Literary Review is a British literary magazine founded in 1979 by Anne Smith , then head of the Department of English at the University of Edinburgh . Its offices are on Lexington Street in Soho . The magazine was edited for fourteen years by veteran journalist Auberon Waugh . The current editor is Nancy Sladek.
73-467: The magazine reviews a wide range of published books, including fiction, history, politics, biography and travel, and additionally prints new fiction. It is also known for the annual Bad Sex in Fiction Award that it has run since 1993. Each year since 1993, Literary Review has presented the annual Bad Sex in Fiction Award to the author it deems to have produced the worst description of a sex scene in
146-603: A Raspberry Pi 4 and one version of Stable Diffusion can run on an iPhone 11 . Larger models with tens of billions of parameters can run on laptop or desktop computers . To achieve an acceptable speed, models of this size may require accelerators such as the GPU chips produced by NVIDIA and AMD or the Neural Engine included in Apple silicon products. For example, the 65 billion parameter version of LLaMA can be configured to run on
219-442: A novel . The award is symbolically presented in the form of what has been described as a "semi-abstract trophy representing sex in the 1950s", depicting a naked woman draped over an open book. The award was established by Rhoda Koenig, a literary critic, and Auberon Waugh, then the magazine's editor. The aim of the award is "to draw attention to the crude, tasteless, often perfunctory use of redundant passages of sexual description in
292-623: A work for hire (e.g., hired to write a city tour guide by a municipal government that totally owns the copyright to the finished work), or when writing material using intellectual property owned by others (such as when writing a novel or screenplay that is a new installment in an already established media franchise). In the United States, the Copyright Clause of the Constitution of the United States ( Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 ) provides
365-431: A certain number of copies had sold. In Canada, this practice occurred during the 1890s, but was not commonplace until the 1920s. Established and successful authors may receive advance payments, set against future royalties, but this is no longer common practice. Most independent publishers pay royalties as a percentage of net receipts – how net receipts are calculated varies from publisher to publisher. Under this arrangement,
438-420: A data set. The capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used. Generative AI can be either unimodal or multimodal ; unimodal systems take only one type of input, whereas multimodal systems can take more than one type of input. For example, one version of OpenAI 's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs. Text generated by Bing Chat , prompted with
511-494: A debate about whether artists should get royalties from audio deepfakes. Many AI music generators have been created that can be generated using a text phrase, genre options, and looped libraries of bars and riffs . Generative AI trained on annotated video can generate temporally-coherent, detailed and photorealistic video clips. Examples include Sora by OpenAI , Gen-1 and Gen-2 by Runway , and Make-A-Video by Meta Platforms. Generative AI can also be trained on
584-844: A desktop PC. The advantages of running generative AI locally include protection of privacy and intellectual property , and avoidance of rate limiting and censorship . The subreddit r/LocalLLaMA in particular focuses on using consumer -grade gaming graphics cards through such techniques as compression . That forum is one of only two sources Andrej Karpathy trusts for language model benchmarks . Yann LeCun has advocated open-source models for their value to vertical applications and for improving AI safety . Language models with hundreds of billions of parameters, such as GPT-4 or PaLM , typically run on datacenter computers equipped with arrays of GPUs (such as NVIDIA's H100 ) or AI accelerator chips (such as Google's TPU ). These very large models are typically accessed as cloud services over
657-528: A different way: usually a set fee or a per word rate rather than on a percentage of sales. In the year 2016, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 130,000 people worked in the country as authors, making an average of $ 61,240 per year. Generative artificial intelligence Generative artificial intelligence ( generative AI , GenAI , or GAI ) is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or other forms of data. These models learn
730-580: A government scheme such as the ELR (educational lending right) and PLR (public lending right) schemes in Australia. Under these schemes, authors are paid a fee for the number of copies of their books in educational and/or public libraries. These days, many authors supplement their income from book sales with public speaking engagements, school visits, residencies, grants, and teaching positions. Ghostwriters , technical writers, and textbooks writers are typically paid in
803-412: A guideline that generative AI must "adhere to socialist core values". Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Midjourney are trained on large, publicly available datasets that include copyrighted works. AI developers have argued that such training is protected under fair use , while copyright holders have argued that it infringes their rights. Proponents of fair use training have argued that it
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#1732851839071876-439: A more equitable society, proactive steps encompass mitigating biases, advocating transparency, respecting privacy and consent, and embracing diverse teams and ethical considerations. Strategies involve redirecting policy emphasis on regulation, inclusive design, and education's potential for personalized teaching to maximize benefits while minimizing harms. Generative AI models can reflect and amplify any cultural bias present in
