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28-498: Linkabit is now a division of L3Harris Technologies and had been part of L-3 Communications , later named L3 Technologies, prior to its merger with Harris Corporation in July 2019. Linkabit Corporation was formed in mid-1968 in Los Angeles by Irwin M. Jacobs , Andrew Viterbi and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock soon left. In the 1970s, Linkabit managed SATNET for DARPA . Linkabit

56-626: A developer of antenna, integrated circuit , and modem technology used in the space race . The company headquarters was moved from Cleveland to Melbourne in 1978. In May 2015, Harris finalized the purchase of competitor Exelis Inc. , almost doubling the size of the original company. L-3 Communications was formed in 1997 to acquire certain business units from Lockheed Martin that had previously been part of Loral Corporation . These units had belonged to Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta , which had merged three years before in 1993. The company

84-570: A regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. " Due to this requirement, attempts have been made to revise the Act in order to make the agency's budget spending available to the American public. Congress has rejected this revision since 1993. There are a number of reasons behind the rejection. Government officials have assumed that because

112-613: Is a yearly bill implemented in order to codify covert, clandestine operations and defines requirements for reporting such operations to the Congress. The first act was passed along with the Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980, which allowed Congress and members of the agency to be included in important decisions and operations carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency. The first Intelligence Authorization Act

140-402: Is an American technology company , defense contractor , and information technology services provider that produces command and control systems and products, wireless equipment, tactical radios, avionics and electronic systems, night vision equipment , and both terrestrial and spaceborne antennas for use in the government, defense, and commercial sectors. The company was formed from

168-548: Is led by a 13-member board of directors, including chair and CEO Chris Kubasik. Headquartered in Palm Bay, Florida , Integrated Missions Systems specializes in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and signals intelligence systems; electrical and electronic systems for maritime use; electro-optical systems including infrared, laser imaging, and targeting systems; defense aviation systems including weapons systems and UAVs ; and commercial aviation services including

196-658: The Five Eyes and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . In 2019, L3Harris paid $ 13 million to settle allegations that Harris, before the merger, violated Arms Export Control Act and International Traffic in Arms Regulations regulations. According to a proposed charging letter Harris Corporation violated AECA (22U.S.C.2751 et seq.) and ITAR (22 CFR parts 120–131) for a total of 131 separate violations. In January 2022, L3Harris reorganized its business structure, eliminating

224-592: The Aviation Systems business segment and distributing its divisions between the remaining three Integrated Mission Systems, Space & Airborne Systems, and Communications Systems segments. In June 2022, Chris Kubasik succeeded as the Chair following Bill Brown's retirement. In June 2022, it was reported to have held talks to purchase the Israeli company NSO , which builds Pegasus spyware . White House officials heard of

252-799: The Aviation Systems segment, that had a combined revenue of $ 6.0 billion in 2021. Headquartered in Rochester, New York , Communications Systems specializes in tactical communications, broadband communications, night vision (inherited from L3 Technologies, unrelated to night vision developed by Harris, ITT, or Exelis), and public safety. It comprises divisions that had a combined revenue of $ 4.3 billion in 2021. Headquartered in Palm Bay, Florida , Aerojet Rocketdyne consists of two sectors: "Missile Solutions" and "Space Propulsion and Power Systems". Aerojet Rocketdyne had $ 2.2 billion in revenue in 2022, prior to its 2023 purchase by L3Harris. Intelligence Authorization Act The Intelligence Authorization Act

280-562: The CIA. Following the scandal of Nixon, the U.S. Congress grew increasingly skeptical of the secret dealings of the President. While expanding the power of Congress, the Act also supported the Hughes–Ryan Amendment which prevented the President from denying his involvement in secret operations, in this case, those of the Central Intelligence Agency. This revision was most important during

308-547: The DCI before hiring new members of intelligence agencies . The Intelligence Authorization Act of fiscal year 1994, passed on December 3, 1993, forced the documentation of unclassified operations. These would be submitted by the head of central intelligence, the Director of Central Intelligence . Reports on counter terrorist actions, as well as gaps within the agency must be submitted to Congress. The U.S. Constitution requires that "

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336-449: The Era of Skepticism in which Congress was most interested in the president's actions due to Nixon's Watergate scandal . The proceeding revisions have resulted in greater authority of the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). Ultimate authority lies in the hands of Congress and can be displayed using two main actions. Much of the funding provided by Congress must be spent and publicized by

364-670: The House ( H.R.3932 ) and the Senate ( S.2103 ), respectively. The Act was first passed in 1991. It has been suggested that this process is an indirect result of the scandals that were present during the Nixon Administration as well as abuses during the Reagan Administration . Following Richard Nixon 's resignation, Congress reacted by passing a number of bills to strengthen their authority regarding domestic and foreign operations within

392-555: The Intelligence Authorization Act also publicized the president's involvement in both foreign affairs and special actions within the CIA. With the passing of the Intelligence Authorization Act, the agency is required to submit a report on budgetary spending within to the CIA to Congress. Intelligence Authorization Act of fiscal year 1993 called for a revision of the structure of the Agency. The National Intelligence Council

420-864: The L3Harris Airline Academy. It comprises divisions, including some of those formerly in the Aviation Systems segment and Wescam , that had a combined revenue of $ 7.0 billion in 2021. In November 2023, L3Harris announced that it would sell its Commercial Aviation Solutions business to The Jordan Company for up to $ 800 million. Headquartered in Palm Bay, Florida , Space & Airborne Systems specializes in space mission, payloads, and sensors for satellite navigation , ISR, weather , and missile defense ; ground systems for space command and control and tracking; optical and wireless networking for situational awareness and air traffic management ; defense avionics; and electronic warfare countermeasures. It comprises divisions, including some of those formerly in

