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55-592: Liouguei District ( Taivoan : Lakuri ; Chinese : 六龜 區 ; Hanyu Pinyin : Liùguī Qū ; Tongyong Pinyin : Liòuguei Cyu ; Wade–Giles : Liu-kuei Ch'ü ) is a rural district of Kaohsiung City , Taiwan . It is the third largest district in Kaohsiung City after Tauyuan District and Namasia District . The place-name is derived from the name of a Taivoan community Lakuri or Lakkuli , which emigrated from Vogavon in Tainan , driven to Kaohsiung by

110-554: A Paiwan or a Rukai language), from Tarroequan to Taivoan, and from Taivoan to Cannacannavo . "...... in Cannacannavo: Aloelavaos tot welcken de vertolckinge in Sinccans, Tarrocquans en Tevorangs geschiede, weder voor een jaer aengenomen" — "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", pp.6–8 A comparison of numerals of Siraya, Taivoan (Tevorangh dialect), and Makatao (Kanapo dialect) with Proto-Austronesian language show

165-419: A rural township . On 25 December 2010, the township became a district of Kaohsiung City . In August 2019, some residents living in high-risk areas of Liouguei District were evacuated from their homes after heavy rain and flash flooding. The district resembles the shape of long gourd with a vertical length of 36 km and a horizontal width of 5 km. The Laonong River passes from north to south through

220-689: A dialect of Siraya , but now more evidence has shown that they should be classified as separate languages. The corpora previously regarded as Siraya like the Gospel of St. Matthew and the Notes on Formulary of Christianity translated into "Siraya" by the Dutch people in the 17th century should be in Taivoan majorly. Since the January 2019 code release, SIL International has recognized Taivoan as an independent language and assigned

275-429: A moment". Many Taivoan songs have been recorded and some ceremonial songs like "Kalawahe" and "Taboro" are still been sung during every Night Ceremony annually. Some examples are: Taivoan people Nationally Recognized Locally recognized Unrecognized The Taivoan or Tevorangh are a Taiwanese indigenous people . The Taivoan originally settled around hill and basin areas in Tainan , especially in

330-605: A result, none of modern Taivoan communities, including Xiaolin, Alikuan, Pualiao, and Tuakhuhenn, has founded any church, compared to 83.94% of Taiwanese Highland indigenous people who have been converted into Christianity; only one of the 700-plus communities of the Taiwanese Highland indigenous people lacks a church. In Taivoan animism, the most important religious concept is Hiang or Xiang (transliterated as 向 in Taiwanese), which cannot be translated literally but conveys

385-546: A result, today all the indigenous people in Yuchin Basin, the native habitat of the Taivoan, recognize themselves as ethnically "Siraya", while many Taivoan descendants still have strong Taivoan identity across new habitats founded after the 18th century, including: After a fatal landslide caused by typhoon Morakot destroyed Xiaolin on August 9, 2009, the local villagers, mainly Taivoan people, were compelled to relocate to three new communities: The concept that Taivoan spoke

440-404: A settlement called Taiouwang , which is the only indigenous community residing there whose name resembles Taiwan . The Taivoan people are ethnically called "Taivoan" or "Tevorangh". While the former term comes from the self-identification of the indigenous people recorded by Japanese linguists in the early 20th century, the latter comes from one of the four main tribes or nations established by

495-579: A subgroup of the Siraya people. According to the oral history, Taivoan people originally lived in Taivoan community in nowadays Anping , Tainan and later founded two communities Tavakangh and Teopan in Xinhua . As invaded by Siraya people , Taivoan were later forced to migrate to Zuojhen and Shanshang , establishing two communities Makang and Kogimauwang respectively. The indigenous people were later driven by Siraya again and migrated to Danei , setting up

550-597: Is primarily located in the areas of Xinliao, Xinwei, and Xinxing near the Liouguei Tunnel, with most of them originating from the Meinong area and maintaining close connections and intermarriages with neighboring regions. The population of Chinese mainlanders mostly consists of retired soldiers and their descendants who stayed behind after the construction of the Southern Cross-Island Highway , mainly residing in

605-522: Is said the speech was developed during the rebellion of the Taivoan against Japanese colonial government during the early 20th century so that the Japanese could not understand what the Taivoan were saying. Some examples of Banana colloquial speech still spoken among very few Taivoan people in Xiaolin and Pualiao: In Aug 1970, Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida was told by one of his consultants that there