949-484: A person in an existing image or video and replace them with someone else's likeness using artificial neural networks . Deepfakes have garnered widespread attention and concerns for their uses in deepfake celebrity pornographic videos , revenge porn , fake news , hoaxes , health disinformation , financial fraud , and covert foreign election interference . This has elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use. In July 2023,
1022-426: A probabilistic text generator. The academic discipline of artificial intelligence was established at a research workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956 and has experienced several waves of advancement and optimism in the decades since. Artificial Intelligence research began in the 1950s with works like Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) and the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI . Since
1095-737: A question about Carl Jung 's concept of shadow self Generative AI systems trained on words or word tokens include GPT-3 , GPT-4 , GPT-4o , LaMDA , LLaMA , BLOOM , Gemini and others (see List of large language models ). They are capable of natural language processing , machine translation , and natural language generation and can be used as foundation models for other tasks. Data sets include BookCorpus , Misplaced Pages , and others (see List of text corpora ). In addition to natural language text, large language models can be trained on programming language text, allowing them to generate source code for new computer programs . Examples include OpenAI Codex . Producing high-quality visual art
1168-515: A specified goal. Generative AI planning systems used symbolic AI methods such as state space search and constraint satisfaction and were a "relatively mature" technology by the early 1990s. They were used to generate crisis action plans for military use, process plans for manufacturing and decision plans such as in prototype autonomous spacecraft. Since its inception, the field of machine learning used both discriminative models and generative models , to model and predict data. Beginning in
1241-707: A toy dinosaur when given the prompt pick up the extinct animal at a table filled with toy animals and other objects. Artificially intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) can use text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate 3D modeling . AI-based CAD libraries could also be developed using linked open data of schematics and diagrams . AI CAD assistants are used as tools to help streamline workflow. Generative AI models are used to power chatbot products such as ChatGPT , programming tools such as GitHub Copilot , text-to-image products such as Midjourney, and text-to-video products such as Runway Gen-2. Generative AI features have been integrated into
1314-603: A variety of existing commercially available products such as Microsoft Office ( Microsoft Copilot ), Google Photos , and the Adobe Suite ( Adobe Firefly ). Many generative AI models are also available as open-source software , including Stable Diffusion and the LLaMA language model. Smaller generative AI models with up to a few billion parameters can run on smartphones , embedded devices, and personal computers . For example, LLaMA-7B (a version with 7 billion parameters) can run on
1387-566: A wide range of industries, including software development, healthcare, finance, entertainment, customer service, sales and marketing, art, writing, fashion, and product design. However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of generative AI such as cybercrime , the use of fake news or deepfakes to deceive or manipulate people, and the mass replacement of human jobs . Intellectual property law concerns also exist around generative models that are trained on and emulate copyrighted works of art. Since its inception, researchers in
1460-416: A work does not have to be sought in the one who produced it, "as if it were always in the end, through the more or less transparent allegory of the fiction, the voice of a single person, the author 'confiding' in us." The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in
1533-448: A written work and producing the interpretation or meaning in a written work that both Barthes and Foucault are interested in. Foucault warns of the risks of keeping the author's name in mind during interpretation, because it could affect the value and meaning with which one handles an interpretation. Literary critics Barthes and Foucault suggest that readers should not rely on or look for the notion of one overarching voice when interpreting
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#17328518390711606-436: A written work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak, rather than author. Michel Foucault argues in his essay "What is an author?" (1969) that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that "a private letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author." For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work
1679-537: A written work, because of the complications inherent with a writer's title of "author." They warn of the dangers interpretations could suffer from when associating the subject of inherently meaningful words and language with the personality of one authorial voice. Instead, readers should allow a text to be interpreted in terms of the language as "author." Self-publishing is a model where the author takes full responsibility and control of arranging financing, editing, printing, and distribution of their own work. In other words,
