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38-506: The garden was originally planned and planted by Olaus Rudbeck , professor of medicine, in 1655, and had about 1,800 different species in late 17th century, but was damaged in the 1702 Uppsala city fire. In 1693, Rudbeck also built the house adjacent to the garden, nowadays known as the Linnaeus Museum ( Linnémuséet ), which was residence of Linnaeus from 1743, and from his death in 1778 to 1934 residence of employees at Uppsala University,

76-553: A consequence he gave up his comedies switching to philosophical and historical writings in 1731. Holberg's only novel, the satirical science-fiction / fantasy Niels Klim's Underground Travels was originally published in Latin in 1741 as Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum . In Paris, Holberg met the Danish-born French scientist Jacob Winsløw , who was Catholic . Winsløw tried to convert Holberg, without success. Holberg enjoyed

114-519: A description of a similar discovery of his own. (For other early discoverers of the lymphatic system, see Gasparo Aselli and Jean Pecquet ). Rudbeck's research led to the Queen's support of his career. To facilitate his studies of human anatomy, he had a cupola built on top of Gustavianum , a university edifice, and in it was built an arena-like Theatrum anatomicum , where dissection could be carried out in front of students. The cupola still remains and

152-1005: A longer period of time in Oxford , England (1706–1708), which was rare during that time as intellectual life was centered in continental Europe. He was not formally admitted to Oxford University , but spent his time there using the libraries and participating in Latin discussions with the English students. Holberg's travels were a main inspiration in his later writings – these experiences matured him both artistically and morally. Holberg let himself be inspired by old Latin comedies and newer French comedies he had seen in Paris, and street theaters in Rome. His writings can be divided into three periods, during which he produced mainly history, 1711–1718; mainly satirical poetry and stage comedies, 1719–1731; and mainly philosophy, 1731–1750. His rich output of comedies during

190-554: A national icon in Sweden for many years. His son, Olof Rudbeck the Younger , continued his linguistic work and also became involved in providing an "intellectual reason" for power during a period when Sweden aspired to a position as one of the great powers of Europe. Rudbeck the Younger added speculations about the relationship between Sami and Hebrew languages to his father's long list of fantastical linguistic relationships. A nephew of Olaus

228-718: A new botanical garden, the old one was left to decay. It was bought by the Swedish Linnaean Society in 1917 and restored according to the detailed description in the Hortus Upsaliensis . The garden was later taken over by the university, while the Linnaeus Museum is still run by the Society. 59°51′44″N 17°38′2″E  /  59.86222°N 17.63389°E  / 59.86222; 17.63389 Olaus Rudbeck Olaus Rudbeck (also known as Olof Rudbeck

266-457: A rational/ empirical train of thought , and this is important because of his status as an author; both in his time and ours. Holberg was open to biblical criticism, and his religious representation was, for the most part, deism . He was critical of the notion of original sin , instead subscribing to the notion of man's free will. Holberg's declared intentions with his authorship were to enlighten people to better society. This also fits in with

304-418: A system for measuring the age of old monuments and graves by the thickness of the humus accumulated over them – which, though many of his conclusions were erroneous, anticipated the methods of modern archaeology and was far in advance of most historians and antiquarians of his time. Despite the criticism targeting his linguistic theories and despite the priority dispute with Bartholin, Rudbeck remained

342-457: Is a landmark in Uppsala . The "Gustavianum" stands in front of the cathedral, and is still part of the university. Between 1679 and 1702, Rudbeck dedicated himself to contributions in historical-linguistics patriotism, writing a 3,000-page treatise in four volumes called Atlantica  [ sv ] where he purported to prove that Sweden was Atlantis , the cradle of civilization, and Swedish

380-525: Is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature . He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen . Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936. Holberg

418-487: The Holberg International Memorial Prize . The 4.5 million kroner (ca. €520,000) endowed prize was awarded to Julia Kristeva in 2004, to Jürgen Habermas in 2005, and to Shmuel Eisenstadt in 2006. There is a town named after Holberg on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded by Danish immigrants in 1907. Dan Shore 's opera The Beautiful Bridegroom, for six sopranos,

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456-519: The Rudbeck family , Olaus was one of the pioneers in the study of lymphatic vessels. According to his supporters in Sweden, he was the first to discover the lymphatic system and is documented as having shown his findings at the court of Queen Christina of Sweden in the Spring of 1652. However, he did not publish anything about it until the fall of 1653, after Thomas Bartholin , a Danish scientist, had published

