The Onge language , also known as Önge (or Öñge , Ongee, Eng, or Ung ), is one of two known Ongan languages within the Andaman family. It is spoken by the Onge people in Little Andaman Island in India .
66-588: Little Andaman Island ( Onge : Gaubolambe ) is the fourth largest of the Andaman Islands of India with an area of 707 km, lying at the southern end of the archipelago . It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district , part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It lies 88 km (55 mi) south of Port Blair , the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . The island
132-549: A concept of reincarnation . Tribals have their own distinct religions based in nature worship , certain Hindutva ideological groups such as BJP and Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) are proselytising them to Hinduism. Some tribal ancestor worshippers have raised objections to be being labelled as Hindu, Muslim, or Christian. Animism (from Latin animus, -i " soul , life ") is the worldview that non-human entities (animals, plants, and inanimate objects or phenomena) possess
198-416: A deep water wharf that can be approached through a gap in the coral reef , on the east coast of the island is the entry point of Little Andaman Island. Daily boat services connect Hut Bay wharf with Port Blair in seven hours voyage. Additionally, there are a helicopter services by Pavan Hans Ltd. and a sea plane connection available between Port Blair and Hut Bay . The flight time by helicopter or sea plane
264-487: A massive population decline due to disease within four years of the establishment of a colonial presence on the island in 1789. Land dispossession by the zamindars or interference by the colonial government resulted in a number of Adivasi revolts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, such as the Bhumij rebellion of 1767-1833 and Santal hul (or Santhal rebellion ) of 1855–56. Although these were suppressed by
330-484: A spiritual essence. The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Society estimates that 1–5% of India's population is animist. India's government recognises that India's indigenous subscribe to pre-Hindu animist-based religions. Animism is used in the anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples , especially prior to the development of organised religion. Although each culture has its own different mythologies and rituals, "animism"
396-469: Is /u/, e.g. et-eɟale 'our faces' but ot-oticule 'our heads'. /ʔ/? (c.f. Blevins (2007:161)) Blevins (2007:160-161) states that /c, ɟ/ are actually affricates, and that retroflexes may or may not be phonemic. /kʷ/ delabializes to /k/ before /u, o/. Phonemic /d/ surfaces as [r] intervocalically, while arguably some words have phonemic /r/ which alternates with surface [r, l, j]. Words may be monosyllabic or longer, even in content words (unlike in
462-500: Is 11 km from the Hut Bay jetty. Onge language In the 18th century the Onge were distributed across Little Andaman Island and the nearby islands, with some territory and camps established on Rutland Island and the southern tip of South Andaman Island . Originally restive, they were pacified by M. V. Portman in the 1890s. By the end of the 19th century they sometimes visited
528-456: Is an Indian holy man, and a title of a devotee or ascetic, especially in north and east India. Generally, a holy or saintly person is referred to as a mahatma, paramahamsa, or swami, or given the prefix Sri or Srila before their name. The term is sometimes misrepresented in English as " Hindu saint ", although "sant" is unrelated to "saint". Some Hindus do not believe that Indian tribals are close to
594-488: Is approximately 40 minutes. There is a road alongside the east coastal line. Little Andaman offers surfing, boating through the creeks, and visits to an elephant logging plantation. Butler Bay, 14 km from the Hut Bay Jetty, is a beach popular among tourists due to coral viewing, surfing and other marine activities. Tourist huts are available on the seashore itself flanked by the coconut plantation. Netaji Nagar Beach
660-525: Is dominated by Munda tribes like the Bhumijs , Hos and Santals . Roughly 75% of the total tribal population live in this belt, although the tribal population there accounts for only around 10% of the region's total population. Further south, the region near Bellary in Karnataka has a large concentration of tribals, mostly Boyas/ Valmikis . Small pockets can be found throughout the rest of South India. By far
726-644: Is dominated by Indo-Aryan speaking tribes like the Bhils . The central region, covering eastern Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, western and southern Chhattisgarh, northern and eastern Telangana, northern Andhra Pradesh and western Odisha is dominated by Dravidian tribes like the Gonds and Khonds . The eastern belt, centred on the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and adjacent areas of Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal,
