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74-502: According to legend, everything that lies under a lindworm will increase as the lindworm grows. This belief gave rise to tales of dragons that brood over treasures to become richer. Legend tells of two kinds of lindworm: a good one, associated with luck, often a cursed prince who has been transformed into the beast (compare to the Frog Prince and Beauty and the Beast stories), and a bad one,

148-1034: A Proto-Germanic form akin to “ linþawurmiz ”. The name compounds Germanic lind with worm , the latter meaning "snake, dragon" (see Germanic dragon ). The meaning of the prefix lind is also uncertain, perhaps it is from the Proto-Germanic adjective *linþia-, meaning "flexible", or perhaps it is from the Old Danish/ Old Saxon lithi , Old High German lindi , "soft, mild" (Middle High and Low German linde , German lind , (ge)linde ), Old English liðe (English lithe , "agile"), alternatively something akin to Old Swedish linde (modern Swedish linda ), existing as prefix lind- and linn- , meaning "to wind", "to turn coils around something". The term occurs in Middle High German as lintwurm and Old Swedish as lindormber (modern Swedish lindorm , modern Danish lindorm ), meaning "lind-snake". In Old Icelandic ,

222-622: A dinosaur in the Congo it would overturn all of evolution. It wouldn't. It would just be a late-occurring dinosaur, but that's their mistaken notion of evolution." Citing a 2013 exhibit at the Petersburg, Kentucky -based Creation Museum , which claimed that dragons were once biological creatures who walked the earth alongside humanity and is broadly dedicated to Young Earth creationism, religious studies academic Justin Mullis notes that "[c]ryptozoology has

296-504: A wyvern but move like a mole lizard : they slither like a snake and use their arms for traction. There exist several related offshoots of the winged lindworm outside Northern and Central Europe, such as the French guivre , and to some extent the British wyvern . The French guivre , earlier vouivre , are more dragon-like than the traditional lindworms while the British wyvern is canonically

370-438: A bird-like manner. Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae lay a small number of eggs in a cluster among damp leaf litter . The female salamander often broods the eggs and in the genus Ensatinas , she has been observed to coil around them and press her throat area against them, effectively massaging them with a mucous secretion. The black mountain salamander mother broods her eggs, guarding them from predation as

444-743: A dangerous man-eater that will attack humans on sight. A lindworm may swallow its own tail, turning itself into a rolling wheel, to pursue fleeing humans. The head of the 16th-century lindworm statue at Lindwurm Fountain ( Lindwurmbrunnen  [ de ] ) in Klagenfurt , Austria, is modeled on the skull of a woolly rhinoceros found in a nearby quarry in 1335. It has been cited as the earliest reconstruction of an extinct animal. Lindworm derives from early medieval Germanic languages ( Old High German : lintwurm , Old Low German : lindworm , Middle Dutch : lindeworm , Old Norse : linnormr , Old Swedish : lindormber ) of uncertain origin, possibly from

518-410: A dorsal brood pouch. In some species the eggs are fertilized on the female's lower back, and are inserted in her pouch with the aid of the male's toes. The eggs remain in contact with the female's vascular tissue, which provides them oxygen. Some animals have a common name that includes the word 'brood' or its derivatives, although it is arguable whether the animals show 'broodiness' per se. For example,

592-474: A field, cryptozoology originates from the works of Bernard Heuvelmans , a Belgian zoologist, and Ivan T. Sanderson , a Scottish zoologist. Notably, Heuvelmans published On the Track of Unknown Animals (French: Sur la piste des bêtes ignorées ) in 1955, a landmark work among cryptozoologists that was followed by numerous other similar works. In addition, Sanderson published a series of books that contributed to

666-459: A full-fledged dragon. These terms are ultimately derived from Latin vīpera "adder, poisonous snake". According to the 19th-century English archaeologist Charles Boutell , a lindworm in heraldry is basically "a dragon without wings". A different heraldic definition by German historian Maximilian Gritzner was "a dragon with four feet" instead of usual two, so that depictions with - comparatively smaller - wings exist as well. An Austrian tale from

740-411: A home in a pile of rocks. When fully grown, they can become extremely long. To counter this, during hunting they swallow their own tails to become a wheel and roll at extremely high speeds to pursue prey. This practice earned them the nickname "wheel snake" ( Swedish : hjulorm ). A belief in the reality of the lindorm , a giant limbless serpent, persisted well into the 19th century in some parts. In

