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56-504: Linderhof Palace (German: Schloss Linderhof ) is a schloss in Germany, in southwest Bavaria near the village of Ettal . It is the smallest of the three palaces built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria and the only one which was actually completed and that he lived in most of the time from 1876. Ludwig already knew the area around Linderhof from his youth when he had accompanied his father King Maximilian II of Bavaria on his hunting trips in

112-517: A fixed annual cycle in spring and autumn. The most famous is the King's House on Schachen , where he spent his birthday every August. Good Fridays he used to spend in the Ammergau Alps forest contemplating. For this purpose, he had Gurnemanz' Hermitage , an imaginary hermit's hut built in a forest clearing there in 1877. In order to reflect the uplifting mood of the third act, the king really wanted to have

168-513: A flower meadow around the hut on Good Friday. If there was no such meadow because there was still snow lying, the garden director had to plant one for the king. He reported about the hermitage to Wagner in a letter and wrote: "There on the consecrated site I can already hear the silver trumpets from the Grail's Castle..." The original hermitage with its bell tower fell into disrepair in the 1960s. In 1999/2000, private donations made it possible to reconstruct

224-450: A gemstone. The use of azurite and malachite as copper ore indicators led indirectly to the name of the element nickel in the English language. Nickeline , a principal ore of nickel that is also known as niccolite, weathers at the surface into a green mineral ( annabergite ) that resembles malachite. This resemblance resulted in occasional attempts to smelt nickeline in the belief that it

280-469: A gilded balustrade, like the baroque Munich model, gives it the appearance of an altar and thereby glorifies Ludwig II as he slept during the day. He often also spent the night waking and reading in this room, which was illuminated by numerous candles, among other a glass candelabra with 108 candles. The king was very well read about the legends and mythologies of the Middle Ages as well as about court life and

336-767: A huge malachite vase, and the Malachite Room in Castillo de Chapultepec in Mexico City . Another example is the Demidov Vase, part of the former Demidov family collection , and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . "The Tazza ", a large malachite vase, one of the largest pieces of malachite in North America and a gift from Tsar Nicholas II , stands as the focal point in the centre of the room of Linda Hall Library . In

392-518: A mineral pigment in green paints from antiquity until c. 1800. The pigment is moderately lightfast , sensitive to acids , and varying in color. This natural form of green pigment has been replaced by its synthetic form, verditer , among other synthetic greens. Malachite is also used for decorative purposes, such as in wands and the Malachite Room in the Hermitage Museum , which features

448-513: A new location in the park closer to the palace. It has stood there since 1998. 47°34′18″N 10°57′38″E  /  47.57167°N 10.96056°E  / 47.57167; 10.96056 Schloss Schloss ( German pronunciation: [ˈʃlɔs] ; pl. Schlösser ), formerly written Schloß , is the German term for a building similar to a château , palace , or manor house . Related terms appear in several Germanic languages. In

504-522: A new metal hiding within the kupfernickel ore, and in 1751 he succeeded in smelting kupfernickel to produce a previously unknown (except in certain meteorites ) silvery white, iron-like metal. Logically, Cronstedt named his new metal after the nickel part of kupfernickel . Malachite often results from the supergene weathering and oxidation of primary sulfidic copper ores , and is often found with azurite (Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ), goethite , and calcite . Except for its vibrant green color,

560-459: A real function. This room was used by the king as a drawing room ; he enjoyed sitting in the niche, sometimes reading there the whole night. Because Ludwig II used to sleep in the daytime and stay awake in the night, the mirrors created an unimaginable effect for him when they reflected the light of the candles a thousand times. The parallel placement of some mirrors evoke the illusion of a never ending avenue. Appointments: The middle table has

616-405: A round temple with a statue of Venus formed after a painting by Antoine Watteau (The Embarkation for Cythera). The landscape garden covers an area of about 50 hectares (125 acres) and is perfectly integrated in the surrounding natural alpine landscape. There are several buildings of different appearance located in the park. The building is hidden under an artificial hill with a rock entrance. It

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672-398: A stately home or country house . Most Schlösser were built after the Middle Ages as residences for the nobility, not as true fortresses, although originally, they often were fortified. The usual German term for a true castle is Burg , while that for a fortress is Festung (sometimes also Veste or Feste ), and typically either Palast or Burg for a palace. However, the term Schloss