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#1732851504224792-684: Is in the Bay of Bengal and belongs to the Little Andaman Group , and is separated from Rutland Island in Great Andaman by the Duncan Passage . The Little Andaman Group is the counterpart of the Great Andaman island group. The low-lying island has widespread rainforest and several rare species of marine turtle . Little Andaman Island has white sandy beaches and bewitching waterfalls. The Little Andaman Lighthouse (a.k.a. Richardson's Lighthouse)
858-709: Is located 14 km south by road from Hut Bay port and is situated on the Southern tip of Little Andaman Island. Administratively, Little Andaman Island is part of Little Andaman Tehsil . Bengali is the most spoken language in Ferrargunj tehsil. As of 2011 census, Bengali is spoken as the first language by 48.60 percent of the district's population. Largest language's population are Bengali 9,148 Telugu 2,413 Kurukh 1,444 Necobarese 1,403 Tamil 1,349 Sadri 1,123 Hindi 780 Malayalam 595 Kharia 152. Ferrarganj tehsil in 2011 census Hut Bay wharf,
924-557: Is marked by the dominance and interplay with spirit worship, witch doctors and animal sacrifice. Some historians and anthropologists assert that many Hindu practices might have been adopted from Adivasi culture. This also includes the sacred status of certain animals such as monkeys , cows, fish (matsya), peacocks , cobras ( nagas ) and elephants and plants such as the sacred fig ( pipal ), Ocimum tenuiflorum ( tulsi ) and Azadirachta indica ( neem ), which may once have held totemic importance for certain adivasi tribes. A sant
990-415: Is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so fundamental, mundane, everyday and taken-for-granted that most animistic indigenous people do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion"); the term is an anthropological construct rather than one designated by
1056-555: Is the literature composed by the tribals of the Indian subcontinent. It is composed in more than 100 languages. The tradition of tribal literature includes oral literature and written literature in tribal languages and non-tribal languages. The basic feature of tribal literature is the presence of tribal philosophy in it. Prominent tribal writers include Nirmala Putul , Vahru Sonawane , Temsula Ao , Mamang Dai , Narayan , Rose Kerketta , Ram Dayal Munda , Vandana Tete , Anuj Lugun etc. In
1122-762: The 2011 census , and 2 million people in Bangladesh according to the 2010 estimate. Though claimed to be among the original inhabitants of India, many present-day Adivasi communities formed after the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation , harboring various degrees of ancestry from ancient hunter-gatherers , Indus Valley civilisation , Indo-Aryan , Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman language speakers. Tribal languages can be categorised into seven linguistic groupings, namely Andamanese ; Austro-Asiatic ; Dravidian ; Indo-Aryan ; Nihali ; Sino-Tibetan ; and Kra-Dai . Tribals of East, Central, West and South India use
1188-486: The Census of India from 1871 to 1941, tribal people and their religions were described in several ways: Forest tribe (1891); animist (1901); tribal animist (1911); hill and forest tribe (1921); primitive tribe (1931); and tribes (1941). However, since the census of 1951, the tribal population has been recorded separately. Some Adivasis have been converted to Christianity starting with British period and after independence. During
1254-519: The Constitution of India . Tribal people constitute 8.6% of India 's population and 1.1% of Bangladesh 's. One concentration lies in a belt along the northwest Himalayas: consisting of Jammu and Kashmir , where are found many semi-nomadic groups, to Ladakh and northern Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand , where are found Tibeto-Burman groups. In the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , and Nagaland , more than 90% of
1320-412: The Indian subcontinent . The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The Constitution of India does not use the word Adivasi , instead referring to Scheduled Tribes and Janjati. The government of India does not officially recognise tribes as indigenous people . The country ratified
1386-767: The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the United Nations (1957) and refused to sign the ILO Convention 169 . Most of these groups are included in the Scheduled Tribe category under constitutional provisions in India. They comprise a substantial minority population of India and Bangladesh, making up 8.6% of India 's population and 1.1% of Bangladesh 's, or 104.2 million people in India, according to
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#17328515042241452-450: The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the United Nations (1957). In 1989, India refused to sign the ILO Convention 169 . The term Adivasi, in fact, is a modern Sanskrit word specifically coined in the 1930s by tribal political activists to give a differentiated indigenous identity to tribals by alleging that Indo-European and Dravidian speaking peoples are not indigenous. The word
