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133-494: In 1905, sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens was hired by the Mint to redesign the cent and the four gold coins, which did not require congressional approval. Two of Saint-Gaudens's proposed designs for the cent were eventually adapted for the gold pieces, but Saint-Gaudens died in August 1907 before submitting additional designs for the cent. In January 1909 , the Mint engaged Brenner to design

266-562: A Bear and Lame Duck are?" And in 1791, Mary Berry wrote that the Duchess of Devonshire 's loss of £50,000 in stocks was "the conversation of the town," and that her name was to be "posted up as a lame duck". The first known use of the term to refer to politicians is in the January 14, 1863, issue of the Congressional Globe (which was at the time the official record of the proceedings of

399-527: A constitutional crisis arose when the outgoing "lame duck" Prime Minister Robert Muldoon refused to follow the wishes of a new incoming government led by David Lange . This was the only time in New Zealand where a "lame duck" Prime Minister did not follow the wishes of the incoming government. Unlike countries such as the United States that instrinsically build in a transition period between elections and

532-472: A lame duck in office, Roosevelt was reluctant to involve Congress. In late 1908, Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner , who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission . While the contents of their conversations were never recorded, it appears they discussed Roosevelt's plans for coinage redesign. Roosevelt had admired a 1907 plaque of Lincoln which the artist had produced. It

665-549: A monument to Civil War Admiral David Farragut , in New York's Madison Square ; his friend Stanford White designed an architectural setting for it, and when it was unveiled in 1881, its naturalism, its lack of bombast and its siting combined to make it a tremendous success, and Saint-Gaudens' reputation was established. The commissions followed fast, including the colossal Abraham Lincoln: The Man in Lincoln Park , Chicago in

798-488: A 14-day delay. Assistant Treasury Secretary Eliot Norton, after meeting with Barber, ordered that the coins be struck with no initial. Treasury Department Solicitor Maurice O'Connell held that the exclusion of the initials did not constitute a design change which could only have been implemented by waiting 25 years or obtaining congressional approval. Barber also opposed retaining a single initial "B", fearing that as he had used an identical initial on his Barber coinage ,

931-537: A 2005 auction for $ 2,990,000. The coin was then adapted into the High relief version, which, although requiring eight fewer strikes than the Ultra High Relief coins, was still deemed impractical for commerce. 12,317 of these were minted, and are currently among the most in-demand U.S. coins. The coin was finally modified to a normal-relief version, which was minted from 1907 to 1933. This design (an "ultra-high relief" $ 20)

1064-453: A Republican on the cent. Several thousand 1955 pieces were struck with a doubled die, and display doubling of the date. The Mint was aware of the pieces, and knew they were somewhere within a large production lot, but opted to release them, rather than destroy the entire lot. The variety did not become widely known until several years later. On Sunday morning, December 21, 1958, President Eisenhower's press secretary, James Hagerty , issued

1197-462: A beardless Lincoln. On January 18, 1909, Brenner submitted models to the Mint with a Lincoln profile on the obverse, and a reverse design very similar to that on the then-current French silver coins, showing a tree branch. He also proposed designs for a Lincoln half dollar, with the late president to appear on one side, and a standing Liberty design—almost identical to the obverse of the same French coins. Leach replied on February 2 that no change to

1330-428: A cent depicting the late president Abraham Lincoln , 1909 being the centennial year of his birth. It was the first widely circulating design of a U.S. president on a coin, an idea that had been seen as too monarchical in the past, namely by George Washington . Nevertheless, Brenner's design was eventually approved, and the new coins were issued to great public interest on August 2 , 1909. Brenner's initials (VDB), on

1463-605: A ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial, these designs were: The law also required that collector's sets, in the same alloy used in 1909, be sold to the public. The Presidential $ 1 Coin Act required that the cent, beginning in 2010, "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country". On April 16 , 2009, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and recommended

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1596-541: A change from the current copper composition was still inevitable, Congress passed Public Law 93–441 on October 11, 1974, declaring "[w]henever in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury such action is necessary to assure an adequate supply of coins to meet the national needs, he may prescribe such composition of copper and zinc in the alloy of the one-cent piece as he may deem appropriate." In 1981, faced with another rise in

1729-497: A coach and/or manager departure – often by dismissal or forced resignation (also known as "by mutual consent") – with said rumors often beginning several games before the end of the season. Dismissal of the coach and/or manager once the team is eliminated from reaching the postseason, rather than waiting for the conclusion of the season, does cut short their "lame duck" status and clears the way for new hires. In that case, an interim coach and/or interim manager will be appointed to see out

1862-461: A complete surprise, as word of the proposal had not been leaked. The coin was officially released on February 12 , 1959, the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth, although some pieces entered circulation early. The selected design was the result of an internal competition among the Mint's engravers. Gasparro did not go in person to see the Lincoln Memorial, a place he had never visited. According to Anderson, Gasparro created an "impressive" image of

1995-499: A deaf American art student, Augusta Fisher Homer. They married on June 1, 1877. The couple had one child, a son named Homer Saint-Gaudens . In 1874, Edwards Pierrepont , a prominent New York reformer, hired Saint-Gaudens to create a marble bust of himself. Pierrepont, a phrenologist , proved to be a demanding client, insisting that Saint-Gaudens make his head larger. Saint-Gaudens said that Pierrepont's bust "seemed to be affected with some dreadful swelling disease" and he later told

2128-669: A delay between the announcement of results and the taking of office by election winners. Even at the local level, politicians who do not seek re-election can lose credibility and influence. Uncompleted projects may fall to the wayside as their influence diminishes. The status can be due to: Since these politicians do not face the consequences of their actions in an upcoming election, they have greater freedom to issue unpopular decisions or appointments. Examples include last-minute midnight regulations issued by executive agencies of outgoing US presidential administrations and executive orders issued by outgoing presidents. Such actions date back to

