, where he produced opera at London's Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , (1958–1959). After another year in New York, Graf settled in Switzerland, working at the Zürich Opera (1960–1963), and Geneva's Grand Théâtre (1965–1973). Graf staged several operas for the Salzburg Festival : Otello (1951, with Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting, 1952 with Mario Rossi conducting; both times with Ramón Vinay as Otello), The Marriage of Figaro (1952, with Rudolf Moralt conducting, with Erich Kunz , George London , Elisabeth Schwarzkopf , Irmgard Seefried , Hilde Gueden ; 1953 revival conducted by Furtwängler and Paul Schöffler replacing London),
228-404: A stronger version of the anxiety-producing stimulus is given. This continues until the individual client no longer feels any anxiety towards the stimulus. There are three main steps in using systematic desensitization, following development of a proper case formulation or what Wolpe originally called, "behavior analysis". The first step is to teach the client relaxation techniques. Wolpe received
266-627: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article on a musicologist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Joseph Wolpe Joseph Wolpe (20 April 1915 in Johannesburg, South Africa – 4 December 1997 in Los Angeles ) was a South African psychiatrist and one of the most influential figures in behavior therapy . Wolpe grew up in South Africa, attending Parktown Boys' High School and obtaining his MD from
304-562: Is clear in his involvement in the psychology community, a month before his death he was attending conferences and giving lectures at Pepperdine University even though he was retired. Moreover, his theories have lasted well beyond his death. Wolpe developed the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) for assessing the level of subjective discomfort or psychological pain. He also created the Subjective Anxiety Scale (SAS) and
342-435: Is nonetheless "tempted to claim a typical and exemplary importance" for the case in view of the direct and immediate proof of his theories that it appears to provide. In 1922, Freud wrote a short postscript to the case study, in which he reported that "Little Hans" had appeared in his office as a "strapping youth of nineteen", who "was perfectly well and suffered from no troubles or inhibitions". Minor revisions and additions to
380-700: The University of the Witwatersrand . In 1956, Wolpe was awarded a Ford Fellowship and spent a year at Stanford University in the Center for Behavioral Sciences, subsequently returning to South Africa but permanently moving to the United States in 1960 when he accepted a position at the University of Virginia . In 1965, Wolpe accepted a position at Temple University . One of the most influential experiences in Wolpe's life
418-480: The 33-year-old Graf emigrated to the United States, where he became a successful and popular opera producer at New York's Metropolitan Opera (1936–1960, debuting with Samson and Delilah ). He staged new famous productions in the French ( The Tales of Hoffmann 1937), Italian ( Otello 1937, La forza del destino 1943), then German ( Der Ring des Nibelungen 1947, Der Rosenkavalier 1949), repertoires. Graf had
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#1732858503588456-411: The 53rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century, an impressive accomplishment accentuated by the fact that Wolpe was a psychiatrist. In Wolpe's search for a more effective way in treating anxiety he developed different reciprocal inhibition techniques, utilizing assertiveness training. Reciprocal inhibition can be defined as anxiety being inhibited by a feeling or response that is not compatible with
494-463: The Advancement of Behavior Therapy , where he was the second president. In addition to these awards, Wolpe's alma mater, University of Witwatersrand , awarded him an honorary doctor of science degree in 1986. Furthermore, Wolpe was a prolific writer, some of his most famous books include, The Practice of Behavior Therapy and Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Joseph Wolpe's dedication to psychology
532-479: The anxiety producing association. Assertiveness training proved especially useful for clients who had anxiety about social situations. However, assertiveness training did have a potential flaw in the sense that it could not be applied to other kinds of phobias. Wolpe's use of reciprocal inhibition led to his discovery of systematic desensitization. He believed that facing your fears did not always result in overcoming them but rather lead to frustration. According to Wolpe,
570-418: The birth of a little sister, his desire to replace his father as his mother's sexual mate, emotional conflicts over masturbation, and others. The anxiety was seen as stemming from the incomplete repression and other defense mechanisms being used to combat the impulses involved in his sexual development. Herbert's behavior and emotional state improved after he was provided with sexual information by his father, and