1518-621: The Jagirdari system and then under the zamindari system. Beginning with the Permanent Settlement imposed by the British in Bengal and Bihar, which later became the template for a deepening of feudalism throughout India, the older social and economic system in the country began to alter radically. Land, both forest areas belonging to adivasis and settled farmland belonging to non-adivasi peasants,
1584-601: The Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar , there are Brahmin and Badu (tribal) priests. The Badus have the most intimate contact with the deity of the temple, and only they can bathe and adorn it. The Bhils are mentioned in the Mahabharata . The Bhil boy Ekalavya 's teacher was Drona , and he had the honour to be invited to Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya Yajna at Indraprastha . Indian tribals were also part of royal armies in
1650-535: The Marma , Chakma , Bawm , Tripuri , Mizo , Mru , Rakhine and more. In Bangladesh most Adivasis are Buddhists who follow the Theravada school of Buddhism , Animism and Christianity are also followed in fact Buddhism has affected Adivasis so much that it has influenced local Animistic beliefs of other Adivasis. Though claimed to be the original inhabitants of India, many present-day Adivasi communities formed after
1716-694: The Munda , the Ho , the Santali , the Khuruk , and the others. The Munda, Ho, Santhal and Oraon tribe followed the Sarna religion, where Sarna means sacred grove. Their religion is based on the oral traditions passed from generation-to-generation. It involves worship of village deity, Sun and Moon. Animist hunter gatherer Nayaka people of Nilgiri hills of South India. Animism is the traditional religion of Nicobarese people ; their religion
1782-706: The Ramayana and in the Arthashastra . Shabari was a Bhil woman who offered Rama and Lakshmana jujubes when they were searching for Sita in the forest. Matanga, a Bhil, became a Brahmana. Bhangya Bhukya notes that during the final years of the British Raj , while education introduced Westernization in the hilly areas of central India, the regions also parallelly underwent the Hinduization and Rajputization processes. The Gond people and their chiefs started doing
1848-559: The South and North Brother Islands to catch sea turtles ; at the time, those islands seemed to be the boundary between their territory and the range of the Great Andamanese people further north. Today, the surviving members (less than 100) are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman, Dugong Creek in the northeast and South Bay. The Onge were semi-nomadic and fully dependent on hunting and gathering for food. The Onge are one of
1914-472: The "caste–Hindu practices" and frequently claimed the " Rajput , and thus kshatriya status". The British government used to support these claims as they viewed the adivasi society to be less civilized than the caste society and believed that adivasi peoples' association with the castes would make the adivasis "more civilized and sober" and "easier for the colonial state to control". Bhukya also points out that central India's "Raj Gond families" had already adopted
1980-619: The Adivasi origins of Valmiki , who composed the Ramayana , were acknowledged, as were the origins of Adivasi tribes such as the Garasia and Bhilala , which descended from mixed Rajput and Bhil marriages. Unlike the subjugation of the Dalits, the Adivasis often enjoyed autonomy and, depending on region, evolved mixed hunter-gatherer and farming economies, controlling their lands as a joint patrimony of
2046-641: The Adivasis and the rest of Indian society is patchy. There are references to alliances between Ahom Kings of Brahmaputra valley and the hill Nagas. This relative autonomy and collective ownership of Adivasi land by Adivasis was severely disrupted by the advent of the Mughals in the early 16th century. Rebellions against Mughal authority include the Bhil Rebellion of 1632 and the Bhil-Gond Insurrection of 1643 which were both pacified by Mughal soldiers. With
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2112-571: The Hinduization of tribal areas". Some Adivasi organisations have demanded that a distinct religious code be listed for Adivasis in the 2011 census of India. The All India Adivasi Conference was held on 1 and 2 January 2011 at Burnpur, Asansol, West Bengal. 750 delegates were present from all parts of India and cast their votes for Religion code as follows: Sari Dhorom – 632, Sarna – 51, Kherwalism – 14 and Other Religions – 03. Census of India . Tribal communities in India are
2178-563: The Indian context. Adivasi is the collective term for the tribes of the Indian subcontinent , who are claimed to be the indigenous people of India prior to the Dravidians and Indo-Aryans. It refers to "any of various ethnic groups considered to be the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent." However, Tribal and Adivasi have different meanings. Tribal means a social unit whereas Adivasi means ancient inhabitants. India does not recognise tribes as indigenous people. India ratified