814-440: A left ovary ) and finally broodiness. However, attempts to stop broodiness by the administration of several hormones have failed because this state, once evoked, requires time to revert. Prolactin injections inhibit the production of gonadotropin hormone, a hormone that stimulates ovarian follicles which is produced in the frontal lobe of hypophysis. Castrated males can go broody with baby chicks, showing that broodiness

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888-400: A living thing having the quality of being hidden or unknown ... describing those creatures which are (or may be) subjects of cryptozoological investigation." The Oxford English Dictionary defines the noun cryptid as "an animal whose existence or survival to the present day is disputed or unsubstantiated; any animal of interest to a cryptozoologist". While used by most cryptozoologists,

962-805: A long and curious history with Young Earth Creationism, with this new exhibit being just one of the most recent examples". Academic Paul Thomas analyzes the influence and connections between cryptozoology in his 2020 study of the Creation Museum and the creationist theme park Ark Encounter . Thomas comments that, "while the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter are flirting with pseudoarchaeology , coquettishly whispering pseudoarchaeological rhetoric, they are each fully in bed with cryptozoology" and observes that "[y]oung-earth creationists and cryptozoologists make natural bed fellows. As with pseudoarchaeology, both young-earth creationists and cryptozoologists bristle at

1036-585: A person's knowledge about nature and medicine. A serpentine monster with the head of a " salamander " features in the legend of the Lambton Worm , a serpent caught in the River Wear and dropped in a well, which 3–4 years thence, terrorized the countryside of Durham while the nobleman who caught it was at the Crusades . Upon return, he received spiked armour and instructions to kill the serpent, but thereafter to kill

1110-464: A relatively dark place near the floor often stimulates hens to become broody. Placing artificial eggs into nests also stimulates broodiness. Keeping hens in dark places with warm temperatures and in view of vocalising orphan chicks can induce broodiness, even in breeds that normally do not go broody. Some environmental conditions stimulate broodiness. In heavy breeds of chickens, warm weather tends to bring about broodiness. Removing eggs each day, out of

1184-414: A result of this artificial selection, broodiness has been reduced to very low levels in present-day breeds of commercial fowl, both among egg-laying and meat-producing breeds. Broodiness is due to the secretion of the hormone prolactin by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis . Prolactin injection in hens provokes egg laying to stop within a few days, vitellum reabsorption, ovary regression (hens only have

1258-974: A sense of wonder in a world that has been very thoroughly charted, mapped, and tracked, and that is largely available for close scrutiny on Google Earth and satellite imaging" and that "on the whole the devotion of substantial resources for this pursuit betrays a lack of awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record)." According to historian Mike Dash , few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles , instead focusing their efforts towards "more elusive" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence. Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism : Humans are

1332-431: Is a broad consensus among academics that cryptozoology is a pseudoscience . The subculture is regularly criticized for reliance on anecdotal information and because in the course of investigating animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed, cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method . No academic course of study nor university degree program grants the status of cryptozoologist and

1406-420: Is a colonial hermaphrodite that fertilizes and incubates its eggs internally. The motile larvae, after swimming out of the mouth, migrate down to the disk and become fixed there until they become little anemones, ready to move and feed independently. In Darwin's frog ( Rhinoderma darwinii ), the female lays about 30 eggs and then the male guards them for about two weeks, until they hatch. The male then takes all

1480-494: Is also found in New Age circles and dubious " Indian burial grounds " and other legends [...] invoked in hauntings such as the "Amityville" hoax [...]". In a 2011 foreword for The American Biology Teacher , then National Association of Biology Teachers president Dan Ward uses cryptozoology as an example of "technological pseudoscience" that may confuse students about the scientific method. Ward says that "Cryptozoology [...]