728-503: A talisman for young people because of its protective qualities and its ability to help with sleep. It has also historically been worn for protection from lightning and contagious diseases and for health, success, and constancy in the affections. During the Middle Ages it was customary to wear it engraved with a figure or symbol of the Sun to maintain health and to avert depression to which Capricorns were considered vulnerable. In ancient Egypt

784-491: A top with lapis-lazuli , amethyst and chalcedony inlay work and shows the Bavarian coat of arms in glass mosaic. A carpet made of ostrich plumes. An Indian ivory candelabra in the alcove with 16 branches. Two mantelpieces clad with lapis-lazuli and decorated with gilded bronze ornaments. The two tapestry chambers are almost identical and have no specific function. The western one is sometimes called "Music Room" because of

840-420: A wave machine completed the illusion as the king was rowed around on the artificial lake while musicians played motifs from Tannhäuser. At the same time he wanted his own blue grotto of Capri . Therefore, 24 dynamo generators powered by a steam engine, had been installed by Johann Sigmund Schuckert in 1878 and so already in the time of Ludwig II it was possible to illuminate the grotto in changing colours. This

896-464: Is a low grade copper ore, however, due to increase demand for metals, more economic processing such as hydrometallurgical methods (using aqueous solutions such as sulfuric acid ) are being used as malachite is readily soluble in dilute acids. Sulfuric acid is the most common leaching agent for copper oxide ores like malachite and eliminates the need for smelting processes. The chemical equation for sulfuric acid leaching of copper ore from malachite

952-665: Is a reduction of the famous Ambassador's staircase in Versailles, which would be copied in full in Herrenchiemsee , another palace project by Ludwig that was designed less as a residential building than as a homage to the Sun-King. Stylistically, however, the building and its decor take their cues from the mid-18th century Rococo of Louis XV , and the small palace in the Graswang valley was more directly based on that king's Petit Trianon on

1008-516: Is also the German word for a lock . Malachite The stone's name derives (via Latin : molochītis , Middle French : melochite , and Middle English melochites ) from Greek Μολοχίτης λίθος molochites lithos , "mallow-green stone", from μολόχη molochē , variant of μαλάχη malāchē , "mallow". The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of the mallow plant . Copper (Cu ) gives malachite its green color. Malachite

1064-406: Is an iron construction whose partition walls were covered with impregnated canvas, which in turn was sprayed with a cement mixture from which the artificially created stalactites are made. The grotto is divided into two side grottos and a main grotto. Seven ovens were needed to heat the rooms. A waterfall and a shell-shaped barge were custom-made for use in the grotto. A rainbow projection device and

1120-783: Is as follows: Mining for malachite for ornamental or copper ore purposes involves open-pit mining or underground mining depending on the grade of the ore deposits. Open-pit and underground mining practices can cause environmental degradation through habitat and biodiversity loss . Acid mine drainage can contaminate water and food sources to negatively impact human health if improperly managed or if leaks from tailing ponds occur. The risk of health and environmental impacts of both traditional metallurgy and newer methods of hydrometallurgy are both significant, however, water conservation and waste management practices for hydrometallurgy processes for ore extraction, such as for malachite, are stricter and relatively more sustainable. New research

1176-456: Is characterized by a cascade of thirty marble steps. The bottom end of the cascade is formed by the Neptune fountain and at the top there is a Music Pavilion. The centre of the western parterre is formed by basin with the gilt figure of " Fama ". In the west there is a pavilion with the bust of Louis XIV. In front of it you see a fountain with the gilt sculpture " Amor with dolphins". The garden

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1232-400: Is decorated with four majolica vases. The crowning of the eastern parterre is a wooden pavilion containing the bust of Louis XVI. Twenty-four steps below it there is a fountain basin with a gilt sculpture "Amor shooting an arrow". A sculpture of " Venus and Adonis " is placed between the basin and the palace. The water parterre in front of the palace is dominated by a large basin with

1288-414: Is located to the east and is flanked by the pink and blue cabinets. The pink cabinet, unlike the other cabinets, had a real function. The king used it as a robing room. The dining room is famous for its disappearing dumb-waiter called "Tischlein deck dich". The table disappeared on a lifting platform into the kitchen on the lower floor, where it was set with the next course and brought up again. This mechanism