2244-506: The aboriginal peoples ( adivasi ) of India. Together with the other Andamanese tribes and a few other isolated groups elsewhere in Oceania , they comprise the Negrito peoples, believed to be remnants of a very early migration out of Africa . Onge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north - and possibly in the southern tip of South Andaman island. Since
2310-558: The advent of the Kachwaha Rajputs and Mughals into their territory, the Meenas were gradually sidelined and pushed deep into the forests. As a result, historical literature has completely bypassed the Meena tribe. The combined army of Mughals and Bharmal attacked the tribal king Bada Meena and killed him damaging 52 kots and 56 gates. Bada's treasure was shared between Mughals and Bharmal. During
2376-773: The case of Bangladesh , most Adivasi groups are found in the Chittagong hill tracks along the border with Myanmar , in Sylhet and in the Northwest of Bangladesh . In Sylhet and in the north west you can find groups such as the Sauria Paharia , Kurukh , Santal , Munda and more, and other groups such as the Pnar , Garo , Meitei , Bishnupriya Manipuri and more. In the Chittagong Hill tracts you can find variouse Tibeto-Burman groups such as
2442-574: The closely related Jarawa ). Words may begin with consonants or vowels, and maximal syllables are of the form CVC. All Onge words end in vowels, except for imperatives, e.g. kaʔ 'give'. Consonant-final stems in Jarawa often have cognates with final e in Onge, e.g. Jarawa iŋ , Onge iŋe 'water'; Jarawa inen , Onge inene 'foreigner'; Jarawa dag , Onge dage 'coconut'. Historically these vowels must have been excrescent, as nonetymological word-final e doesn't surface when number markers are suffixed, and
2508-415: The coda is nasal, e.g. bone / mone 'resin, resin torch' (c.f. Jarawa pone 'resin, resin torch'). Clusters across morpheme boundaries simplify to homorganic sequences, including geminates , which may occur after word final -e drops, e.g. daŋe 'tree, dugout canoe' → dandena 'two canoes'; umuge 'pigeon' → umulle 'pigeons'. Adivasi The Adivasi are heterogeneous tribal groups across
2574-643: The decline of the Indus Valley civilisation , harboring various degrees of ancestry from ancient hunter-gatherers , Indus Valley civilisation , Indo-Aryan , Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman language speakers. Only tribal people of Andaman Islands remained isolated for more than 25000 years. According to linguist Anvita Abbi , tribes in India are characterized by distinct lifestyle and are outside of caste system . Although considered uncivilised and primitive, Adivasis were usually not held to be intrinsically impure by surrounding populations (usually Dravidian or Indo-Aryan ), unlike Dalits , who were. Thus,
2640-422: The definite article (- gi after etymological consonants, - i after etymological vowels, due to lenition) appears as - i after etymological e but as - gi after excrescent e , e.g. daŋe → daŋe-gi 'tree; dugout'; kue → kue-i 'pig'. NC clusters sometimes optionally reduce to single C, e.g. iɲɟo- ~ iɟo- 'to drink' (c.f. Jarawa -iɲɟo ). Voiced obstruents may optionally nasalize in syllable onset when
2706-522: The emerging tea plantations in Assam . There were tribal reform and rebellion movements during the period of the British Empire , some of which also participated in the Indian independence movement or attacked mission posts. There were several Adivasis in the Indian independence movement including Birsa Munda, Dharindhar Bhyuan, Laxman Naik, Jantya Bhil, Bangaru Devi and Rehma Vasave, Mangri Oraon. During
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2772-420: The forests and resources they traditionally depended on and sometimes coerced to pay taxes, many adivasis were forced to borrow at usurious rates from moneylenders, often the zamindars themselves. When they were unable to pay, that forced them to become bonded labourers for the zamindars. Often, far from paying off the principal of their debt, they were unable even to offset the compounding interest, and this
2838-503: The forests that were alienated during the colonial period. In 2006, India finally made a law to "undo the historical injustice" committed to the Adivasis. Tribals of North East India don't use the term adivasi for themselves and use the word tribe. In Assam , the term adivāsi applies only to the Tea-tribes imported from Central India during colonial times. A substantial list of Scheduled Tribes in India are recognised as tribal under
2904-604: The governing British authority (the East India Company prior to 1858, and the British government after 1858), partial restoration of privileges to adivasi elites (e.g. to Mankis , the leaders of Munda tribes ) and some leniency in levels of taxation resulted in relative calm in the region, despite continuing and widespread dispossession from the late nineteenth century onwards. The economic deprivation, in some cases, triggered internal adivasi migrations within India that would continue for another century, including as labour for