1752-456: Is a transformative use and does not involve making copies of copyrighted works available to the public. Critics have argued that image generators such as Midjourney can create nearly-identical copies of some copyrighted images, and that generative AI programs compete with the content they are trained on. As of 2024, several lawsuits related to the use of copyrighted material in training are ongoing. Getty Images has sued Stability AI over
1825-790: Is a prominent application of generative AI. Generative AI systems trained on sets of images with text captions include Imagen , DALL-E , Midjourney , Adobe Firefly , FLUX.1 , Stable Diffusion and others (see Artificial intelligence art , Generative art , and Synthetic media ). They are commonly used for text-to-image generation and neural style transfer . Datasets include LAION-5B and others (see List of datasets in computer vision and image processing ). Generative AI can also be trained extensively on audio clips to produce natural-sounding speech synthesis and text-to-speech capabilities, exemplified by ElevenLabs ' context-aware synthesis tools or Meta Platform 's Voicebox. Generative AI systems such as MusicLM and MusicGen can also be trained on
1898-415: Is an accepted version of this page In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium. The creation of such a work is an act of authorship . Thus, a sculptor , painter , or composer , is an author of their respective sculptures, paintings, or compositions, even though in common parlance, an author
1971-399: Is not one of harmony and neutrality. In particular for the writer, their authorship in their work makes their work part of their identity, and there is much at stake personally over the negotiation of authority over that identity. However, it is the editor who has "the power to impose the dominant definition of the writer and therefore to delimit the population of those entitled to take part in
2044-441: Is often thought of as the writer of a book , article , play , or other written work . In the case of a work for hire , the employer or commissioning party is considered the author of the work, even if they did not write or otherwise create the work, but merely instructed another individual to do so. Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work, i.e. the author. If more than one person created
2117-418: Is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of "the author function." Foucault's author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a written work, a part of its structure, but not necessarily part of the interpretive process. The author's name "indicates the status of the discourse within a society and culture," and at one time
2190-452: The 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike . Voice generation AI has been seen as a potential challenge to the voice acting sector. The intersection of AI and employment concerns among underrepresented groups globally remains a critical facet. While AI promises efficiency enhancements and skill acquisition, concerns about job displacement and biased recruiting processes persist among these groups, as outlined in surveys by Fast Company . To leverage AI for
2263-427: The supervised learning typical of discriminative models. Unsupervised learning removed the need for humans to manually label data , allowing for larger networks to be trained. In 2021, the release of DALL-E , a transformer-based pixel generative model, followed by Midjourney and Stable Diffusion marked the emergence of practical high-quality artificial intelligence art from natural language prompts. In 2022,
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2336-475: The 1950s, artists and researchers have used artificial intelligence to create artistic works. By the early 1970s, Harold Cohen was creating and exhibiting generative AI works created by AARON , the computer program Cohen created to generate paintings. The terms generative AI planning or generative planning were used in the 1980s and 1990s to refer to AI planning systems, especially computer-aided process planning , used to generate sequences of actions to reach
2409-532: The 2010s involved photographs taken by Celebes crested macaques using equipment belonging to a nature photographer. The photographer asserted authorship of the photographs, which the United States Copyright Office denied, stating: "To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being". More recently, questions have arisen as to whether images or text created by a generative artificial intelligence have an author. Holding
2482-512: The Congress with the power of "securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries". The language regarding authors was derived from proposals by Charles Pinckney , "to secure to authors exclusive rights for a limited time", and by James Madison , "to secure to literary authors their copyrights for a limited time", or, in the alternative, "to encourage, by proper premiums & Provisions,
2555-1140: The Internet. In 2022, the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to China imposed restrictions on exports to China of GPU and AI accelerator chips used for generative AI. Chips such as the NVIDIA A800 and the Biren Technology BR104 were developed to meet the requirements of the sanctions. There is free software on the market capable of recognizing text generated by generative artificial intelligence (such as GPTZero ), as well as images, audio or video coming from it. Potential mitigation strategies for detecting generative AI content include digital watermarking , content authentication , information retrieval , and machine learning classifier models . Despite claims of accuracy, both free and paid AI text detectors have frequently produced false positives, mistakenly accusing students of submitting AI-generated work. In
2628-627: The United States, a group of companies including OpenAI, Alphabet, and Meta signed a voluntary agreement with the Biden administration in July 2023 to watermark AI-generated content. In October 2023, Executive Order 14110 applied the Defense Production Act to require all US companies to report information to the federal government when training certain high-impact AI models. In the European Union,