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660-833: Is sometimes considered to be a Siraya village is mainly based on George Candidius' inclusion "Tefurang" in the eight Siraya villages that he claimed all had "the same manners, customs and religion, and speak the same language". Ferrell mentioned that this is erroneous and that Candidious' assertion that he was well familiar with the eight supposed Siraya villages including Tevorang is extremely doubtful, as "he had not visited Tevorang when he wrote his famous account in 1628. The first Dutch visit to Tevorang appears to have been in January 1636". Japanese anthropologist Toichi Mabuchi and many modern scholars including Shigeru Tsuchida , Li, Paul Jen-kuei , Liu, I-chang , Chien, Wen-ming , Hu, Chia-yu , Lin, Ging-cai , and Zhang, Yao-qi also regard Taivoan as an independent Taiwanese indigenous people from

715-598: Is the Taivoan word for the Shrine. Many rituals or religious activities are or used to be practiced on the day of the Night Ceremony, including: The Taivoan communities that still practice the Night Ceremonies are: Hualien Tainan While many Taiwanese indigenous peoples are regarded as matrilineal societies, only Taivoan in Xiaolin and Pinuyumayan people hold a specific traditional ceremony or holiday for

770-654: Is the phonology of the language: It's likely that there were no /g/, /ts/, and /tsʰ/ in the 17th–19th century Taivoan, although Adelaar claims c preceding i or y be sibilant or affricate and so could be /ts/ or /ʃ/. However, the three sounds appeared after the 20th century, especially in Tevorangh dialect in Siaolin , Alikuan , and Dazhuang, and also in some words in Vogavon dialect in Lakku , for example: The digraph ts recorded in

825-671: The Sinckan Manuscripts : A small community located between Wanli and Tevorangh could be a Taivoan community, too: After Koxinga defeated the Dutch colonists in Dutch Formosa , more Chinese immigrants flooded into Southern Taiwan, in turn driving Siraya people to inland Tainan. This resulted in the dispersal of Taivoan people from lowland to hilly areas in Tainan and Kaohsiung in the 18th century. Some Taivoan had climbed across Wu Mt. (烏山) and reached Alikuan (阿里關) between 1722–1744 As

880-534: The Yujing Basin  [ zh ] , which the Taivoan called Tamani , later transliterated into Japanese Tamai ( 玉井 ) and later borrowed in Chinese ( Yujing ). The Taivoan historically called themselves Taivoan , Taibowan , Taiburan or Shisha . According to some scholars, there should be more than 20,000 Taivoan people nowadays, estimated based on the records during Japanese rule of Taiwan , ranked as

935-533: The 20th century : Taivoan has a decimal numeral system as following: Some Taivoan people in remote communities like Siaolin , Alikuan , Laolong , Fangliao , and Dazhuang , especially the elders, still use some Taivoan words nowadays, such as miunun "welcome" (originally "please be seated"), mahanru (in Siaolin, Alikuan), makahanru (in Laolong) "thank you", "goodbye" (originally "beautiful"), tapakua "wait

990-580: The Gospel of St. Matthew in "Siraya", the Sinckan Manuscripts, and other corpora recorded by Japanese scholars in the early 20th century, and found some significant sound and morphological changes among Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao, by which they think the Gospel of St. Matthew written by the Dutch people in the 17th century in Taiwan, having long been regarded as in the Siraya language, had actually been written in

1045-399: The Siraya language has been rejected by many linguists, based on documentary and linguistic evidence. Since the January 2019 code release, SIL International has recognized Taivoan as an independent language and assigned the code tvx . "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia" by the Dutch in the 17th century showed that, to communicate with the chieftain of Cannacannavo ( Kanakanavu ),

1100-407: The Taivoan in the early 17th century, well-recorded by the Dutch and Chinese people in a couple of documents, in different spellings including Tevorang , Tevoran , Tefurang , Devoran , Tivorang , Tivorangh , and the like. Farrell also noted that the two terms " Tevorangh and Taivoan are probably dialectal variants of a common name (< *tayvura-n )". In December 1628, George Candidius ,

1155-470: The Taivoan language: -g- Ø ---- < *S (suffices for future tense) The Taivoan people from Xiaolin, Alikuan, Pualiao in Kaohsiung, and Liuchongxi in Tainan have developed a mixed language called Banana colloquial speech (Chinese: 香蕉白話 ), in which the speakers input certain vowels and consonants in their mother tongues, whether Taiwanese or Taivoan, and generate a totally different speech. It