494-689: The original language of Adam from which Latin and Hebrew had evolved. His work was criticized by several Scandinavian authors, including the Danish professor Ludvig Holberg , and the Swedish author and physician Andreas Kempe , both of whom wrote satires based on Rudbeck's writings. His work was later used by Denis Diderot in the article "Etymologie" in Encyclopédie as a cautionary example of deceptive linking of etymology with mythical history. David King , in his biography of Rudbeck, notes that he developed

532-537: The Elder , to distinguish him from his son, and occasionally with the surname Latinized as Olaus Rudbeckius ) (13 September 1630 – 12 December 1702) was a Swedish scientist and writer, professor of medicine at Uppsala University , and for several periods rector magnificus of the same university. He was born in Västerås , the son of Bishop Johannes Rudbeckius , who was personal chaplain to King Gustavus Adolphus , and

570-477: The Elder, Petter Rudebeck, also wrote antiquarian books going even further, purporting to locate the scene of the Trojan War and ancient city of Troy in southern Sweden. The above-mentioned David King noted that, while specific conclusions of father and son Rudbeck about the relationships of various languages to each other were disproven, they anticipated the later systematic study of Indo-European languages , and

608-474: The amount donated to the school should be larger than the amount he would pay in taxes. At the same time, he earned the title of Baron of Holberg . Holberg's casket, a work of Johannes Wiedewelt , can be seen in Sorø Monastery Church. It can be seen from Holberg's correspondence that he was very conservative with money where he thought it would not be of any use; for example, he was against raising

646-571: The city, shouting orders from a roof while his house burned down. He died the same year, shortly after the fire, and was buried in Uppsala Cathedral at the transept . The Nobel family , including Ludvig Nobel , the founder of Branobel , and Alfred Nobel , the founder of the Nobel Prizes , was a descendant of Rudbeck through his daughter Wendela, who married one of her father's former students, Peter Olai Nobelius. The plant genus Rudbeckia

684-525: The debate, but it started a rumor in Copenhagen that Holberg had converted to Catholicism as Winsløw had, and as a consequence he felt it necessary to deny this to the Danish public, giving voice to anti-Catholic views on several occasions. Holberg believed in people's inner divine light of reason, and to him it was important that the first goal of education was to teach students to use their senses and intellect, instead of uselessly memorising school books. This

722-422: The father of botanist Olof Rudbeck the Younger . Rudbeck is primarily known for his contributions in two fields: human anatomy and linguistics, but he was also accomplished in many other fields including music and botany. He established the first botanical garden in Sweden at Uppsala, called Rudbeck's Garden, but which was renamed a hundred years later for his son's student, the botanist Carl Linnaeus . Born into

760-535: The first available position, which was teaching metaphysics . Later, he became a professor and taught rhetoric and Latin . Finally, he was given a professorship in the subject which he prized most and was most productive in, history. Holberg was well-educated and well-traveled. In his adolescence, he visited large cities in countries such as the Netherlands and France, and lived for a short period of time in Rome ; and for

798-424: The idea of the academy, worked out suggestions to which academic direction it would take and was asked by the king's superintendent to refer some professors for the school. The influential Enlightenment writer Jens Schielderup Sneedorff was appointed professor at Sorø Academy at Holbergs request. The agreement with the king included that Holberg would be free of taxes from any income from the farms he owned, because

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836-456: The last of whom was musician Hugo Alfvén . Since 1937, the house has been a museum of Linnaeus personal and professional life, with furniture, household items and textiles belonging to the Linnaeus family exhibited together with Linnaeus personal medicinal cabinet, insect cabinet and herbarium. After the gardens of Uppsala Castle had been donated to the university by King Gustav III to serve as

874-464: The middle period was shaped by his role as house dramatist at Denmark's first public theater, opened in Copenhagen in 1721. These comedies are the works on which his fame rests today, and they were an immediate and immense success. However the poverty caused by the Copenhagen Fire of 1728 , brought a wave of depression and puritanism upon the nation, which clashed with Holberg's satirical works, and as

912-460: The most possible profit, Holberg published his own works and sold them as papers under a subscription to interested people, either bound or in looseleaf sheets. Holberg also tried, with some success, a publisher in Norway. There, his book about natural and international law was printed in several editions but did not garner him financial gains. Holberg lived modestly and was able to invest a large part of

950-517: The only one of his properties which is preserved because the others in Bergen, Copenhagen and Havrebjerg have been either burned down or torn down. Holberg was both unmarried and childless, but in the end of his life had a small fortune. He was interested in leaving a legacy and left his estate to Sorø Academy , which was a royal riding academy, with the goal of creating an institution at a university level for young men coming from nobility. Holberg supported