2701-603: The advancement of useful knowledge and discoveries". Both proposals were referred to the Committee of Detail , which reported back a proposal containing the final language, which was incorporated into the Constitution by unanimous agreement of the convention. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting. In the wake of postmodern literature , critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined
2774-451: The audio waveforms of recorded music along with text annotations, in order to generate new musical samples based on text descriptions such as a calming violin melody backed by a distorted guitar riff . Audio deepfakes of lyrics have been generated, like the song Savages, which used AI to mimic rapper Jay-Z 's vocals. Music artist's instrumentals and lyrics are copyrighted but their voices aren't protected from regenerative AI yet, raising
2847-407: The author also acts as the publisher of their work. With commissioned publishing, the publisher makes all the publication arrangements and the author covers all expenses. The author of a work may receive a percentage calculated on a wholesale or a specific price or a fixed amount on each book sold. Publishers, at times, reduced the risk of this type of arrangement, by agreeing only to pay this after
2920-410: The author does not pay anything towards the expense of publication. The costs and financial risk are all carried by the publisher, who will then take the greatest percentage of the receipts. See Compensation for more. Vanity publishers normally charge a flat fee for arranging publication, offer a platform for selling, and then take a percentage of the sale of every copy of a book. The author receives
2993-423: The benchmark of ‘general human intelligence’" as of 2023. In 2023, Meta released an AI model called ImageBind which combines data from text, images, video, thermal data, 3D data, audio, and motion which is expected to allow for more immersive generative AI content. According to a survey by SAS and Coleman Parkes Research, China is leading the world in adopting generative AI, with 83% of Chinese respondents using
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3066-421: The book sales are not the publishers' main source of income, but instead the fees that the authors are charged to initially produce the book are. Because of this, the vanity publishers need not invest in making books marketable as much as other publishers need to. This leads to low quality books being introduced to the market. The relationship between the author and the editor , often the author's only liaison to
3139-626: The difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative calculations and qualitative, value-based judgements. In April 2023, it was reported that image generation AI has resulted in 70% of the jobs for video game illustrators in China being lost. In July 2023, developments in generative AI contributed to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes . Fran Drescher , president of the Screen Actors Guild , declared that "artificial intelligence poses an existential threat to creative professions" during
3212-405: The early 1800s. Markov chains have long been used to model natural languages since their development by Russian mathematician Andrey Markov in the early 20th century. Markov published his first paper on the topic in 1906, and analyzed the pattern of vowels and consonants in the novel Eugeny Onegin using Markov chains. Once a Markov chain is learned on a text corpus , it can then be used as
3285-644: The fact-checking company Logically found that the popular generative AI models Midjourney , DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion would produce plausible disinformation images when prompted to do so, such as images of electoral fraud in the United States and Muslim women supporting India's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party . In April 2024, a paper proposed to use blockchain ( distributed ledger technology) to promote "transparency, verifiability, and decentralization in AI development and usage". Instances of users abusing software to generate controversial statements in
3358-664: The field have raised philosophical and ethical arguments about the nature of the human mind and the consequences of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth , fiction and philosophy since antiquity. The concept of automated art dates back at least to the automata of ancient Greek civilization , where inventors such as Daedalus and Hero of Alexandria were described as having designed machines capable of writing text, generating sounds, and playing music. The tradition of creative automations has flourished throughout history, exemplified by Maillardet's automaton created in
3431-405: The first generative pre-trained transformer (GPT), known as GPT-1 , in 2018. This was followed in 2019 by GPT-2 which demonstrated the ability to generalize unsupervised to many different tasks as a Foundation model . The new generative models introduced during this period allowed for large neural networks to be trained using unsupervised learning or semi-supervised learning , rather than
3504-453: The first practical deep neural networks capable of learning generative models, as opposed to discriminative ones, for complex data such as images. These deep generative models were the first to output not only class labels for images but also entire images. In 2017, the Transformer network enabled advancements in generative models compared to older Long-Short Term Memory models, leading to