2261-440: A design element on the reverse, Brenner used two ears of durum wheat . The designs were shown to President Roosevelt, who approved them although Roosevelt required "UNITED", which Brenner had spelled "VNITED", to be spelled in the conventional way. After Leach examined the models, he objected to the fact that Brenner had put his full surname on the obverse. Brenner wrote in return, "I shall take it out and put it in small letters on

2394-454: A design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation. Subsequently, this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coins issued in Germany in the 1920s. The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) also met and recommended a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E pluribus unum was also depicted in

2527-464: A duck that is unable to keep up with the rest of its flock, making it a target for predators. The first time the phrase is known to have been used in its metaphorical sense was in the 18th century; it was used at the London Stock Exchange to refer to a stockbroker who defaulted on his debts . In 1761, Horace Walpole wrote, in a letter to Sir Horace Mann : "Do you know what a Bull and

2660-705: A few days. In the 2010 election for example, which was held on May 6, Gordon Brown 's Labour Party lost its majority in the Commons, but Brown remained caretaker prime minister until May 11, resigning when it became clear that the Conservative Party (which held a plurality) had reached a coalition agreement with the Liberal Democrats, whereupon the Conservative leader David Cameron was appointed prime minister. Members of parliament cease to be such when parliament

2793-526: A figure of Liberty . Roosevelt suggested the addition of a Native American war bonnet, stating, "I don't see why we should not have a conventional head-dress of purely American type for the Liberty figure." In May 1907 , Roosevelt instructed that the Indian design be developed for the eagles instead. Saint-Gaudens was by then in declining health; he died on August 3 , 1907, without having submitted another design for

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2926-474: A friend that he would "give anything to get hold of that bust and smash it to atoms". In 1876, he won a commission for a bronze David Farragut Memorial . He rented a studio at 49 rue Notre Dame des Champs . Stanford White designed the pedestal. It was unveiled on May 25, 1881, in Madison Square Park . He collaborated with Stanford White again in 1892–94 when he created Diana as a weather vane for

3059-434: A lame duck because nobody's following instructions" when the cheering and applause from the crowd prevented him from commencing his speech. Joe Biden , who ultimately chose not to seek re-election in favour of his vice-president Kamala Harris , was also referred to as a lame duck president after his announcement not to run for president a second time. On February 11, 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI announced that he

3192-419: A million and a half such pieces were struck in the second half of 1973, though they were dated 1974 . At congressional hearings, representatives of the vending machine industry testified that aluminum cents would jam their equipment, and the Mint backed away from its proposal. Mint director Mary Brooks sought the return of samples which had been distributed to members of Congress, but 14 remained missing, with

3325-438: A multiyear contract if they are expected to be fired shortly before or once the season ends. Often taking the blame as the team is out of contention for the postseason, the coach or/and general manager is seen as a poor fit or otherwise does not relate well with others – players and other coaches, the media, their superiors and so forth – and a change in leadership is apparently forthcoming or desired. Often, there will be rumors of

3458-519: A networked server in the process of shutting down (e.g., for a software update or relocating to a different physical machine). During lame duck mode, which can last from a few seconds to a few minutes, the server will finish serving existing clients and requests, and for some time will continue accepting new requests, while notifying clients not to contact them again for some time. If the server continues receiving new requests after this grace period, it might stop serving them and shut down anyway, depending on

3591-716: A press release announcing that a new reverse design for the cent would begin production on January 2 , 1959. The new design, by Frank Gasparro , had been developed by the Treasury in consultation with the Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission. Approved by the President and by Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Anderson , the new design featured the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The redesign came as

3724-560: A rare example of true-to-life, non-derogatory, depictions of African physical characteristics in 19th-century American art. For the Lincoln Centennial of 1909, Saint-Gaudens produced another statue of the president. A seated figure, Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State , is in Chicago's Grant Park . Saint-Gaudens completed the design work and had begun casting the statue at the time of his death—his workshop completed it. The statue's head

3857-479: A record was set when a unique off-metal 1943-D Copper Cent sold for $ 1.7 million. This is currently the most expensive Lincoln cent that has ever been sold. The cent returned to its prewar composition in 1944. In 1952, the Mint considered replacing the Lincoln cent with a new design by Mint Chief Engraver Gilroy Roberts , but Mint officials feared that the incoming Eisenhower administration would be hostile to replacing

3990-438: A second term is sometimes seen as a lame duck from early in the second term, since term limits prevent them from contesting re-election four years later. However, not personally having to face the electorate again makes a second-term president more powerful than they were in their first term as they are thus freer to take politically unpopular actions. However, this comes with caveats; as the de facto leader of their political party,

4123-423: A secret deal that saw Trudeau step down early. This is seen by many as Trudeau attempting to exercise some lame duck influence before resigning as Prime Minister. Following the collapse of a cabinet, the concurrent prime minister will usually stay as the leader of the caretaker government , until the beginning of the next term. After a potential election loss, it is custom to resign as the party leader, but remain

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4256-579: A setting by architect White, 1884–1887, considered the finest portrait statue in the United States (a replica was placed at Lincoln's tomb in Springfield, Illinois , and another stands in Parliament Square , London). The statue was highly influential for American artists and received widespread praise by critics. A long series of memorials, funerary monuments and busts, including the Adams Memorial ,

4389-582: A steady stream of reliefs and public sculpture. In 1901, he was appointed a member of the Senate Park, or McMillan, Commission for the redesign of Washington, D.C.'s Mall and its larger park system, along with architects Daniel Burnham and Charles Follen McKim , and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. ; in 1902, the Commission published their report, popularly known as the McMillan Plan . In 1904, he