988-456: The picture of Holberg as of the age of enlightenment. It is worth noting that Holberg enjoyed larger cities with deep culture – small cities and nature did not interest him. Like many scholars of his time, Holberg also influenced science. Holberg's concept for science was that it should be inductive (through experience built on observations) and practical to use. One example is his Betænkning over den nu regierende Qvæg-Syge ( Memorandum on

1026-436: The prevalent cattle disease ) (1745) where he reasons that the disease is caused by microorganisms . Holberg had to live a modest life in his youth and early adulthood. He earned a living as a tutor and as a travel companion for noblemen and tried to work as a private sports coach at the university. He received further support from a grant to travel to other universities in other countries, namely Protestant universities, but it

1064-432: The profits from the sale of his books on the side and lend them out or invest them in more active ventures. Several times in his writings he criticized townspeople and nobles who used their resources in unproductive ways to be carried round in chairs, to live in lavish houses and waste money on luxury. He ate reasonably and did not use his money on being driven around. He said that his travelling on foot, and continued walking,

1102-511: The purpose of becoming a lawyer, it was normal to study abroad. In 1736 the Danish Lawyer degree was established at the University of Copenhagen, a degree which continued to be granted for 200 years, and for which Holberg's writings remained common reading material throughout this time. Holberg was formally appointed assistant professor after having first worked as one without pay. He had to accept

1140-403: The scientific proof that languages distant from each other geographically and historically are indeed related. Rudbeck was active in many scientific areas, including astronomy , and left many traces still visible in the city of Uppsala today. During the course of a fire that destroyed most of Uppsala in 1702, a large portion of Rudbeck's writings was lost. Rudbeck himself directed the people of

1178-405: The wage of the pedagogues of Havrebjerg. Holberg commented several times that he was willing to use money if it were put to good use, for example, he would use money on medication and supplies for his farm hands if they suffered from injury or illness. When academia had large economic difficulties, because funding was very limited, Holberg agreed to help fund the academy (at Sorø Academy) while he

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1216-541: Was a condition he did not respect since he searched out those places where the discussion were the loudest and the experiences were the largest. During his stay in England, Holberg set his eyes on academic authoring and on his return, he started writing about history. Later, he wrote also about natural and international law, possibly at the prompting of an older professor who likened him to natural and international law authors such as Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf . To make

1254-450: Was a new, modern understanding of the question of religion, and it shows he was a man of the Age of Enlightenment . Holberg was interested in intellect because he felt that this is what binds society together. He also wondered why there was so much evil in the world, especially when one could let reason lead the way. One could say that he distanced himself from a religious explanation of evil towards

1292-596: Was alive. Norwegian Edvard Grieg composed the Holberg Suite (opus 40) to honor Holberg. The suite is in the style of country dances from Holberg's time. In 1911 Johan Halvorsen composed incidental music for a production of Holberg's Barselstuen (The Lying-in Room) in Oslo . Halvorsen later arranged the music into his Suite Ancienne op. 31, which he dedicated to the memory of Holberg. The Norwegian University of Bergen awards

1330-612: Was named by the botanist Carl Linnaeus in honor of both Rudbeck and his son. Ludvig Holberg Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 January 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen , Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy . He was influenced by Humanism , the Enlightenment and the Baroque . Holberg

1368-520: Was not particularly interested in theology as a career, settling for an attestats (similar to a Bachelor's degree today), which gave him the right to work as a priest; he did not attempt a baccalaureus , magister or doctorate in the subject, nor did he follow a career as a theology professor, priest, or bishop. In Holberg's youth, it was common to study theology and specialize according to one's degree, for example in Greek, Latin, philosophy or history. For

1406-467: Was the reason he could keep his malaria , which had plagued him in the south, under control. When he came to the conclusion he could put his money in better ventures than trading, he started investing in real estate. His first large property purchase, Brorupgaard close to Havrebjerg , happened in stages; first he lent money to the owner at that time, and later took over the farm himself. Some years later, Holberg also purchased Tersløsegard by Dianalund,

1444-488: Was the youngest of six brothers. His father, Christian Nielsen Holberg , died before Ludvig was one year old. He was educated in Copenhagen , and was a teacher at the University of Copenhagen for many years. At the same time, he started his successful career as an author, writing the first of a series of comedies. He began to study theology at the University of Copenhagen and later taught himself law, history and language. He

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