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1210-717: The Taivoan people to worship their Highest Ancestral Spirits. The Highest Ancestral Spirits used to be called Anag in Taivoan but are now commonly called Thài-Tsóo (太祖, literally "the Grandmothers"; Taivoan: Anag ) or Huan-Thài-Tsóo (番太祖, literally "the Indigenous Grandmothers") in Taiwanese. Also, some Taivoan elders refer to the Highest Ancestral Spirits as Kuba-Tsóo , literally "the Grandmothers in Kuba ", as Kuba

1265-517: The Taivoan people, including Paka-taramay in Laulong, Too' pulaw, Samaok, and Kìm-Hiang in Alikuan and Xiaolin, but only the Night Ceremony along with Khui-Hiang are still in practice among Taivoan communities nowadays on the full-moon of the ninth lunar month every year. The Night Ceremony (Chinese: 夜祭 ) is not only the day to lift the taboo (Khui-Hiang) but also the most important day for all

1320-410: The Taivoan women could play games with the men or ask for money or cigarettes from a man, and the man could not refuse or get angry. During Japanese rule, the women ' s night was considered a direct challenge to the patriarchy of the wider society by the Japanese government, and therefore the festival was dissuaded and prohibited by the Japanese police officers and teachers from 1940, according to

1375-528: The areas of Zhongxing and Wenwu. The plain indigenous group Taivoan is scattered across several villages, and the mountain indigenous people have migrated from nearby mountainous areas. The Night Ceremony and the Public Hall Kong-kài in Liouguei and Laonong are signigicant markers of the Taivoan people's culture in the district. According to local records, thousands of years ago, when the ancestors of

1430-419: The aspects of linguistics and anthropology. On October 6, 2016, Taivoan people across Kaohsiung held the first Inter-tribal Consensus Conference of Taivoan People and made a consensus statement that both "Tevorangh" (the classification recorded since the 17th century) and "Taivoan" (the classification since the 20th century) are accepted by the Taivoan people, but they refuse to be identified as "Siraya" or

1485-556: The buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor Hans Putmans . In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan: As a resistance to the long-term oppression by the Japanese government, many Taivoan people from Jiasian led

1540-557: The center of the township. The district consists of Sinwei/Xinwei, Xinxing, Xinliao, Xinfa, Laonong, Liouguei, Yibao, Xinglong, Zhongxing, Baolai, Wenwu and Dajin Villages. During Japanese rule, the district was known for the production of Camphor oil. The Japanese government constructed a route and tunnels to facilitate the transportation of the product. Liouguei comprises mainly Hakka , Chinese mainlanders , plain indigenous people , and mountain indigenous people . The Hakka community

1595-556: The code tvx . The Taivoan language used to be regarded as a dialect of Siraya. However, more evidences have shown that it belongs to an independent language spoken by the Taivoan people . In "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia" written by the Dutch colonizers during 1629–1662, it was clearly said that when the Dutch people would like to speak to the chieftain of Cannacannavo ( Kanakanavu ), they needed to translate from Dutch to Sinckan (Siraya), from Sinckan to Tarroequan (possibly

1650-482: The community Nounamou (Nunamu). Siraya eventually invaded Danei and forced Taivoan to move to Yujing , where Taivoan later founded four of their most important communities, Tevorangh, Sia-urie, Vogavon, and Kapoa. According to the Dutch records in the 17th century, the Taivoan were settled in four main nations or tribes around the Yuchin Basin, and therefore they had been called Shisha (四社熟番, literally "four tribes") in

1705-434: The difference among the three Austronesian languages in southwestern Taiwan in the early 20th century: *walu --- --- --- --- --- --- waru, uwaru ra-haru *Siwa --- --- --- --- --- --- hsiya ra-siwa In 2009, Li (2009) further proved the relationship among the three languages, based on the latest linguistic observations below: Some examples include: Based on

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1760-488: The discovery, Li attempted two classification trees: 1. Tree based on the number of phonological innovations 2. Tree based on the relative chronology of sound changes Li (2009) considers the second tree (the one containing the Taivoan–Makatao group) to be the somewhat more likely one. Taivoan was considered by some scholars as a dialectal subgroup of the Siraya ever since George Candidius included "Tefurang" in

1815-474: The early 20th century may represent /t͡sʰ/ or /t͡s/: Some scholar in Formosan languages suggest it's not likely that /t͡sʰ/ and /t͡s/ appear in a Formosan language simultaneously, and therefore ts may well represent /t͡s/ as c does, not /t͡sʰ/. It's hard to tell the actual stressing system of Taivoan in the 17th–19th century, as it's been a dormant language for nearly a hundred years. However, since nearly all