4522-406: A suitable process. Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to

4655-639: A thousand miles for the sake of a sitting" with him. Saint-Gaudens was also commissioned by a variety of groups to create medals including varied commemorative themes like The Women"s Auxiliary of the Massachusetts Civil Service Reform Association Presentation Medal and the World's Columbian Exposition Medal. Such pieces stand testament to both his broad appeal and the respect that was given to him by his contemporaries. A statue of philanthropist Robert Randall stands in

4788-513: A tumulus in Chicago, 1894–1897, and to William Tecumseh Sherman at the corner of Central Park in New York (with the African-American model Hettie Anderson posing as an allegorical Victory), 1892–1903, the first use of Robert Treat Paine 's pointing device for the accurate mechanical enlargement of sculpture models. The depictions of the African-American soldiers on the Shaw memorial is noted as

4921-451: A way to offer "plum jobs" to loyal party members. These appointments generated a severe backlash across the spectrum. Turner had the right to recommend that the appointments be cancelled: advice that Sauvé would have been required to follow by constitutional convention . However, he let them stand and made a further 70 appointments himself. Turner refused to produce a written agreement he had made with Trudeau before taking office, documenting

5054-401: Is dissolved for a general election, and cannot describe themselves as "John Smith MP" during the election campaign. Government ministers however, as part of the executive, continue to hold office unless and until new ministers are appointed after the election. An example of an extended transition period in the informal sense is the last two years of the premiership of Tony Blair , who before

5187-556: Is an elected official whose successor has already been elected or will be soon. An outgoing politician is often seen as having less influence with other politicians due to their limited time left in office. Conversely, a lame duck is free to make decisions that exercise the standard powers with little fear of consequence, such as issuing executive orders , pardons , or other controversial edicts. Lame duck politicians result from term limits , planned retirement, or electoral losses, and are especially noticeable where political systems build in

5320-448: Is another relatively rare one in the Lincoln cent series. When the 25-year period during which the Lincoln cent could not be changed without congressional approval expired, there was no interest in replacing the design as the coin had remained popular. Beginning in 1936, proof coins were struck for collectors for the first time since 1916. Made only at Philadelphia, these pieces were coined from dies polished to mirror smoothness. With

5453-476: Is destined to lose its majority as a result of such a change is called a lame-duck Senate and often attracts criticism if it blocks government measures introduced in the House of Representatives. For example, after the 2004 election , it became clear that the governing Liberal Party / National Party coalition would gain a majority in the new Senate, which was due to sit the following July. In May, some months after

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5586-403: Is immediately apparent and they are usually appointed the following morning, minutes after their predecessor resigns the office, at back-to-back meetings with the monarch. In the case of a hung parliament where the election is followed by negotiations to form a coalition, or an attempt by the leader of the largest party to lead a minority government , a new prime minister may not be appointed for

5719-456: Is named after Saint-Gaudens. Saint-Gaudens referred to his early relief portraits as "medallions" and took a great interest in the art of the coin : his $ 20 gold piece, the double eagle coin he designed for the US Mint, 1905–1907, though it was adapted for minting, is still considered one of the most beautiful American coins ever issued. Chosen by Theodore Roosevelt to redesign the coinage of

5852-489: Is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the cent, but in January 1909 , Mint Director Frank A. Leach contacted Brenner to ask his fee for designing the coin. Brenner mentioned in his correspondence with Leach that the President had liked his Lincoln design; there is no evidence Brenner considered any other concept for the piece. Brenner's obverse design closely follows a profile of Lincoln he had used in other work, such as

5985-643: The Diana , and employed his design skills in numismatics . He designed the $ 20 Saint Gaudens Double Eagle gold piece (1905–1907) for the US Mint, considered one of the most beautiful American coins ever issued, and the $ 10 "Indian Head" gold eagle ; both of these were minted from 1907 until 1933. In his later years he founded the " Cornish Colony ", an artist's colony in New Hampshire that included notable painters, sculptors, writers, and architects. His brother Louis Saint-Gaudens , with whom he occasionally collaborated,

6118-484: The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Boston Common , Abraham Lincoln: The Man , and grand equestrian monuments to Civil War generals : General John Logan Memorial in Chicago's Grant Park and William Tecumseh Sherman at the corner of New York's Central Park . In addition, he created the popular historicist representation of The Puritan . Saint-Gaudens also created Classical works such as

6251-451: The 2005 United Kingdom general election announced that he would not serve another full term before standing down. However, the fact that Blair's Labour Party was returned with a substantially reduced majority and that Gordon Brown (who was correctly believed to be Blair's successor) had played a leading part in the election campaign, aroused considerable speculation about Blair's future as party leader and prime minister. In U.S. politics,

6384-716: The Art Students League of New York , and took on a large number of assistants. He was an artistic advisor to the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, an avid supporter of the American Academy in Rome , and part of the McMillan Commission , which brought into being L'Enfant 's long-ignored master plan for the nation's capital . Through his career Augustus Saint-Gaudens made a specialty of intimate private portrait panels in sensitive, very low relief, which owed something to

6517-642: The Cooper Union in New York City. Two years later, he was hired as an apprentice of Jules Le Brethon, another cameo cutter, and enrolled at the National Academy of Design . His apprenticeship was completed by the age of 19 and he traveled to Paris in 1867, where he studied in the atelier of François Jouffroy at the École des Beaux-Arts . In 1870, he left Paris for Rome to study art and architecture , and worked on his first commissions . There he met

6650-733: The Judiciary Act of 1801 ("Midnight Judges Act"), in which Federalist President John Adams and the outgoing 6th Congress amended the Judiciary Act to create more federal judge seats for Adams to appoint and the Senate to confirm before the Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated and the Democratic-Republican majority 7th Congress convened. In more recent history, US President Bill Clinton