608-451: The birth of babies. The carts and omnibuses are associated with the boxes which, according to the theory of reproduction that Herbert has been given, storks use to bring new babies. Herbert fears the arrival of more babies as this will further reduce the attention he receives from his mother, and expresses the wish that his baby sister should die. He also expresses the wish to have children of his own (with his mother) with his father elevated to
646-555: The books written by Herbert Graf were The Opera and Its Future in America (New York, W. W. Norton, 1941), Opera for the People (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1951), and Producing Opera for America (Zurich and New York, Atlantis Books, 1961). Max Graf He was born in Vienna , the son of Josef and Regine (Lederer) Graf. His father was a political writer and editor. Max
684-410: The case history, Freud does not ultimately explain the case in terms of these factors, and on occasion reproaches Herbert's father for sticking too dogmatically to a rigidly Oedipal understanding of his son's anxiety. Freud also regrets the parents' unwillingness to tell Herbert the truth about coition . Freud wrote a summary analysis of "Little Hans", in 1909, in a paper titled Analysis of a Phobia in
722-483: The case material were made in 1923–1924. The conclusions drawn by Freud were strongly criticized by Joseph Wolpe and Stanley Rachman in the essay "A Little Child Shall Lead Them" published first as "Psychoanalytic Evidence: A Critique Based on Freud's Case of Little Hans." in Critical Essays on Psychoanalysis, edited by Stanley Rachman, Macmillan (1963) which maintains that most of the material provided by Herbert
760-508: The feeling of anxiety. Wolpe first started using eating as a response to inhibited anxiety in the laboratory cats. He would offer them food while presenting a conditioned fear stimulus. After his experiments in the laboratory he applied reciprocal inhibition to his clients in the form of assertiveness training. The idea behind assertiveness training was that you could not be angry or aggressive while simultaneously assertive at same time. Importantly, Wolpe believed that these techniques would lessen
798-418: The idea of relaxation from Edmund Jacobson , modifying his muscle relaxation techniques to take less time. Wolpe's rationale was that one cannot be both relaxed and anxious at the same time. The second step is for the client and the therapist to create a hierarchy of anxieties. The therapist normally has the client make a list of all the things that produce anxiety in all its different forms. Then together, with
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#1732858503588836-530: The introduction to Composer and Critic , Graf details his original interest in music criticism as having stemmed from attending the lectures of Anton Bruckner in Vienna. Max was Jewish and fled Vienna for the United States in 1938, where he taught at the New School for Social Research in New York City until 1947, when he returned to Vienna. He died there in 1958. This Austrian musical biography article
874-404: The key to overcoming fears was "by degrees". This idea was not necessarily original to Wolpe as a similar concept was discussed in works of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi , who lived about 1000 years earlier. Systematic desensitization is what Wolpe is most famous for. Systematic desensitization is when the client is exposed to the anxiety-producing stimulus at a low level, and once no anxiety is present
912-414: The large penises of horses . While not rejecting these explanations, Freud gradually encourages the father also to understand Herbert's disorder in terms of the anxiety caused by the arrival of his younger sister and an inadequately satisfied curiosity as to the origin of babies. Although a number of sexual and excretal fantasies and anxieties (such as Oedipal wishes and castration anxiety) are explored during
950-479: The mother and to act aggressively towards the father. Because Herbert's father was acting as analyst, Freud conjectures that this fear is impeding the progress of the treatment, something which he resolved by inviting Herbert to see him (Freud) personally and explaining this fear to him: With this explanation I vanquished the most powerful resistance in Herbert to conscious recognition of his unconscious thoughts, since it
988-551: The role of grandfather. Herbert's treatment is taken to be complete when he expresses two new fantasies: one which shows that he has overcome his castration anxiety, and one which consciously acknowledges his desire to be married to his mother. These fantasies coincide with the disappearance of his phobia. Freud follows the case history with a 40-page assessment of the case in which he links it to his theory of sexuality. He claims that he has learned nothing from this case that he already had not deduced from his analysis of adults, but he
1026-708: The scenarios. Despite this possible flaw, it seems to be most successful. Wolpe's effect on behavioral therapy is long-lasting and extensive. He received many awards for his work in behavioral science. His awards included the American Psychological Associations Distinguished Scientific Award, the Psi Chi Distinguished Member Award, and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association for