1554-476: Is characterized by cessation of laying and by marked changes in behavior and physiology". Broodiness is usually associated with female birds, although males of some bird species become broody and some non-avian animals also show broodiness. In wild birds, egg incubation is a normal and essential phase in the process of reproduction, and in many families of birds, e.g. pigeons , the eggs are incubated by both male and female parents. In all species of phalaropes ,

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1628-570: Is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore , such as Bigfoot , the Loch Ness Monster , Yeti , the chupacabra , the Jersey Devil , or the Mokele-mbembe . Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as cryptids , a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method , cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by mainstream science: it

1702-635: Is held at the Musée Cantonal de Zoologie in Lausanne and consists of around "1,000 books, 25,000 files, 25,000 photographs, correspondence, and artifacts". In 2006, the Bates College Museum of Art held the "Cryptozoology: Out of Time Place Scale" exhibition, which compared cryptozoological creatures with recently extinct animals like the thylacine and extant taxa like the coelacanth , once thought long extinct ( living fossils ). The following year,

1776-617: Is neither a branch of zoology nor of folklore studies . It was originally founded in the 1950s by zoologists Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson . Scholars have noted that the subculture rejected mainstream approaches from an early date, and that adherents often express hostility to mainstream science. Scholars studying cryptozoologists and their influence (including cryptozoology's association with Young Earth creationism ) noted parallels in cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology , and highlighted uncritical media propagation of cryptozoologist claims. As

1850-465: Is not limited to females, however, castrated males do not incubate eggs. Contrary to common opinion, the temperature of broody hens barely differs from that of laying hens. Broody hens pluck feathers from their chest, using them to cover the eggs. As a consequence of this, they develop one or several patches of bare skin on the ventral surface. These reddish, well-vascularized areas of skin are usually called brood patches which improve heat transfer to

1924-480: Is not valid science or even science at all. It is monster hunting." Historian of science Brian Regal includes an entry for cryptozoology in his Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia (2009). Regal says that "as an intellectual endeavor, cryptozoology has been studied as much as cryptozoologists have sought hidden animals". In a 1992 issue of Folklore , folklorist Véronique Campion-Vincent says: Unexplained appearances of mystery animals are reported all over

1998-509: Is part of a multiverse of tales in which a maiden is betrothed or wooed by a prince enchanted to be a snake or other serpentine creature ( ATU 433B, "The Prince as Serpent"; "King Lindworm"). In a short Swiss tale, a Lindworm terrorises the area around Grabs . "It was as big as a tree trunk, dark red in colour and, according to its nature, extraordinarily vicious". It was defeated by a bull that had been fed milk for seven years and had hooks attached its horns. A girl, who had committed an offense,

2072-440: Is some evidence that non-avian dinosaurs also practiced brooding. A specimen of the extinct Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken -like brooding position in 1993, which may indicate that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. Several deinonychosaur and oviraptorosaur specimens have also been found preserved on top of their nests, likely brooding in

2146-502: The Tatzelwurm is a wingless biped, and often identified as a lindworm. In legends, lindworms are often very large and eat cattle and human corpses, sometimes invading churchyards and eating the dead from cemeteries. In the 19th-century tale of "Prince Lindworm" (also " King Lindworm ") from Scandinavian folklore , a "half-man half-snake" lindworm is born, as one of twins, to a queen, who, in an effort to overcome her childlessness, followed

2220-454: The ghost seekers , cryptozoologists are convinced that they will be the ones to solve the mystery and make history. With the lure of mystery and money undermining diligent and ethical research, the field of cryptozoology has serious credibility problems." There have been several organizations, of varying types, dedicated or related to cryptozoology. These include: The zoological and cryptozoological collection and archive of Bernard Heuvelmans

2294-426: The " Doubting Thomas ," and was concerned that the cryptozoology folklore around Champ was pseudoscience and that cryptozoologists enthused about the drone discovery did not have legitimate earned academic degrees in science. Rossi shared the entire five minutes of footage with scientists with earned doctorates in science for further study to prepare a scholarly article for academic peer review. A five-second clip from

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2368-402: The 13th century tells of a lindworm that lived near Klagenfurt . Flooding threatened travelers along the river, and the presence of the lindworm was blamed. A duke offered a reward to anyone who could capture it and so some young men tied a bull to a chain, and when the lindworm swallowed the bull, it was hooked like a fish and killed. The shed skin of a lindworm was believed to greatly increase

2442-559: The Champ, (America's Loch Ness), movie Lucy and the Lake Monster , the filmmakers reviewed their drone footage from production on August 2, 2024, and noticed what appears to be a large creature swimming just below the surface of the water, in Bulwagga Bay. The alleged plesiosaur image is visible in the bottom right portion of the screen, swimming behind a boat containing the two lead actors in