6783-694: The Liberals , King became parliamentary leader and continued as Prime Minister of Canada for some months following the leadership election of his successor, St. Laurent, who became party leader but continued as a member of King's cabinet during this time. While Pierre Trudeau retired from politics in 1984, he directly handed power over to John Turner after the leadership contest. However, Trudeau recommended that Governor General Jeanne Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to well-paying patronage positions, including Senators , judges, and executives on various governmental and crown corporation boards, widely seen as

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6916-660: The National Assembly of Venezuela for the first time since 1999 following the 2015 parliamentary election . As a result of that election, the lame-duck National Assembly consisting of United Socialist officials filled the Supreme Tribunal (supreme court) with allies. Into early 2016, the Supreme Tribunal alleged that voting irregularities occurred in the parliamentary elections and stripped four Assembly members of their seats, preventing an opposition supermajority in

7049-629: The United States Congress ): "In no event ... could [the Court of Claims ] be justly obnoxious to the charge of being a receptacle of 'lame ducks' or broken down politicians." In Australia, regardless of when the election is held, the Senate ( upper house ) sits from July 1 following the election to June 30 six years later , while the newly elected members of the House of Representatives ( lower house ) take their seats soon after an election. A Senate that

7182-416: The double eagle ($ 20), eagle ($ 10), half eagle ($ 5), and quarter eagle ($ 2.50). As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years, they could be changed without an act of Congress. The Indian Head cent , which the Lincoln cent replaced, had been introduced in 1859. Saint-Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent, but at Roosevelt's request, developed it for

7315-524: The lame duck prime minister of the caretaker cabinet until the next cabinet is inaugurated. As of July 2023, prime minister Mark Rutte announced his resignation and retirement from politics following the collapse of his fourth cabinet . He remained as caretaker prime minister until after the government formation following the November 2023 general election and the appointment of the Schoof cabinet . In 1984,

7448-474: The 1909-S with Brenner's initials (commonly called the 1909-S VDB ) is the rarest Lincoln cent by date and mintmark, with only 484,000 released for circulation. In 1911, the Denver Mint began striking cents with the mintmark D, and in most years in the following decades, all three mints struck cents. In 1916, Barber modified the design, causing Lincoln's cheek and coat to appear less wrinkled. This modification

7581-410: The 1969 coins a new master was produced for use in all three mints and the features were sharpened and moved further from the edge of the coin, while the lettering was broadened. Copper prices began to rise in 1973, to such an extent that the intrinsic value of the coin approached a cent, and citizens began to hoard cents, hoping to realize a profit. The Mint decided to switch to an aluminum cent. Over

7714-607: The American novelist Winston Churchill , and the sculptor Louis St. Gaudens , Augustus's brother. After his death in 1907, it slowly dissipated. His house and gardens are now preserved as the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site . Saint-Gaudens was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1896. In 1901, the French government made him an Officier de la Légion d'honneur . In 1920, Saint-Gaudens

7847-535: The Denver small date (out of a total mintage of 1.5 billion) were struck, and are not particularly rare. Bowers points out that there are enough of the 1960 Philadelphia small date known to supply every member of the American Numismatic Association , and every subscriber to the major coin periodicals. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of

7980-467: The Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above." The new reverse was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by US Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna . The Mint re-engraved the obverse, returning to the original 1909 galvano in preparing new dies. However, the Mint did not return to striking the pieces in the higher relief of 1909—the piece has long been struck in a much lower relief than

8113-615: The Florentine Renaissance . It was felt he heavily influenced another Irish American sculptor, Jerome Connor . Over the course of his long career Saint-Gaudens employed, and by doing so, trained, some of the next generation's finest sculptors. These included James Earle Fraser , Frances Grimes , Henry Hering , Charles Keck , Mary Lawrence , Frederick MacMonnies , Philip Martiny , Helen Mears , Robert Paine , Alexander Phimister Proctor , Louis Saint-Gaudens , Elsie Ward and Adolph Alexander Weinman . New York City's PS40

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8246-471: The Memorial, however, Taxay states that the design "looks at first glance like a trolley car". Numismatic historian Walter Breen describes Gasparro's design as "an artistic disaster". There was considerable public excitement over the "small date" and "large date" 1960 and 1960-D cents, with the small dates being the rarer. The Mint feared the interior of the zero as punched into the die would break away during

8379-491: The Mint was losing detail as it reduced the large models to coin-sized hubs. Barber had been stung by criticism that he had lost detail in this way with the new gold coins, and he raised no objection to having the reductions done by an outside silversmith. After several hubs were prepared by the Medallic Art Company of New York, Barber sank a master die and sent it to Brenner for retouching. Patterns were prepared from

8512-661: The National Assembly which would be able to challenge President Maduro. The Assembly nevertheless swore in the members in question, in response to which the Supreme Court ruled that the Assembly was in contempt of court and in violation of the constitutional order. The Supreme Tribunal then began to approve multiple actions performed by Maduro and granted him more powers and later stripped the National Assembly of legislative powers , and took those powers for itself; which meant that

8645-566: The Peter Cooper Monument at Cooper Square , and the John A. Logan Monument. Arguably the greatest of these monuments is the bronze bas-relief that forms the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Boston Common , 1884–1897, which Saint-Gaudens labored on for 14 years; even after the public version had been unveiled, he continued with further versions. Two grand equestrian monuments to Civil War generals are outstanding: to General John A. Logan , atop

8778-403: The Supreme Tribunal might have been able to create laws, causing the 2017 constitutional crisis . In sports usage, a coach or general manager in the final year of their contract without a forthcoming contract extension is often described as a lame duck. Additionally, if a team is on track to miss the playoffs , a coach or general manager can be regarded as a lame duck even if they are under