1064-556: The therapist, the client makes a hierarchy, starting with what produces the lowest level of anxiety to what produces the most anxiety. Next is to have the client be fully relaxed while imaging the anxiety producing stimulus. Depending on what their reaction is, whether they feel no anxiety or a great amount of anxiety, the stimulus will then be changed to a stronger or weaker one. Systematic desensitization, though successful, has flaws as well. The patient may give misleading hierarchies, have trouble relaxing, or not be able to adequately imagine
1102-439: The two became closer. Herbert's analysis falls into two distinct stages, the first concerning the fear of horses themselves, and the second of the boxes and containers that they transported around Vienna. In the first phase, Herbert is afraid that a white horse will bite him or come into his room, or will collapse and fall over. Freud interprets this as a fear of the father, fear that the father will punish him for his desires over
1140-579: Was believed that having the soldiers talk about their repressed experiences openly would effectively cure their neurosis. However, this was not the case. It was this lack of successful treatment outcomes that forced Wolpe, once a dedicated follower of Freud , to question psychoanalytic therapy and search for more effective treatment options. Wolpe is most well known for his reciprocal inhibition techniques, particularly systematic desensitization , which revolutionized behavioral therapy. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Wolpe as
1178-476: Was described as the "dean of music critics in Vienna" in the first part of the 20th century. He is also notable for his role in the history of psychoanalysis as the father of Little Hans , whose treatment was described by Sigmund Freud . Max's first wife and Little Hans' mother, Olga Hönig, was one of Freud's patients. Graf's book Composer and Critic is noted for its amicable style with M. A. Schubart of The New York Times stating: "Dr. Graf has written
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1216-424: Was his own father who was taking the role of his physician. From this moment on we had conquered the summit of his condition, the material flowed abundantly, the young patient showed courage in communicating the details of his phobia and soon intervened independently in the course of the analysis. Following this, Herbert becomes pre-occupied with excrement, which Freud and Herbert's father help him to associate with
1254-460: Was one of just a few case studies which Freud published. In his introduction to the case, he had in the years before the case been encouraging his friends and associates, including Graf's parents, to collect observations on the sexual life of children in order to help him develop his theory of infantile sexuality . Thus Max Graf had been sending notes about his child's development to Freud before Herbert's fear of horses emerged. As "Little Hans", he
1292-692: Was planted in his mind by Freud and Herbert's father. In 1930, in Frankfurt, Herbert Graf directed the world premiere of Arnold Schoenberg 's Von heute auf morgen . In 1936, after holding operatic posts in Münster , Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland ), Frankfurt (where he was director of the Opera School at the Hoch Conservatory , 1930–1933; when the Nazis came to power he was released from his duties) and Salzburg ,
1330-671: Was shown each year until 1973). Graf staged Maria Callas in Les vêpres siciliennes (at the Florence May Festival and La Scala , 1951), Mefistofele (at the Verona Arena, in which Callas alternated with Magda Olivero , 1954), and Poliuto (at La Scala, 1960, also with Franco Corelli and Ettore Bastianini ). For the Arena di Verona Festival , Graf directed several productions of Aida (1954, revival in 1955; 1958; and 1966). Among
1368-456: Was the subject of Freud's early but extensive study of castration anxiety and the Oedipus complex . Freud saw Herbert only once and did not analyze the child, but rather supervised the child's father, who carried out the analysis and sent extensive notes to Freud. In the published version, Herbert's father's account is abridged and punctuated by Freud's comments. When he was four years old, Herbert
1406-457: Was when he enlisted in the South African army as a medical officer. Wolpe was entrusted to treat soldiers who were diagnosed with what was then called "war neurosis" but today is known as post traumatic stress disorder . The mainstream treatment of the time for soldiers was based on psychoanalytic theory, and involved exploring the trauma while taking a hypnotic agent – so-called narcotherapy. It
1444-487: Was witness to a frightening event when he was at the local park in the company of the family's maid. A cart horse pulling a heavy load collapsed. Herbert became fearful of going out into the street, with his fear focused on horses and heavily loaded vehicles, which he was afraid would fall over. This fear was interpreted as a neurosis ( equinophobia ). Herbert's father initially attributes the neurosis to "sexual over-excitement caused by his mother's caresses" and fear caused by
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