2516-450: The Congo to find the Mokele-mbembe in 2018. While they found no evidence of the creature, they did find a new species of green algae. A subset of cryptozoology promotes the pseudoscience of Young Earth creationism , rejecting conventional science in favor of a literal Biblical interpretation and promoting concepts such as " living dinosaurs ". Science writer Sharon A. Hill observes that

2590-537: The Lindworm, who kills the Venetian and then leaves. When the cowherd goes home, no one recognizes him and he no longer likes human food. Broodiness Broodiness is the action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs to incubate them, often requiring the non-expression of many other behaviors including feeding and drinking. Being broody has been defined as "Being in a state of readiness to brood eggs that

2664-709: The Young Earth creationist segment of cryptozoology is "well-funded and able to conduct expeditions with a goal of finding a living dinosaur that they think would invalidate evolution". Anthropologist Jeb J. Card says that " [c]reationists have embraced cryptozoology and some cryptozoological expeditions are funded by and conducted by creationists hoping to disprove evolution." In a 2013 interview, paleontologist Donald Prothero notes an uptick in creationist cryptozoologists. He observes that "[p]eople who actively search for Loch Ness monsters or Mokele Mbembe do it entirely as creationist ministers. They think that if they found

2738-429: The advice of an old crone who instructed her to eat two onions. As she did not peel the first onion, the first twin was born a lindworm. The second twin is perfect in every way. When he grows up and sets off to find a bride, the lindworm insists that a bride be found for him before his younger brother can marry. Because none of the chosen maidens are pleased by him, he eats each one until a shepherd's daughter who spoke to

2812-751: The appellation of parascience, like parapsychology : the same corpus is reviewed; many scientists participate, but for those who have an official status of university professor or researcher, the participation is a private hobby". In her Encyclopedia of American Folklore , academic Linda Watts says that "folklore concerning unreal animals or beings, sometimes called monsters, is a popular field of inquiry" and describes cryptozoology as an example of "American narrative traditions" that "feature many monsters". In his analysis of cryptozoology, folklorist Peter Dendle says that "cryptozoology devotees consciously position themselves in defiance of mainstream science" and that: The psychological significance of cryptozoology in

2886-437: The approach of cryptozoologists to colonial big-game hunters, and to aspects of European imperialism. According to Card, "[m]ost cryptids are framed as the subject of indigenous legends typically collected in the heyday of comparative folklore , though such legends may be heavily modified or worse. Cryptozoology's complicated mix of sympathy, interest, and appropriation of indigenous culture (or non-indigenous construction of it)

2960-472: The care given by some groups of animals to fertilized eggs or their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although it has been observed in a variety of animals, most mouthbrooders are fish. The parent performing this behavior invariably feeds less often and afterwards will be underweight, requiring a period of feeding and restoring the depleted energy reserves. Marsupial frogs are so-called broody because they possess

3034-464: The coinage of the term cryptozoology to Sanderson. Following cryptozoology , the term cryptid was coined in 1983 by cryptozoologist J. E. Wall in the summer issue of the International Society of Cryptozoology newsletter. According to Wall "[It has been] suggested that new terms be coined to replace sensational and often misleading terms like 'monster'. My suggestion is 'cryptid', meaning

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3108-544: The developing hallmarks of cryptozoology, including Abominable Snowmen: Legend Come to Life (1961). Heuvelmans himself traced cryptozoology to the work of Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans , who theorized that a large unidentified species of seal was responsible for sea serpent reports. Cryptozoology is 'the study of hidden animals' (from Ancient Greek : κρυπτός, kryptós "hidden, secret"; Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion " animal ", and λόγος, logos , i.e. "knowledge, study"). The term dates from 1959 or before— Heuvelmans attributes

3182-486: The eggs. Broodiness is more common in some chicken breeds than others, indicating that it is a heritable characteristic. Breeds such as Cochin , Cornish and Silkie exhibit a tendency to broodiness, including brooding eggs from other species such as quails , pheasants , turkeys and geese . In some breeds such as the White Leghorn , broodiness is extremely rare. Some studies on crosses of chicken breeds point to