8911-482: The US entry into World War II in 1941, copper and tin, which were both used in the cent, were in short supply. Experiments were carried out by several corporations under contract from the Mint; they tested various metallic and non-metallic substances, including fiber, tempered glass, and several types of plastic. These experiments used various designs, since actual Lincoln cent dies could not leave government custody. As

9044-704: The United States were among the richest primary sources he discovered in years of research into the lives of the American community in Paris in the late 19th century. During World War II the Liberty ship SS  Augustus Saint-Gaudens was built in Panama City, Florida , and named in his honor. In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of 35 postage stamps, ' The Famous American Series ' honoring America's famous artists, poets, educators, authors, scientists, composers and inventors. The renowned sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens

9177-516: The cent. With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908, Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent. The centennial of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909 , and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued. Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department, proposing a Lincoln coin, and Roosevelt

9310-444: The centennial had not yet subsided, and there was widespread speculation about the coin's design. The Mint decided to plan for a simultaneous release of the coin across the United States on August 2 , and Treasury Department branches were sent what were thought to be adequate supplies. On the morning of August 2, 1909, long lines formed outside Treasury facilities across the United States. Some early applicants were able to obtain all

9443-551: The coin, appearing where Lincoln's shoulder is cut off by the rim of the coin. The recession year of 1922 saw a lower-than-usual demand for coins in commerce, and few cents were coined. At the time, dies were only made at Philadelphia; the Denver Mint had outstanding orders for cents that year. When Denver applied to the Philadelphia Mint for more dies (cents were not struck at either Philadelphia or San Francisco that year), it

9576-403: The coining process, giving the zero a filled-in appearance. To reduce the chance of this happening, the Mint enlarged the date. Sealed bags of 1960 cents, with a face value of $ 50, sold for as much as $ 12,000. Prices for the small date coins, of which approximately two million had been struck at Philadelphia, continued to increase until 1964, when the bubble burst. Approximately 500 million of

9709-674: The coins had the mint mark to honor the Mint's 225th anniversary. All cents struck at Philadelphia in 2017 received the mint mark, but cents struck in 2018 and thereafter do not. In February 2019, the Mint announced that the West Point Mint would strike cents with that mint's W mint mark. These are not released into circulation, but they are struck in three different finishes for three of the year's annual sets: uncirculated, proof, and reverse proof. The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 ( Pub. L.   116–330 (text) (PDF) )

9842-476: The coins they wanted, but soon the pieces were rationed: applicants at the New York Sub-Treasury were allowed 100 pieces per person; those who sought the coins at the Philadelphia Mint were allowed only two each. Coins passed on the secondary market outside the Philadelphia Mint for a quarter each until prices settled down to five cents per new penny. Many newsboys were among those who profited from

9975-415: The coins were illegal because of the initials, which were seen as advertising. On August 5 , Secretary MacVeagh ordered coinage of the cent suspended until the coins could be struck with an inconspicuous "B" for Brenner on the coin. However, removing the initials and striking new pieces with no initials would lead to a three-day delay in coinage; effacing the initials and inserting an initial "B" would cause

10108-400: The composition was changed to zinc with an outer copper layer. Brenner's wheat reverse was replaced in 1959 by a depiction of the Lincoln Memorial designed by Frank Gasparro , for the sesquicentennial of his birth year. The Lincoln Memorial reverse was itself replaced in 2009 by four commemorative designs marking the bicentennial of Lincoln's birth . Beginning in 2010, Bass's shield design

10241-572: The desk plaque he made for the Gorham Manufacturing Company in 1907. Numismatic historian Roger Burdette suggests that Brenner based his work on an 1864 photograph of Lincoln taken at Mathew Brady 's studio by one of his assistants. However, Burdette adds that in an April 1 , 1909 letter, Brenner mentioned that in producing the design, he envisioned Lincoln reading to a child, when the sculptor felt Lincoln would be at his brightest. This suggests that Brenner may have drawn inspiration from

10374-416: The dies, but Barber and Leach were unhappy with the pieces. On May 22 , Leach wrote to Brenner, I have to inform you that I was not satisfied with the first proof of the Lincoln cent. I found that you had not dropped the Lincoln portrait down so that the head would come nearer the center of the coin ... Therefore I had Mr. Barber make me a proof of this change, and as this left so much blank space over

10507-465: The double eagle after learning that by law, an eagle could not appear on the cent. Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907 , Saint-Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer, and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects, including the cent. Saint-Gaudens sent Roosevelt a design in February for the obverse of the cent showing

10640-455: The elections but before the new Senate came to power, the old Senate refused to pass new tax laws that had been passed by the House, which served to merely delay the passage of those laws until the new Senate assembled. In the 2010 Australian federal election , Senator Steve Fielding of the minor party Family First lost his seat and subsequently threatened to block supply if the Labor Party

10773-514: The experiments proceeded, production of bronze cents was cut back drastically in July 1942 , and ceased in December. On December 18 , 1942, Congress gave the mint authorization to change the composition of the cent for a three-year period, and five days later, Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau announced that the coin would be made out of zinc-coated steel. Zinc and iron form an electromagnetic "couple";

10906-625: The gardens of Sailors' Snug Harbor in New York. A statue of copper king Marcus Daly is at the entrance of the Montana School of Mines on the west end of Park St. in Butte, Montana . A statue of former United States Congressman and New York Governor Roswell Pettibone Flower was dedicated in 1902 in Watertown, New York. Saint-Gaudens' prominence brought him students, and he was an able and sensitive teacher. He tutored young artists privately, taught at