2970-845: The largest of these pockets is in found in the region containing the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu , Wayanad district of Kerala and nearby hill ranges of Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts of southern Karnataka . Further south, only small pockets of tribal settlement remain in the Western and Eastern Ghats. The scheduled tribe population in Jharkhand constitutes 26.2% of the state. Tribals in Jharkhand mainly follow Sarnaism , an animistic religion. Chhattisgarh has also over 80 lakh scheduled tribe population. Assam has over 60 lakh Adivasis primarily as tea workers. Adivasis in India mainly follow Animism , Hinduism and Christianity . In
3036-449: The last two decades Adivasi from Odisha , Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand have converted to Protestantism , as a result of increased presence of missionaries. Adivasi beliefs vary by tribe, and are usually different from the historical Vedic religion , with its monistic underpinnings, Indo-European deities (who are often cognates of ancient Iranian, Greek and Roman deities, e.g. Mitra / Mithra / Mithras ), lack of idol worship and lack of
3102-858: The least educationally developed. First generation learners have to face social, psychological and cultural barriers to get education. This has been one of the reasons for poor performance of tribal students in schools. Poor literacy rate since independence has resulted in absence of tribals in academia and higher education. The literacy rate for STs has gone up from 8.5% (male – 13.8%, female – 3.2%) in 1961 to 29.6% (male – 40.6%, female – 18.2%) in 1991 and to 40% (male – 59%, female – 37%) in 1999–2000. States with large proportion of STs like Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya have high literacy rate while states with large number of tribals like Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have low tribal literacy rate. Tribal students have very high drop-out rates during school education. Extending
3168-463: The least fertile people in the world. About 40% of the married couples are sterile. Onge women rarely become pregnant before the age of 28. Infant and child mortality is in the range of 40%. The Onge's net reproductive index is 0.91. The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40. There is some vowel harmony : 1p pl. prefix et- becomes [ot-] when the vowel in the next syllable
3234-543: The middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the Andamans , and, after Indian independence , the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined, although a moderate increase has been observed in recent years. Currently, there are only 94 native speakers of Onge, confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman island (see map below), making it an endangered language . The Onge are one of
3300-484: The people themselves. Donyi-Polo is the designation given to the indigenous religions , of animistic and shamanic type, of the Tani , from Arunachal Pradesh , in northeastern India. The name "Donyi-Polo" means "Sun-Moon". Sarnaism or Sarna (local languages: Sarna Dhorom , meaning "religion of the holy woods") defines the indigenous religions of the Adivasi populations of the states of Central- East India , such as
3366-487: The period of British rule , the colonial administration encroached upon the adivasi tribal system, which led to widespread resentment against the British among the tribesmen. The tribesmen frequently supported rebellions or rebelled themselves, while their raja looked negatively upon the British administrative innovations. Beginning in the 18th century, the British added to the consolidation of feudalism in India, first under
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#17328515042243432-431: The period of British rule, India saw the rebellions of several then backward castes , mainly tribal peoples that revolted against British rule. These were: There are more than 700 tribal groups in India. The major Scheduled Tribes (Adivasi) are; Tribal languages can be categorised into five linguistic groupings, namely Andamanese ; Austro-Asiatic ; Dravidian ; Indo-Aryan ; and Sino-Tibetan . Adivasi literature
3498-410: The politically assertive term Adivasi , while Tribals of North East India use 'Tribal' or 'Scheduled Tribe' and do not use term 'Adivasi' for themselves. Adivasi studies is a new scholarly field, drawing upon archaeology, anthropology, agrarian history, environmental history, subaltern studies , indigenous studies, aboriginal studies, and developmental economics . It adds debates that are specific to
3564-539: The population is tribal. However, in the remaining northeast states of Assam , Manipur , Sikkim , and Tripura , tribal peoples form between 20 and 30% of the population. The largest population of tribals lives in a belt stretching from eastern Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west all the way to western West Bengal, a region known as the tribal belt . These tribes correspond roughly to three regions. The western region, in eastern Gujarat, southeastern Rajasthan, northwestern Maharashtra as well as western Madhya Pradesh ,