1344-589: Is said to have been the first Bavarian electricity plant as well as the first permanently installed power plant in the world. The king's desire for a “bluer blu” spurred the then young paint industry and, four years after Ludwig's death, the Baden Aniline and Soda Factory ( BASF ) received a patent from the Imperial Patent Office for the production of artificial indigo dye . The grotto is closed to visitors through 2024 for reconstruction and restoration, as

1400-521: Is still used for many castles, especially those that were adapted as residences after they lost their defensive significance. Many adaptations took into account new tastes arising during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Like a castle, a Schloss may be surrounded by a moat ; it is then called a Wasserschloss ( water castle ). Other related structure types include the Stadtschloss (a city palace),

1456-487: Is wholly artificial and was built for the king as an illustration of the First Act of Wagner's Tannhäuser . At the beginning of the first act, Tannhäuser is in the cave of Venusberg . In keeping with the theme, the painting by August von Heckel in the background of the main grotto depicts “Tannhäuser with Frau Venus”. The grotto was built under the direction of the opera set designer August Dirigl between 1875 and 1877. It

1512-867: The Jagdschloss (a hunting lodge), and the Lustschloss (a pleasure palace or summer residence). Although they appeared much earlier than the period defined by this term, medieval Carolingian Kaiserpfalzen structures are sometimes considered as being Schlösser in nature. Among those that would qualify are the Palace of Aachen and the Imperial Palace of Goslar . (Relating to places in use for long periods of times, having been extended and perhaps having had renovations in different styles than those of their respective eras – and therefore, displaying at least two and often, multiple styles) In another context, Schloss

1568-521: The Bavarian Alps . When Ludwig II became King in 1864, he inherited a hunting lodge, the so-called Königshäuschen ("King's little house") from his father, and in 1869 began enlarging the building. In 1874, he decided to tear down the Königshäuschen and rebuild it in its present-day location in the park. At the same time three new rooms and the staircase were added to the remaining U-shaped complex, and

1624-456: The English landscape garden . Deriving from the romantic image of animated nature Ludwig was fascinated by trees. For this reason a tall, 300-year-old linden tree was allowed to remain in the formal gardens although disturbing its symmetry. Historic pictures show a seat in it, where Ludwig used to take his "breakfast" at sunset hidden from view amongst the branches. Contrary to common understanding

1680-632: The International Exhibition in Paris 1867 . Ludwig II wanted to buy it but was forestalled by the railroad king Bethel Henry Strousberg . Ludwig bought the pavilion after the bankruptcy of Strousberg. He had the furnishings made. The most notable piece of furniture is the peacock throne, a modern interpretation of the lost Peacock Throne of the emperors of the Mughal Empire in India. This wooden house

1736-559: The Scandinavian languages , the cognate word slot / slott is normally used for what in English could be either a palace or a castle (instead of words in rarer use such as palats / palæ , kastell , or borg ). In Dutch, the word slot is considered to be more archaic. Nowadays, one commonly uses paleis or kasteel . But in English, the term does not appear; for instance, in the United Kingdom , this type of structure would be known as

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1792-492: The aeolodion (an instrument combining piano and harmonium) in it. Only the curtains and the coverings on the furniture are real products of the Parisian Gobelin Manufactory. The scenes on the walls are painted on rough canvas in order to imitate real tapestries. The audience chamber is located to the west of the palace and is flanked by the yellow and lilac cabinets. The cabinets were only used as antechambers to

1848-401: The monoclinic system . The structure consists of chains of alternating Cu ions and OH ions, with a net positive charge, woven between isolated triangular CO 3 ions. Thus each copper ion is conjugated to two hydroxyl ions and two carbonate ions; each hydroxyl ion is conjugated with two copper ions ; and each carbonate ion is conjugated with six copper ions. Malachite was used as

1904-537: The Gurnemanz hermitage for Linderhof. The replica was placed only about 150 meters west of the new Hunding's Hut. These three structures, the "Venus Grotto", "Hunding's Hut" and "Gurnemanz Hermitage" remind us another time of the operas of Richard Wagner. But besides that and the baroque architecture Ludwig was also interested in the oriental world. This building was designed by the Berliner architect Karl von Diebitsch for