11039-423: The half dollar could be made without congressional approval. By February 9 , Leach had discovered the origin of the branch design—although numismatic historian Don Taxay notes that it is odd Leach had not discovered the source of the standing Liberty design, given that they were on opposite sides of the same French coins. Leach did not confront the sculptor with the artistic borrowing, but instead simply ruled out

11172-480: The leader of a ruling party steps down, they also relinquish their caucus leadership role at around the same time, so there is no need for an interim caucus leader . The power of outgoing Canadian parliamentarians is limited. Instead the departing prime minister or premier and cabinet ministers that were members of the now dissolved parliament will serve in an "acting" or "caretaker" capacity (i.e. not being able to make important appointments nor policy declarations) until

11305-501: The nation at the beginning of the 20th century, Saint-Gaudens produced an ultra high-relief $ 20 gold piece that was adapted into a flattened-down version by the United States Mint . The ultra high-relief coin took up to 11 strikes to bring up the details, and only 20 or so of these coins were minted in 1907. The Ultra High Reliefs did not stack properly and were deemed unfit for commerce. They are highly sought-after today; one sold in

11438-634: The new cents was finally up to demand. Burdette suggests that had MacVeagh been more experienced in his job, he would have been less concerned about the initials. Saint-Gaudens had prominently signed his double eagle on the obverse, and George T. Morgan 's design for the silver dollar contained an "M" marked on both sides of the piece. Cents with and without Brenner's initials were struck at both Philadelphia and San Francisco in 1909. Coins struck at Philadelphia bear no mintmark; those struck at San Francisco were marked with an S. While almost 28 million Philadelphia VDB cents were struck, making them quite common,

11571-451: The new coin would be deemed to be his work, and, according to Norton, "He is not willing to be held personally responsible for the Lincoln penny which he has always opposed and does not regard as a successful coin." Brenner objected to the removal of his initials, but his protests were to no avail. The cents without Brenner's initials were in production by August 12 , 1909. During the halt, owners of vending and slot machines complained that

11704-479: The new coins; crowds gathered around the windows where the coins were for sale in Washington until order was restored. Brenner's initials, which he had placed at the base of the reverse, immediately became a source of controversy—on the afternoon of August 2 , The Washington Star queried the Treasury as to the initials. Quotes appeared in the papers from (possibly invented) unnamed Treasury officials, opining that

11837-522: The new parliament convenes; in one example when Sir Charles Tupper attempted to make appointments after losing the 1896 Canadian election the Governor General refused to act on this. A notable exception to the above is the transition between William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent , making it perhaps the only lame duck example in Canadian federal politics. After resigning the leadership of

11970-457: The new pennies were too thick to fit in their machines. Barber was recalled from his vacation in Cape May, New Jersey , to deal with the complaints. Leach ordered changes in the new cent, but Barber resisted Leach's orders, and was in the end successful—vending and slot machine manufacturers modified their machines to suit the new cent, rather than the other way around. By the end of 1909, supply of

12103-629: The obverse design in the 1990s and early 2000s. The Presidential $ 1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned for 2009, and that four designs be issued to celebrate the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial . The coins were to be emblematic of Lincoln's early life in Kentucky and in Indiana, of his professional life in Illinois, and of his presidency. Unveiled September 22 , 2008, at

12236-612: The opportunity to make the preliminary sketches for a five-year project of a medallion depicting Stevenson, in very poor health at the time, propped in bed writing. With minor modifications, this medallion was reproduced for the Stevenson memorial in St. Giles' Cathedral , Edinburgh . Stevenson's cousin and biographer, Graham Balfour, deemed the work "the most satisfactory of all the portraits of Stevenson". Balfour also noted that Saint-Gaudens greatly admired Stevenson and had once said he would "gladly go

12369-642: The original pieces. In January 2010, the new coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was prompted by a shortage of cents on the island. Cents of the new design were officially released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois , on February 11 , 2010. In early January 2017, cents bearing the current date and with the mint mark P appeared in circulation. The Mint had made no announcement of such coins, but confirmed their authenticity, stating that

12502-480: The period between (presidential and congressional) elections in November and the inauguration of officials early in the following year is commonly called the "lame-duck period". A president is a lame duck after a successor has been elected, during which time the outgoing president and president-elect usually embark on a transition of power . Until 1933, inaugurations occurred on March 4. Congress usually had two sessions,

12635-457: The president's actions affect how the party performs in the midterm elections two years into the second term, and, to some extent, the success of that party's nominee in the next presidential election four years in the future. For these reasons, it can be argued that a president in their second term is not a lame duck at all. In his farewell speech from the office of president in January 2017, Barack Obama jokingly quipped, "You can tell that I'm

12768-496: The price of copper, the Mint decided to change the composition of the cent to copper-covered zinc. After contract difficulties and production delays, the first such cents were struck at the Philadelphia Mint (without mintmark) on January 7 , 1982. Denver did not convert to the new composition until October 21 . A few pieces were struck by error in bronze dated 1983 and are extremely rare. A number of small changes were made to

12901-561: The public. With change short, hoarding extended to the cent, which also became scarce in circulation. Mint Director Eva Adams felt that part of the reason for the shortage was coin collectors taking pieces from circulation, and Adams ordered that mintmarks no longer appear on coins. Coins continued to be dated 1964 until the end of 1965, using authority given by the Coinage Act of 1965 , and almost all 1965 cents were actually struck in 1966. The Mint began striking clad dimes and quarters, replacing

13034-627: The recipients affecting not to know what had become of them. One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution for the National Numismatic Collection; another was reportedly found by a US Capitol Police Officer. Experiments were also conducted with bronze-clad steel cents. Slated for disposal, when a bag of them tore open before going into a smelter; a few were kept by the workers. They are also considered to be illegally held government property. Recognizing that