3577-437: The focus from the reader-audience and putting a strain on the relationship between authors and editors and on writing as a social act. Even the book review by the editors has more significance than the readership's reception. Authors rely on advance fees, royalty payments, adaptation of work to a screenplay, and fees collected from giving speeches. A standard contract for an author will usually include provision for payment in
3650-488: The form of an advance and royalties. Usually, an author's book must earn the advance before any further royalties are paid. For example, if an author is paid a modest advance of $ 2000, and their royalty rate is 10% of a book priced at $ 20 – that is, $ 2 per book – the book will need to sell 1000 copies before any further payment will be made. Publishers typically withhold payment of a percentage of royalties earned against returns. In some countries, authors also earn income from
3723-411: The global economy by 2030, but that its malicious use "could cause horrific levels of death and destruction, widespread trauma, and deep psychological damage on an unimaginable scale". From the early days of the development of AI, there have been arguments put forward by ELIZA creator Joseph Weizenbaum and others about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually should be done by them, given
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#17328518390713796-408: The late 2000s, the emergence of deep learning drove progress and research in image classification , speech recognition , natural language processing and other tasks. Neural networks in this era were typically trained as discriminative models, due to the difficulty of generative modeling. In 2014, advancements such as the variational autoencoder and generative adversarial network produced
3869-529: The length of this fixed period where the work is exclusively controlled by the copyright holder. Technically, someone owns their work from the time it's created. A notable aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another, upon one's death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, but has access to the same legal benefits. Intellectual property laws are complex. Works of fiction involve trademark law , likeness rights , fair use rights held by
3942-847: The modern novel, and to discourage it". The enduring relevance of this rationale has been questioned, based on concerns about censorious public shaming (including online ) of authors of serious literary fiction . Contributors to the magazine have included Diana Athill , Kingsley Amis , Martin Amis , Beryl Bainbridge , John Banville , Julian Barnes , Maile Chapman , Boris Dralyuk , Hilary Mantel , John Mortimer , Malcolm Bradbury , A. S. Byatt , Paul Johnson , David Starkey , John Gray , Robert Harris , Nick Hornby , Richard Ingrams , Joseph O'Neill , Lynn Barber , Derek Mahon , Oleg Gordievsky , John Sutherland and D. J. Taylor . Recently published authors of new fiction include William Trevor , Claire Keegan and Nicola Barker . Author This
4015-420: The motions of a robotic system to generate new trajectories for motion planning or navigation . For example, UniPi from Google Research uses prompts like "pick up blue bowl" or "wipe plate with yellow sponge" to control movements of a robot arm. Multimodal "vision-language-action" models such as Google's RT-2 can perform rudimentary reasoning in response to user prompts and visual input, such as picking up
4088-666: The office has also begun taking public input to determine if these rules need to be refined for generative AI. The development of generative AI has raised concerns from governments, businesses, and individuals, resulting in protests, legal actions, calls to pause AI experiments , and actions by multiple governments. In a July 2023 briefing of the United Nations Security Council , Secretary-General António Guterres stated "Generative AI has enormous potential for good and evil at scale", that AI may "turbocharge global development" and contribute between $ 10 and $ 15 trillion to
4161-479: The process of its production. Every line of written text is a mere reflection of references from any of a multitude of traditions, or, as Barthes puts it, "the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centers of culture"; it is never original. With this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The explanation and meaning of
4234-698: The proposed Artificial Intelligence Act includes requirements to disclose copyrighted material used to train generative AI systems, and to label any AI-generated output as such. In China, the Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services introduced by the Cyberspace Administration of China regulates any public-facing generative AI. It includes requirements to watermark generated images or videos, regulations on training data and label quality, restrictions on personal data collection, and
4307-590: The public (including the right to parody or satirize ), and many other interacting complications. Authors may portion out the different rights that they hold to different parties at different times, and for different purposes or uses, such as the right to adapt a plot into a film, television series, or video game. If another party chooses to adapt the work, they may have to alter plot elements or character names in order to avoid infringing previous adaptations. An author may also not have rights when working under contract that they would otherwise have, such as when creating
4380-432: The public release of ChatGPT popularized the use of generative AI for general-purpose text-based tasks. In March 2023, GPT-4 was released. A team from Microsoft Research argued that "it could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system". Other scholars have disputed that GPT-4 reaches this threshold, calling generative AI "still far from reaching