1960-614: The Versailles grounds. The symbol of the sun that can be found everywhere in the decoration of the rooms represents the French notion of absolutism that, for Ludwig, was the perfect incorporation of his ideal of a God-given monarchy with total royal power. Such a monarchy could no longer be realised in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. The bedroom was important to the ceremonial life of an absolute monarch; Louis XIV of France used to give his first ( lever ) and last audience (coucher) of

2016-438: The addition of heat and a carbon, causing the carbonate to decompose leaving copper oxide and an additional carbon source such as coal converts the copper oxide into copper metal. The basic word equation for this reaction is: Copper carbonate + heat → carbon dioxide + copper oxide (color changes from green to black). Copper oxide + carbon → carbon dioxide + copper (color change from black to copper colored). Malachite

2072-417: The arts in the era of Louis XIV. The two console tables are of Meissen porcelain (which was the king's favorite china). The gardens surrounding Linderhof Palace are considered one of the most beautiful creations of historicist garden design, designed by Court Garden Director Carl von Effner . The park combines elements of Renaissance and Baroque formal gardens with landscaped sections that are similar to

2128-430: The colour green (wadj) was associated with death and the power of resurrection as well as new life and fertility. Ancient Egyptians believed that the afterlife contained an eternal paradise, referred to as the "Field of Malachite", which resembled their lives but with no pain or suffering. Simple methods of copper ore extraction from malachite involved thermodynamic processes such as smelting . This reaction involves

2184-512: The day in his bedchamber. In imitation of Versailles, the bedroom is the largest chamber of Linderhof Palace. By facing north, however, the Linderhof bedroom inverts the symbolism of its Versailles counterpart, showing Ludwig's self-image as a "Night-King", because he had gotten into the habit of turning night into day and vice versa. Linderhof, in comparison to other palaces, has a rather private atmosphere. In fact, there are only four rooms that have

2240-629: The director Luchino Visconti shot naked or half-clothed farm boys hanging lazily on the branches in the hut (in a film studio in Rome). The censors cut these and other scenes from the first version. The small wooden building is inspired by Wagner's opera Parsifal , where in the Third Act Gurnemanz, a knight of the Holy Grail , is living alone as a hermit in the forest. After many years of wandering, Parsifal suddenly appears here on Good Friday carrying

2296-447: The gilt fountain group " Flora and puttos ". The fountain's water jet itself is nearly 25 meters high. The terrace gardens form the southern part of the park and correspond to the cascade in the north. On the landing of the first flight there is the " Naiad fountain" consisting of three basins and the sculptures of water nymphs. In the middle arch of the niche you see the bust of Marie Antoinette of France. These gardens are crowned by

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2352-618: The larger rooms. Ludwig II never used this room to hold an audience. This would have been against the private character of Linderhof and the chamber would have been much too small for it. He rather used it as a study where he thought about new building projects. That there is an audience chamber in Linderhof, however, reminds us of the demand of the king in an absolute monarchy. Appointments: Two round tables with malachite tops, gift of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to King Ludwig II. Throne baldachin with ostrich feather bunches (as an oriental symbol of royal power). This room

2408-405: The lost Holy Lance . Kundry recognizes him as the pure fool, now enlightened by compassion and freed from guilt through purifying suffering, and believes him to be the forever new king of the knights of the Grail, as which he is then proclaimed by the dying king Amfortas and the knights. Aside from his magnificent palaces, the king owned a number of modest Alpine huts. He visited these regularly in

2464-480: The moisture-sensitive construction on a mountain slope was significantly damaged by rain and meltwater. From the outside, a simple wooden house with walls made of uniform, peeled tree trunks, the interior was inspired by Richard Wagner's directions for the First Act of the Die Walküre and a corresponding stage design by Josef Hoffman from 1876. In the middle of the hall there is the ash tree from which Siegmund pulled

2520-521: The palace's rooms. Appointments: Meissen porcelain centrepiece with china flowers. The model for this room was not Louis XIV's bedchamber in Versailles but the bedroom of the Rich Rooms in Munich Residence . This room was completely rebuilt in 1884 and could not be totally finished until the king's death two years later. The position of the bed itself on steps in the alcove that is closed off by