13167-456: The remainder of the season, though their predecessors may still remain on the club payroll as a "special advisor" until their contracts expires. Especially in the United Kingdom, a "lame duck company" is one that is in such financial difficulty that it is not worth investing in, or is unworthy of government support. In networked server systems, the term "lame duck mode" is used to describe

13300-447: The reverse at its base, were deemed too prominent once the coins were issued, and were removed within days of the release. The initials were restored, this time smaller, on Lincoln's shoulder, in 1918. Originally struck in 95% copper, the cent coin was changed for one year to zinc-coated steel in 1943 as copper was needed to aid in the war effort. The mint then reverted to 95% copper until 1982, when inflation made copper too expensive and

13433-489: The reverse." On March 4, 1909, the day on which Roosevelt left office, replaced by William Howard Taft , Brenner met with Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber in Philadelphia. Barber had written to Leach, suggesting that Brenner's designs would have to be modified to be suitable for coinage. On March 15 , Brenner wrote to Leach stating that Barber seemed in no hurry to have the new coins produced. Brenner also complained that

13566-477: The same percentage of copper but might also contain tin in place of some of the zinc). The Treasury also stated that some of the metal for the new coins would be obtained by melting down small arms ammunition shells. However, numismatic writer Shane Anderson, in his study of the Lincoln cent, doubts that any shells were melted down, except perhaps ceremonially. After the war, the Treasury quietly retired as many steel cents as it could from circulation, while denying it

13699-572: The second Madison Square Garden building in New York City; a second version used is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art , with several reduced versions in museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The statue stood on a 300-foot-high tower, making Diana the highest point in the city. It was also the first statue in that part of Manhattan to be lit at night by electricity. The statue and its tower

13832-486: The second of which was usually held from the December after the election of the next Congress until March. This session was commonly called the " lame-duck session ". Criticism of this process led to the passage of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, which moved the beginning of the new Congress to January 3 and the inauguration of the president to January 20, thus shortening the lame duck period. A president elected to

13965-539: The silver pieces which the public would not spend. Although coinage had been stopped at San Francisco after 1955, the California facility began to issue cents again, though without mintmarks. In 1968, mintmarks were restored to the cent. San Francisco began minting a limited number of circulation strikes (which it would cease to do after 1974) and began striking proof coins. By this time the master hub had become quite worn and Lincoln's features were becoming indistinct. For

14098-428: The steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for

14231-415: The submitted designs as unsuitable for the reverse of the cent. He urged the sculptor to prepare a simple design, bearing the denomination, the country's name, and the motto " E pluribus unum ". Brenner worked quickly, and on February 17 , delivered models for both obverse and reverse similar to the eventual coin, though with a somewhat larger bust of Lincoln, and the motto " In God We Trust " omitted. As

14364-404: The taking of office of the elected executive, and even unlike some parliamentary systems, there is an incredibly short transition period (on the order of shorter than a day) between when the identity of the prime minister-designate is known, and their taking of office. Following general elections where a party wins a clear majority in the House of Commons , the identity of the new prime minister

14497-401: The tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification was contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962. In 1964, a rise in the price of silver led to silver coins being hoarded by

14630-488: The top we concluded that it would be better to put on the motto, "In God We Trust". This change has made a marked improvement in the appearance of the coin. On May 26, samples of the new coin with and without the motto were shown to President Taft, who selected the mottoed version. The coin was formally approved by Secretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh on July 14 and a release date of August 2 , 1909,

14763-441: The two metals soon corrode when in contact with each other in a damp atmosphere. The public soon complained that the new coins were becoming spotted and stained. Another common complaint was confusion with the dime , and some letters suggested that a hole be punched in the center of the new coins. Morgenthau responded that the new pieces would soon become darker, and that the Mint would be willing to darken them if it could figure out

14896-639: The upper portion of the shield. In June 2009 the CFA met again and this time selected a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , 2009, the design for the 2010 cent was announced. The design chosen by the CCAC was the Union shield. According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support

15029-401: The war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers , two destroyers , 1,243 Flying Fortresses , 120 field guns and 120 howitzers , or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns. In December 1943, the Treasury Department announced that the steel cent would be discontinued after 1943, to be replaced with coins containing 95% copper and 5% zinc (pre-1943 cents contained

15162-561: The well-known Brady photograph of Lincoln with his son, Tad . In a 2012 study published in Coin World , numismatic historian Fred Reed suggests that Brenner's Lincoln work was based on a Brady portrait of Lincoln in right profile which was taken on the same day as the picture with his son (there were several photos taken at this sitting). As the photograph in question only showed Lincoln's head and shoulders, Reed indicates that Brenner obtained additional detail from an 1860 campaign photograph of

15295-530: Was a landmark until 1925 when the building was demolished. In New York, he was a member of the Tile Club, a group of prominent artists and writers, including Winslow Homer (his wife's fourth cousin), William Merritt Chase and Arthur Quartley . He was also a member of The Lambs , Salmagundi Club and the National Arts Club in New York City. In 1876, Saint-Gaudens received his first major commission:

15428-563: Was also a well-known sculptor. Saint-Gaudens was born in Dublin , Ireland, to an Irish mother and French father, Bernard Paul Ernest Saint-Gaudens, a shoemaker by trade from a village in the French Pyrenees , Aspet , 15 kilometers from Saint-Gaudens . His parents emigrated to America when he was six months of age, and he was reared in New York City. In 1861, he became an apprentice to a cameo-cutter , Louis Avet, and took evening art classes at

15561-409: Was among those chosen for the 'Artists' category of this series and appears on this stamp, which was first issued in New York City on September 16, 1940. New York City's PS40 is named after Saint-Gaudens. Among the public collections holding works by Augustus Saint-Gaudens are: Assisted by Henry Hering Lame duck (politics) In politics, a lame duck or outgoing politician