1870-464: The eight Siraya villages which he claimed all had "the same manners, customs and religion, and speak the same language." However, American linguist Raleigh Ferrell reexaminates the Dutch materials and says "it appear that the Tevorangians were a distinct ethnolinguistic group, differing markedly in both language and culture from the Siraya." Ferrell mentions that, given that Candidius asserted that he

1925-473: The elders. Not until 2014 did the Taivoan people begin to revive the festival in Sunlight Xiaolin. The Taivoan Cultural Festival (Chinese: 大武壠歌舞文化節 ) has been held by the Taivoan residents in Sunlight Xiaolin in spring annually since 2015, both in the hopes of reviving and promoting the culture of Taivoan, especially traditional Taivoan music, and to strengthen self-recognition among Taivoan people in

1980-585: The excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635. On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all

2035-400: The existing Taivoan words but the numerals pronounced by the elders fall on the final syllable, there has been a tendency to stress on the final syllable in modern Taivoan for language revitalization and education, compared to modern Siraya that the penultimate syllable is stressed. The Taivoan personal pronouns are listed below with all the words without asterisk being attested in corpora in

2090-739: The first local rebellion against Japan in July 1915, called the Jiasian Incident (甲仙埔事件). This was followed by a wider rebellion from Yuchin Basin in Tainan to Jiasian in Kaohsiung in August 1915, known as the Tapani Incident (噍吧哖事件) in which more than 1,400 local people died or were killed by the Japanese government. Twenty-two years later, the Taivoan people struggled to carry on another rebellion; since most of

2145-419: The first missionary to Dutch Formosa, wrote that there were eight tribes around modern-day Tainan, including "Sinkan, Mattau, Soulang, Bakloan, Taffakan, Tifulukan, Teopan and Tefurang", among which "the most remote village is Tefurang, which lies between the mountains". In 1694, Chinese officer Kao Gong-qian (高拱亁) recorded the first Chinese record of Tevorangh in "Taiwan Prefecture Gazetteer" (臺灣府志), stating that

2200-520: The history of Taiwan. Besides the four main tribes, the Taivoan had founded the following tribes or nations in their history, according to Huang Shujing (黃叔璥), a Chinese imperial emissary of Taiwan, in his “Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait" (臺海使槎錄) (1722): Citing Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida , Taiwanese linguist Li, Paul Jen-kuei concluded that some areas previously considered as Siraya -speaking areas should be Taivoan-speaking areas, according to their recent research results on

2255-437: The idea of sorcery, taboo, and magic. Any important religious articles related to Taivoan animism could be titled "Hiang", e.g. the wine and water blessed by the Highest Ancestral Spirits are called Hiang-tsiú (向酒, literally "Hiang-wine"; Taivoan : mimaw rarom ) and Hiang-tsuí (向水, literally "Hiang-water"; Taivoan : mimaw palinlin ), the bamboo erected in front of the Shrine for the Highest Ancestral Spirits to land onto

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2310-503: The indigenous people encountered a typhoon during their sea voyage to Taiwan, it was the highest ancestral spirit, Hagan, who appeared and led them to land safely on the island. This was the beginning of the people's worship of the spirit in Kong-kài. Taivoan language Taivoan or Taivuan , is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Taivoan people of Taiwan . Taivoan used to be regarded as

2365-482: The indigenous people were from Xiaolin , the resistance taking place in 1937 was named the Xiaolin Incident (小林事件). The Taivoan people used to be classified as a subgroup of Siraya ; however, Raleigh Farrell regards Taivoan as an indigenous ethnic group according to 17th century documents, and believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time: That Tevorang

2420-517: The invasion of Han immigrants and Siraya in the late 17th century. The residents of this district are mainly Hakka (about 44% ) and Hoklo Taiwanese , as well as indigenous peoples and immigrants from other China provinces. The entire region has been included in the Maolin National Scenic Area . In recent years, the tourism industry has flourished. Due to the invasion of Han in the 17th century, Siraya that originally lived in

2475-403: The local official language Sinccan (Siraya) had to be translated to Tarrocquan (regarded as a dialect of Rukai or Paiwan ), and Tevorang (Taivoan): "...... in Cannacannavo: Aloelavaos tot welcken de vertolckinge in Sinccans, Tarrocquans en Tevorangs geschiede, weder voor een jaer aengenomen" Taiwanese linguist Paul Jen-kuei Li and Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida compared the corpora of