2576-693: The possible discovery of new deposits of malachite in the Urals. It is found worldwide including in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Gabon ; Zambia ; Tsumeb , Namibia ; Mexico ; Broken Hill, New South Wales ; Burra, South Australia ; Lyon , France ; Timna Valley , Israel ; and the Southwestern United States , most notably in Arizona . Anthropogenic malachite was historically believed to be

2632-481: The previous wooden exterior was clad with stone façades. The building was designed in the style of the second rococo -period. Between 1863 and 1886, a total of 8,460,937 marks was spent constructing Linderhof. Although Linderhof is much smaller than Versailles , it is evident that the palace of the French Sun-King Louis XIV (who was an idol for Ludwig) was its inspiration. The staircase, for example,

2688-431: The primary component of the patina which forms on copper and copper alloy structures exposed to open-air weathering ; however, atmospheric sources of sulfate and chloride (such as air pollution or sea winds) typically favour the formation of brochantite or atacamite . Malachite can also be produced synthetically, in which case it is referred to as basic copper carbonate or green verditer. Malachite crystallizes in

2744-447: The properties of malachite are similar to those of azurite and aggregates of the two minerals occur frequently. Malachite is more common than azurite and is typically associated with copper deposits around limestones , the source of the carbonate. Large quantities of malachite have been mined in the Urals , Russia . Ural malachite is not being mined at present, but G.N Vertushkova reports

2800-551: The sword Gram with magical power. In 1884 the hut burned down, but was immediately rebuilt. In 1945 it fell victim to the flames again due to arson, although some of the furniture and furnishings were preserved. In the summer of 1990, Hunding's Hut was rebuilt at a new location closer to the palace. A reconstruction at the original location could not be carried out for reasons of nature conservation. Ludwig used to celebrate Germanic feasts in Hunding's Hut. In his 1972 Ludwig film epic ,

2856-520: The time of Tsar Nicolas I decorative pieces with malachite were among the most popular diplomatic gifts. It was used in China as far back as the Eastern Zhou period. The base of FIFA World Cup Trophy has two layers of malachite. A 17th-century Spanish superstition held that having a child wear a lozenge of malachite would help them sleep, and keep evil spirits at bay. Marbodus recommended malachite as

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2912-411: The tree did not give the palace its name. It came from a family called "Linder" that used to cultivate the farm (in German "Hof" = farm) that over centuries had been in the place where now Linderhof palace is. The palace is surrounded by formal gardens that are subdivided into five sections that are decorated with allegoric sculptures of the continents, the seasons and the elements: The northern part

2968-626: Was actually built in Morocco for the International Exhibition in Vienna 1873 . The king bought it in 1878 and redecorated it in a more royal way. It was set up in the furthest area of the park, very close to the Austrian border. After the king's death, the Moroccan House was sold to Oberammergau , where it slowly fell into disrepair in a garden. In 1980 the house was bought back, carefully restored and rebuilt at

3024-399: Was copper ore, but such attempts always ended in failure due to high smelting temperatures needed to reduce nickel. In Germany this deceptive mineral came to be known as kupfernickel , literally "copper demon ." The Swedish alchemist Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (who had been trained by Georg Brandt , the discoverer of the nickel-like metal cobalt ) realized that there was probably

3080-449: Was installed so that Ludwig could dine alone here without being disturbed by servants. Yet the staff had to lay the table for at least four persons because it is said that the king used to talk to imaginary people like Louis XV , Mme de Pompadour or Marie Antoinette while he was eating. For Ludwig II enjoyed the company of those people and admired them. You can find portraits of them in the cabinets, and scenes of their lives everywhere in

3136-836: Was mined from deposits near the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai as early as 4000 BCE. It was extensively mined at the Great Orme Mines in Britain 3,800 years ago, using stone and bone tools. Archaeological evidence indicates that mining activity ended c.  600 BCE , with up to 1,760 tonnes of copper being produced from the mined malachite. Archaeological evidence indicates that the mineral has been mined and smelted to obtain copper at Timna Valley in Israel for more than 3,000 years. Since then, malachite has been used as both an ornamental stone and as

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