15694-757: Was an Irish and American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance . Saint-Gaudens was born in Dublin to an Irish-French family, and raised in New York City . He traveled to Europe for further training and artistic study. After he returned to New York City, he achieved major critical success for his monuments commemorating heroes of the American Civil War , many of which still stand. Saint-Gaudens created works such as

15827-413: Was authenticated in 2019. There are also many cents dated 1943 that were coated with copper to imitate the genuine rarity. These pieces may be distinguished from genuine off-metal strikes by the use of a magnet. The planchets from which the 1943 and 1944 off-metal strikes were coined were most likely concealed in the coining equipment and were struck when coinage resumed after year end. In September 2010,

15960-415: Was coined. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit, and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist, such as sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs. At Roosevelt's instructions, the Mint hired Saint-Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces:

16093-597: Was doing so—no public admission of the program was made until 1959, as the Treasury feared that were it publicly known, the coins would be hoarded. A few 1943 bronze cents and 1944 steel cents are known to exist, and they are valuable. Only one 1943-D cent in bronze is known; it sold in September 2010 for $ 1.7 million. One of the four known 1943-S cents in bronze was sold to Texas Rangers baseball team co-chairman Bob R. Simpson for $ 1 million. One 1943 cent struck in 86.41% tin and 8.37% antimony with other trace metals

16226-457: Was done to extend die life. In 1917, a year which saw Barber's death in office at age 77, the wartime economy caused a shortage of cents. At this time, the Lincoln cent had not yet become dominant in circulation; four-fifths of the cents in circulation were of the older Indian Head design. Demand for the cent continued to increase when a luxury tax was instituted, and cents were needed to make change. In 1918, Brenner's initials were restored to

16359-433: Was interested in honoring his fellow Republican . This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition; before the Lincoln cent, no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person (as opposed to idealized personifications, as of "liberty"). Many writers had suggested a Lincoln half dollar, but that coin's design had been changed in 1892 and could not yet be altered without congressional approval. By then

16492-610: Was one of the first seven chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters . That same year the large studio burned, with the irreplaceable loss of the sculptor's correspondence, his sketchbooks, and many works in progress. The Cornish Art Colony Saint-Gaudens and his brother Louis attracted made for a dynamic social and creative environment. The most famous included painters Maxfield Parrish and Kenyon Cox , architect and garden designer Charles A. Platt , and sculptor Paul Manship . Included were painters Thomas Dewing , George de Forest Brush , dramatist Percy MacKaye ,

16625-465: Was posthumously elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans . In 1940, his image appeared on a U.S. postage stamp in the "Famous Americans" series. Saint-Gaudens and his wife figure prominently in the 2011 book The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris by historian David McCullough . In interviews upon the book's release, McCullough said the letters of Augusta Saint-Gaudens to her friends and family in

16758-400: Was resigning within 17 days, he was called a "lame duck pope" by some media outlets. Also, due to Pope John Paul II 's long and debilitating illness, some journalists (such as Time ' s Jeff Israely) described the final years of his reign as a lame duck papacy. The discontent with the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela saw the opposition being elected to hold the majority in

16891-493: Was set. The Philadelphia Mint struck 20,000,000 of the new coin even before its design was made official by Secretary MacVeagh. Dies for the San Francisco Mint , prepared at Philadelphia, were ready for shipment to San Francisco on June 22 . There was intense public interest in the new cents, especially since the Mint had not permitted images of the new coin to be printed in the newspapers. The Lincoln craze sparked by

17024-527: Was signed by President Donald Trump on January 13, 2021. It provides for, among other things, special one-year designs for the circulating coinage in 2026, including the cent, for the United States Semiquincentennial (250th anniversary), with one of the designs to depict women. Notes References Augustus Saint-Gaudens Augustus Saint-Gaudens ( / ˌ s eɪ n t ˈ ɡ ɔː d ə n z / ; March 1, 1848 – August 3, 1907)

17157-474: Was successful in forming a minority government. Unlike in some countries, there is no "lame duck" session of Parliament in Canada between the general election and swearing in of the new Parliament. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister or premier hands over power directly to their designated successor after a few weeks at most after a general election or shortly after a leadership election . Usually, when

17290-482: Was successfully minted in 24 karat gold; 115,178 coins were produced. This coin was issued by the U.S. Mint in 2009. Diagnosed with cancer in 1900, Saint-Gaudens decided to live at his Federal house with barn-studio set in the handsome gardens he had made, where he and his family had been spending summers since 1885, in Cornish, New Hampshire – though not in retirement. Despite waning energy, he continued to work, producing

17423-464: Was told that the Philadelphia Mint could supply no more cent dies, as it was fully engaged in preparing dies for the Peace dollar . Denver filled its orders by striking with a worn-out obverse die, which impressed the design fainter than usual. On many strikes, the mintmark on the die filled with oil and dirt, producing coins on which the mintmark does not appear, or appears only faintly. The 1922 plain piece

17556-412: Was used as the model for the commemorative postage stamp issued on the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. Saint-Gaudens also created the statue for the monument of Charles Stewart Parnell , which was installed at the north end of Dublin's O'Connell Street , backing on to Parnell Square in 1911. In 1887, when Robert Louis Stevenson made his second trip to the United States, Saint-Gaudens had

17689-400: Was widely criticized for issuing 140 pardons and other acts of executive clemency on his last day in office, including two former close colleagues, donors, fellow Democratic members, and his own half-brother . In many countries, toward the facilitation of a smooth transition, an outgoing president accepts advice from and consults with the president-elect . Literally, the term refers to

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