3256-468: The eggs. Some cichlid fish lay their eggs in the open, on rocks, leaves, or logs. Male and female parents usually engage in differing brooding roles. Most commonly, the male patrols the pair's territory and repels intruders, while females fan water over the eggs, removing the infertile and leading the fry while foraging. However, both sexes are able to perform the full range of parenting behaviours. Mouthbrooding , also known as oral incubation, refers to

3330-481: The evidence to be revealed as the product of a hoax. This may occur during a closer examination by experts or upon confession of the hoaxer. Cryptozoologists have often led expeditions to find evidence of their claims. Bigfoot researcher René Dahinden led unsuccessful expedition into caves to find evidence of sasquatch, which Daniel Loxton attributes to changes in the popular perception of bigfoot. Lensgrave Adam Christoffer Knuth led an expedition into Lake Tele in

3404-611: The fact that the discoverers do not identify as cryptozoologists and are academically trained zoologists working in an ecological paradigm rather than organizing expeditions to seek out supposed examples of unusual and large creatures. Card notes that "cryptozoologists often show their disdain and even hatred for professional scientists, including those who enthusiastically participated in cryptozoology", which he traces back to Heuvelmans's early "rage against critics of cryptozoology". He finds parallels with cryptozoology and other pseudosciences, such as ghost hunting and ufology , and compares

3478-453: The female gastric-brooding frog ( Rheobatrachus sp. ) from Australia , now probably extinct, swallows her fertilized eggs, which then develop inside her stomach. She ceases to feed and stops secreting stomach acid and the tadpoles rely on the yolks of the eggs for nourishment. After six or seven weeks the mother opens her mouth wide and regurgitates the tadpoles which hop away from her mouth. The brooding sea anemone ( Epiactis prolifera )

3552-739: The few with a legitimate doctorate in biology. What is rarely mentioned, however, is that he had no training that would qualify him to undertake competent research on exotic animals. This raises the specter of 'credential mongering', by which an individual or organization feints a person's graduate degree as proof of expertise, even though his or her training is not specifically relevant to the field under consideration." Besides Heuvelmans, Sanderson, and Mackal, other notable cryptozoologists with academic backgrounds include Grover Krantz , Karl Shuker , and Richard Greenwell . Historically, notable cryptozoologists have often identified instances featuring "irrefutable evidence" (such as Sanderson and Krantz), only for

3626-409: The field and discusses aspects of the subculture, noting internal attempts at creating more scientific approaches and the involvement of Young Earth creationists and a prevalence of hoaxes. She concludes that many cryptozoologists are "passionate and sincere in their belief that mystery animals exist. As such, they give deference to every report of a sighting, often without critical questioning. As with

3700-427: The film. The boat was 142 inches from the tip of the bow to the stern and 50.5 inches at the widest point and the alleged plesiosaur appears bigger than the boat. One of the co-writers, Kelly Tabor, a cryptozoology adherent who has searched for the legendary sea serpent of Lake Champlain for fifty years, believes it is probably Champ. The second co-writer and director of the film, Richard Rossi , referred to himself as

3774-512: The folkloric record, and the psychology behind the cryptozoology approach has been the subject of academic study. Few cryptozoologists have a formal science education, and fewer still have a science background directly relevant to cryptozoology. Adherents often misrepresent the academic backgrounds of cryptozoologists. According to writer Daniel Loxton and paleontologist Donald Prothero , "[c]ryptozoologists have often promoted 'Professor Roy Mackal , PhD.' as one of their leading figures and one of

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3848-484: The forest. They are said to be dark in color with a brighter underside. Along the spine, they are said to have either fish-like dorsal fins or a horse-like mane ; for this reason, they are sometimes called a "mane snake" ( Swedish : manorm ). For defence and attack, lindworms can spit a foul milk-like substance that can blind enemies. Lindworm eggs are said to be laid under the bark of linden trees ( Swedish : lind ). Once hatched, lindworms slither away and make

3922-465: The heat of the sun, and will leave its nest unattended, occasionally for days at a time. Broody hens can be recognized by their behaviour. They sit firmly over the eggs, and when people approach or try to remove the eggs, threaten the person by erecting their feathers, emitting a characteristic sound like clo-clo-clo and will peck aggressively. When broody, hens often temporarily cease eating or reduce their feed consumption. Letting eggs accumulate in