2530-418: The plains of Tainan was forced to migrate to Yuchin Basin , which in turn drove Taivoan from Vogavon to Pangliao , Kaohsiung in 1781, reaching nowadays Liouguei in 1799, founding community Lakkuli ( Chinese : 六龜里社 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : La̍k-ku-lí-siā ), also spelled Lakuri or La-ko-li . In 1902, during early Japanese rule , the area was administered as "Lakkuli Village" ( 六龜里庄 ). In 1910, it

2585-465: The second largest non-status indigenous people in Taiwan, after the Makatao people . Many scholars propose that the name of the island Taiwan actually came from the indigenous people's name, as the pronunciation of Taivoan is similar to Tayovan , the people whom the Dutch met around the coast of Anping or the bay around Anping, which later became the name Taiwan . In addition, the Taivoan established

2640-443: The taboo"), when the indigenous people can practice hunting, wedding, and singing several religious songs, until the six-month Kìm-Hiang (禁向, literally, "taboo undertaken") takes place on the full-moon of the third lunar month the next year, when all the hunting and wedding practices are prohibited, and several religious songs should not be sung, until the next Khui-Hiang comes again. Many religious ceremonies used to be practiced by

2695-476: The translation service from Wanli, a neighbor community that shared common hunting field and also a militarily alliance with Tevorangh. Li noted in his "The Lingue Franche in Taiwan" that, Siraya exerted its influence over neighbouring languages in the southwestern plains in Taiwan, including Taivoan to the east and Makatao to the South in the 17th century, and became lingua franca in the whole area. The following

2750-456: The tribe was located to the northwest of Ma-an Mt. Both records show the tribes' location and living environment in mountainous area of Taivoan or Tevorangh, compared to the Siraya and Makatao – the two indigenous peoples with a close relationship to Taivoan – who inhabit the lowland only. In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa , Pieter Nuyts , dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with

2805-452: The women. Many regard the two cheerful festivals for women only as legacies of the matrilineal practices of Taivoan and Pinuyumayan. Decades ago, the Women's Night (Chinese: 查某暝 ) used to start from 8:00 pm or 9:00 pm on the full-moon of the first lunar month in Xiaolin, when all the local Taivoan women dressed beautifully, played games, and sang and danced in the streets. That evening,

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2860-455: The world is called Hiang-tik (向竹, literally "Hiang-bamboo"; Taivoan : malubiw ), and the religious instrument made out of fishing trap to worship to the Highest Ancestral Spirits is called Hiang-Kô (向笱, literally "Hiang-fishing-trap"; Taivoan : agicin or kikiz ). The Taivoan Night Ceremony is held on the full-moon of the ninth lunar month every year. The six months following the Night Ceremony are called Khui-Hiang (開向, literally "lift

2915-684: Was a Taivoan language in Lakkuli , such as: "ancua ikasu akia tavoLaa gwaa no miaa" (Translation: Why don't you know my name?) "ikuu ka ku boo pakciu cima vo tavLaa" (Translation: I haven't seen you for a long time, so I don't know who you are.) According to the scarce corpora Tsuchida obtained, he doubted the language is apparently a mixture of Kanakanabu, Taiwanese, Mantauran-Rukai, Bunun, Japanese, and some unknown elements. Modern-day Taivoan people simultaneously practice traditional animism and Taoism influenced by Chinese immigrants, while only very few Taivoans practice Buddhism and Christianity . As

2970-452: Was reorganized as Rokkiri Subprefecture ( Japanese : 六龜里支廳 ) , Akō Prefecture ( 阿緱廳 ) . In 1920, it became Rokuki Village ( 六龜庄 ) , under Heitō District ( 屏東郡 ) , Takao Prefecture . In 1932, Rokuki was annexed into Kizan District ( 旗山郡 ) under Takao Prefecture. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, Liouguei was incorporated into Kaohsiung County as

3025-613: Was well familiar with the eight supposed Siraya villages including Tevorang, it's extremely doubtful that he ever actually visited the latter: "it is almost certain, in any case, that he had not visited Tevorang when he wrote his famous account in 1628. The first Dutch visit to Tevorang appears to have been in January 1636 [...]" Lee (2015) regards that, when Siraya was a lingua franca among at least eight indigenous communities in southwestern Taiwan plain, Taivoan people from Tevorangh, who has been proved to have their own language in "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", might still need

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