448-421: The amount of money would be unexplainable without including a total report on CIA actions, the public would continue to ask for more information. Congress has also suggested that patterns could be made with the analysis of yearly reports, which would allow anyone with access to discover details of secret operations within the agency. The Act is passed yearly, with the latest bills for FY 2024 being introduced in

476-768: The company's wider focus since its founding in 1997. Between 1999 and August 2021, L3Harris and predecessors spent $ 131.9 million lobbying for ICE radio procurement ($ 20,000), the Intelligence Authorization Act ($ ​1,510,000), DHS fund appropriations for unmanned vehicles ($ 430,000), and night vision systems research ($ 20,000). In 2008, 72 Iraqi civilians sued L3 Services and CACI for human rights violations including "torture; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment; war crimes; assault and battery; sexual assault and battery; intentional infliction of emotional distress; negligent hiring and supervision; and negligent infliction of emotional distress." A settlement

504-580: The merger of L3 Technologies and Harris Corporation on June 29, 2019, which made it the sixth-largest defense contractor in the United States. The "Harris Automatic Press Company" was founded by Alfred S. Harris in Niles, Ohio , in 1895. The company spent the next 60 years developing lithographic processes and printing presses before acquiring typesetting company Intertype Corporation . In 1967, they merged with Radiation, Inc. of Melbourne, Florida ,

532-595: The role of CEO to Chris Kubasik , retaining the title of Executive Chair , and Kubasik adding the title of Vice Chair . Between 2006 and July 2021, L3Harris was awarded 136 U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement contracts totalling $ 308.2 million, "as well as six blanket purchase orders potentially worth up to $ 6 billion". In 2018, L3Harris acquired two Australian cybertechnology companies, Azimuth Security and Linchpin Labs. The two companies are reportedly suppliers of zero-day exploits for

560-536: The sale, left in 1985, and by 1990 M/A-COM had sold off Linkabit piecemeal. More than 75 direct or indirect Linkabit spinoff companies have been identified — a rate twice that of Fairchild Semiconductor , the legendary progenitor of Silicon Valley. The best known Linkabit spinoff is Qualcomm , which was founded by Jacobs, Viterbi and five other Linkabit alumni in July 1985. All three Linkabit founders have received National Medals for lifetime achievements. L3Harris Technologies L3Harris Technologies, Inc.

588-461: The talks and voiced opposition, resulting in L3Harris discontinuing its plans. In December 2022, L3Harris agreed to buy Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings for $ 4.7 billion in cash. The acquisition was completed on 28 July 2023. As of 2023 , L3Harris is organized under four business segments: Integrated Mission Systems, Space & Airborne Systems, Communication Systems, and Aerojet Rocketdyne. It

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616-449: The use of weapons in densely populated civilian areas, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights highlighted the IDF's weapons usages as constituting potential war crimes (along with Palestinian violence against Israeli civilians). In October 2018, Harris and L3 announced an all-stock "merger of equals". As part of that deal, Harris was required to sell its night vision division. The reasoning

644-449: Was also an attempt to limit the authority and secrecy within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) regarding foreign and domestic affairs, though its applications extends to each of the intelligence agencies, not just to the CIA. The 1991 Act states that all secret operations carried out by the Agency must be approved by the President of the United States. In turn, all parties involved must be recorded and made public to Congress. Therefore,

672-500: Was developed so that the DCI could have overall authority on what was suggested in the reports given to Congress. The seats in Council were filled with members of the community who held senior positions with budgetary analysis backgrounds. The 1993 revision also cemented the DCI's position regarding international affairs within the community as well as the United States' foreign policies. The United States Secretary of Defense must consult

700-434: Was founded by, and named for, Frank Lanza and Robert LaPenta in partnership with Lehman Brothers . Lanza and LaPenta had both served as executives at Loral and Lockheed. The company continued to expand through mergers and acquisitions to become one of the top ten U.S. government contractors. At the end of 2016, the company changed its name from L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. to L3 Technologies, Inc. to better reflect

728-467: Was reached on October 10, 2012, which was the "first positive resolution to a U.S. civil case challenging detainee treatment outside the United States in the larger ' war on terror ' context". In 2012, L3 subsidiary KDI Precision Products participated in the sale of 11,500 JDAM bomb fuzes to Israel, part of a $ 647 million contract deal. These were among the weapons used by the IDF in the 2014 Gaza War ; after

756-512: Was sold for $ 25 million to M/A-COM in 1979. The Linkabit operation continued under M/A-COM for the first part of the 1980s. VideoCipher , an analog scrambling system for television, was developed by the Linkabit works at M/A-COM in 1983. The first IETF meeting in January, 1986, was hosted by M/A-COM at its San Diego Linkabit facilities. However, Jacobs and Viterbi, who had stayed with M/A-COM following

784-652: Was that a merger of Harris and L3's night vision departments would create an effective monopoly on the night vision industry. The merger was completed in June 2019. The new company, L3Harris Technologies, Inc., is based in Melbourne, Florida, where Harris was headquartered. The new company was led by former Harris CEO William M. Brown as the Chairman and CEO , with former L3 CEO as the President and COO . In June 2021, Brown turned over

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