3996-430: The hypothesis of complementary genes acting on broodiness. Other results point to the hypothesis of sex-linked genes, or, inheritance through the maternal chromosome. Although these studies have been made on different breeds of chickens, their results are not contradictory. There is common agreement that artificial selection for egg production succeeded in reducing the incidence of broody hens in chicken populations. There

4070-452: The larvae feed on the yolks of their eggs. They eventually break their way out of the egg capsules and disperse. Some species of Gymnophiona (caecilians, with long, cylindrical, limbless bodies) brood their eggs. Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches and remain with them until they hatch. A female python will not leave the eggs, except to occasionally bask in the sun or drink water. She will even “shiver” to generate heat to incubate

4144-853: The longer five minute footage was shared publicly on YouTube . While biologists regularly identify new species, cryptozoologists often focus on creatures from the folkloric record. Most famously, these include the Loch Ness Monster , Champ (folklore) , Bigfoot , the chupacabra , as well as other "imposing beasts that could be labeled as monsters". In their search for these entities, cryptozoologists may employ devices such as motion-sensitive cameras, night-vision equipment, and audio-recording equipment. While there have been attempts to codify cryptozoological approaches, unlike biologists, zoologists, botanists, and other academic disciplines, however, "there are no accepted, uniform, or successful methods for pursuing cryptids". Some scholars have identified precursors to modern cryptozoology in certain medieval approaches to

4218-459: The males become broody rather than the female. The females leave the nest after finishing laying to let the males incubate the eggs and take care of the young. Male emus ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) become broody after their mates start laying, and begin to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. A small number of atypical birds such as Passeriformes of the genus Molothrus (cowbirds) do not become broody but lay their eggs in

4292-622: The media and encouraged (largely with the aim of gain for touristic promotion) by the local population, often genuinely convinced of the reality of this profitable phenomenon." Campion-Vincent says that "four currents can be distinguished in the study of mysterious animal appearances": "Forteans" ("compiler[s] of anomalies" such as via publications like the Fortean Times ), "occultists" (which she describes as related to "Forteans"), "folklorists", and "cryptozoologists". Regarding cryptozoologists, Campion-Vincent says that "this movement seems to deserve

4366-590: The mid-19th century, the Swedish folklorist Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius (1818–1889) collected stories of legendary creatures in Sweden and met several people in Småland , Sweden, who said they had encountered giant snakes, sometimes with a long mane. He gathered around 50 eyewitness reports and in 1884 offered a cash reward for a captured specimen, dead or alive. He was ridiculed by Swedish scholars, and because no one ever claimed

4440-485: The modern world [...] serves to channel guilt over the decimation of species and destruction of the natural habitat; to recapture a sense of mysticism and danger in a world now perceived as fully charted and over-explored; and to articulate resentment of and defiance against a scientific community perceived as monopolising the pool of culturally acceptable beliefs. In a paper published in 2013, Dendle refers to cryptozoologists as "contemporary monster hunters" that "keep alive

4514-412: The most inventive, deceptive, and gullible of all animals. Only those characteristics can explain the belief of some humans in creationism, in the arrival of UFOs with extraterrestrial beings, or in some aspects of cryptozoology. [...] In several respects the discussion and practice of cryptozoology sometimes, although not invariably, has demonstrated both deception and gullibility. An example seems to merit

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4588-465: The nests of other species for incubation, known as brood parasitism . The Australian brushturkey ( Alectura lathami ) also does not become broody, rather, it covers the eggs with a large mound of vegetable matter, which decomposes, keeping the eggs warm until hatching. The crab-plover , ( Dromas ardeola ), which lives on the coasts and islands of the Indian Ocean , lets its eggs incubate primarily by

4662-511: The next living thing he saw. His father arranged that after the lindworm was killed, a dog would be released for that purpose; but instead of releasing the dog the nobleman's father ran to his son, and so incurred a malediction by the son's refusal to commit patricide . Bram Stoker used this legend in his short story Lair of the White Worm . The sighting of a "whiteworm" once was thought to be an exceptional sign of good luck. The knucker or

4736-488: The old Latin saying 'I believe because it is incredible,' although Tertullian, its author, applied it in a way more applicable to the present day creationists. Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience and categorizes it, along with Holocaust denial and UFO abductions claims , as aspects of American culture that are "clearly baloney". In Scientifical Americans: The Culture of Amateur Paranormal Researchers (2017), Hill surveys