4453-498: The publishing company, is typically characterized as the site of tension. For the author to reach their audience, often through publication, the work usually must attract the attention of the editor. The idea of the author as the sole meaning-maker of necessity changes to include the influences of the editor and the publisher to engage the audience in writing as a social act. There are three principal kinds of editing: Pierre Bourdieu 's essay "The Field of Cultural Production" depicts
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#17328518390714526-405: The publishing industry as a "space of literary or artistic position-takings," also called the "field of struggles," which is defined by the tension and movement inherent among the various positions in the field. Bourdieu claims that the "field of position-takings [...] is not the product of coherence-seeking intention or objective consensus," meaning that an industry characterized by position-takings
4599-415: The rest of the money made. Most materials published this way are for niche groups and not for large audiences. Vanity publishing, or subsidy publishing, is stigmatized in the professional world. In 1983, Bill Henderson defined vanity publishers as people who would "publish anything for which an author will pay, usually at a loss for the author and a nice profit for the publisher." In subsidy publishing,
4672-461: The role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a literary text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author. He writes, in his essay "Death of the Author" (1968), that "it is language which speaks, not the author." The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, and not someone possessing legal responsibility for
4745-454: The struggle to define the writer". As "cultural investors," publishers rely on the editor position to identify a good investment in "cultural capital" which may grow to yield economic capital across all positions. According to the studies of James Curran, the system of shared values among editors in Britain has generated a pressure among authors to write to fit the editors' expectations, removing
4818-399: The technology, surpassing the global average of 54% and the U.S. at 65%. A UN report revealed China filed over 38,000 GenAI patents from 2014 to 2023, far exceeding the U.S. A generative AI system is constructed by applying unsupervised machine learning (invoking for instance neural network architectures such as GANs , VAE , Transformer , ...) or self-supervised machine learning to
4891-453: The title of "author" over any "literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, [or] certain other intellectual works" gives rights to this person, the owner of the copyright, especially the exclusive right to engage in or authorize any production or distribution of their work. Any person or entity wishing to use intellectual property held under copyright must receive permission from the copyright holder to use this work, and often will be asked to pay for
4964-581: The underlying data. For example, a language model might assume that doctors and judges are male, and that secretaries or nurses are female, if those biases are common in the training data. Similarly, an image model prompted with the text "a photo of a CEO" might disproportionately generate images of white male CEOs, if trained on a racially biased data set. A number of methods for mitigating bias have been attempted, such as altering input prompts and reweighting training data. Deepfakes (a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake" ) are AI-generated media that take
5037-795: The underlying patterns and structures of their training data and use them to produce new data based on the input, which often comes in the form of natural language prompts . Improvements in transformer -based deep neural networks , particularly large language models (LLMs), enabled an AI boom of generative AI systems in the early 2020s. These include chatbots such as ChatGPT , Copilot , Gemini , and LLaMA ; text-to-image artificial intelligence image generation systems such as Stable Diffusion , Midjourney , and DALL-E ; and text-to-video AI generators such as Sora . Companies such as OpenAI , Anthropic , Microsoft , Google , and Baidu as well as numerous smaller firms have developed generative AI models. Generative AI has uses across
5110-406: The use of copyrighted material. The copyrights on intellectual work expire after a certain time. It enters the public domain , where it can be used without limit. Copyright laws in many jurisdictions – mostly following the lead of the United States, in which the entertainment and publishing industries have very strong lobbying power – have been amended repeatedly since their inception, to extend
5183-614: The use of its images to train Stable diffusion . Both the Authors Guild and The New York Times have sued Microsoft and OpenAI over the use of their works to train ChatGPT . A separate question is whether AI-generated works can qualify for copyright protection. The United States Copyright Office has ruled that works created by artificial intelligence without any human input cannot be copyrighted, because they lack human authorship. However,
5256-464: The work, then a case of joint authorship takes place. Copyright laws differ around the world. The United States Copyright Office , for example, defines copyright as "a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to authors of 'original works of authorship. ' " Some works are considered to be authorless. For example, the monkey selfie copyright dispute in
5329-403: Was used as an anchor for interpreting a text, a practice which Barthes would argue is not a particularly relevant or valid endeavor. Expanding upon Foucault's position, Alexander Nehamas writes that Foucault suggests "an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it," not necessarily who penned the text. It is this distinction between producing
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