3630-456: The professions and high-ranking administrative posts. tribal children in middle and high schools and higher education institutions are central to government policy, but efforts to improve a tribe's educational status have had mixed results. Recruitment of qualified teachers and determination of the appropriate language of instruction also remain troublesome. Commission after commission on the "language question" has called for instruction, at least at
3696-493: The purposes of this constitution". The term Adivasi is also used for the ethnic minorities of Bangladesh , the Vedda people of Sri Lanka and the native Tharu people of Nepal . Another Nepalese term is Adivasi Janjati ( Nepali : आदिवासी जनजाति ; Adivāsi Janajāti ), although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties. In India, opposition to
3762-515: The religious and social traditions of the Rajputs before the British Raj in India, and there were "matrimonial relations" between a number of Gond and Rajput Rajas. However, the British governments' policies of offering " zamindari rights, village headships and patelships " fueled the process. According to Patit Paban Mishra, "the 'ksatriyaization' of tribal rulers and their surroundings, resulted in
3828-491: The romantic ideal of the ancient silvan culture of the Vedic people. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar said: The tribals "can be given yajñopavîta (...) They should be given equal rights and footings in the matter of religious rights, in temple worship, in the study of Vedas, and in general, in all our social and religious affairs. This is the only right solution for all the problems of casteism found nowadays in our Hindu society." At
3894-412: The system of primary education into tribal areas and reserving places for needing them, they say, to work in the fields. On the other hand, in those parts of the northeast where tribes have generally been spared the wholesale onslaught of outsiders, schooling has helped tribal people to secure political and economic benefits. The education system there has provided a corps of highly trained tribal members in
3960-546: The tribe. In some areas, securing Adivasi approval and support was considered crucial by local rulers, and larger Adivasi groups were able to sustain their own kingdoms in central India. The Bhil , Meenas and Gond Rajas of Garha-Mandla and Chanda are examples of an Adivasi aristocracy that ruled in this region, and were "not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects, but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords." The historiography of relationships between
4026-401: The usage of the term is varied. Critics argue that the "original inhabitant" contention is based on the fact that they have no land and are therefore asking for land reform. The Adivasis argue that they have been oppressed by the "superior group" and that they require and demand a reward, more specifically land reform. Adivasi issues are not related to land reforms but to the historical rights to
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#17328515042244092-434: The use of word Adivasi as they believe the word unites the tribal people of India. Although terms such as atavika , vanavāsi ("forest dwellers"), or girijan (" mountain people ") are also used for the tribes of India, adivāsi carries the specific meaning of being the original and autochthonous inhabitants of a given region, and the self-designation of those tribal groups. The Constitution of India doesn't use
4158-638: The word Adivasi, and directs government officials to not use the word in official documents. The notified tribals are known as Scheduled Tribes and Janjati in the Constitution. The constitution of India grouped these ethnic groups together "as targets for social and economic development. Since that time the tribe of India have been known officially as Scheduled Tribes ." Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for
4224-533: Was made the justification for their children working for the zamindar after the death of the initial borrower. In the case of the Andamanese adivasis, their protective isolation changed with the establishment of a British colonial presence on the islands. Lacking immunity against common infectious diseases of the Eurasian mainland, the large Jarawa habitats on the southeastern regions of South Andaman Island experienced
4290-432: Was rapidly made the legal property of British-designated zamindars (landlords), who in turn moved to extract the maximum economic benefit possible from their newfound property and subjects. Adivasi lands sometimes experienced an influx of non-local settlers, often brought from far away (as in the case of Muslims and Sikhs brought to Kol territory) by the zamindars to better exploit local land, forest and labour. Deprived of
4356-565: Was used by Thakkar Bapa to refer to inhabitants of forest in 1930s. The word was used in 1936 and included in English dictionary prepared by Pascal. The term was recognised by Markandey Katju the judge of the Supreme Court of India in 2011. In Hindi and Bengali, Adivasi means "Original Inhabitants," from ādi 'beginning, origin'; and vāsin 'dweller' (itself from vas 'to dwell'), thus literally meaning 'beginning inhabitant'. Tribal of India and different political parties are continuing
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