4810-635: The rejection of mainstream secular science and lament a seeming conspiracy to prevent serious consideration of their claims." Media outlets have often uncritically disseminated information from cryptozoologist sources, including newspapers that repeat false claims made by cryptozoologists or television shows that feature cryptozoologists as monster hunters (such as the popular and purportedly nonfiction American television show MonsterQuest , which aired from 2007 to 2010). Media coverage of purported "cryptids" often fails to provide more likely explanations, further propagating claims made by cryptozoologists. There

4884-585: The reward, the effort resulted in a cryptozoological defeat. Rumours of the existence of lindworms in Småland soon abated. In Central Europe the lindworm usually resembles a dragon or something similar. It generally appears with a scaly serpentine body, a dragon's head, and two clawed forelimbs, sometimes with wings. Some examples, such as the 16th-century lindworm statue at Lindwurm Fountain in Klagenfurt , Austria, have four limbs and two wings. Most limbed depictions imply that lindworms do not walk on two limbs like

4958-513: The same crone is brought to marry him, wearing every dress she owns. The lindworm tells her to take off her dress, but she insists that he shed a skin for each dress she removes. Eventually, his human form is revealed beneath the last skin. Some versions of the story omit the lindworm's twin, and the gender of the soothsayer varies. A similar tale occurs in the 1952 novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis . The tale of Prince Lindworm

5032-721: The sight of the hens, helps avoid broodiness not only in domestic poultry but also in some wild species in captivity. This continued egg laying means more eggs are laid than would occur under natural conditions. Poultry farming in battery cages also helps to avoid broodiness. Because hens stop laying when they become broody, commercial poultry breeders perceive broodiness as an impediment to egg and poultry meat production. With domestication, it has become more profitable to incubate eggs artificially , while keeping hens in full egg production. To help achieve this, there has been intense artificial selection for non-broodiness in commercial egg laying chickens and parent stock of poultry. As

5106-524: The subculture is primarily the domain of individuals without training in the natural sciences. Anthropologist Jeb J. Card summarizes cryptozoology in a survey of pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology : Cryptozoology purports to be the study of previously unidentified animal species. At first glance, this would seem to differ little from zoology. New species are discovered by field and museum zoologists every year. Cryptozoologists cite these discoveries as justification of their search but often minimize or omit

5180-441: The survivors and carries around the developing young in his vocal pouch. When the tiny tadpoles have developed they hop out and swim away. In this animal, the parents hold the hatched young rather than eggs in their mouths, so is arguably not showing 'broodiness'. Cryptozoology Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence

5254-408: The term cryptid is not used by academic zoologists. In a textbook aimed at undergraduates, academics Caleb W. Lack and Jacques Rousseau note that the subculture's focus on what it deems to be "cryptids" is a pseudoscientific extension of older belief in monsters and other similar entities from the folkloric record, yet with a "new, more scientific-sounding name: cryptids". During post-production of

5328-400: The term linnormr was used to translate German sources to produce Þiðreks saga (an Old Norse chivalric saga adapted from the continent from the late 13th c.) Lindworm portrayals vary across countries and the stories in which they appear. In Nordic folklore , specifically Swedish folklore , lindworms traditionally appear as giant forest serpents without limbs, living between rocks deep in

5402-598: The world today. Beliefs in the existence of fabulous and supernatural animals are ubiquitous and timeless. In the continents discovered by Europe indigenous beliefs and tales have strongly influenced the perceptions of the conquered confronted by a new natural environment. In parallel with the growing importance of the scientific approach, these traditional mythical tales have been endowed with sometimes highly artificial precision and have given birth to contemporary legends solidly entrenched in their territories. The belief self-perpetuates today through multiple observations enhanced by

5476-416: Was tasked with bringing the bull to the Lindworm. After the beast was defeated, the enraged bull threw itself off a cliff, but the girl survived. In another tale, a cowherd falls into a cave where a Lindworm lives. Instead of eating him, the Lindworm shares his food source, a spring of liquid gold. After seven years, they are discovered by a Venetian who hauls up the Lindworm and ties it up. The cowherd releases

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