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29-552: Apart from that it can be the feminine form of Lin , Lino , Linos (Λῖνος) or Linus . Languages of origin include: Arabic , English , Italian , Kurdish , Lithuanian , Persian , Russian , Sanskrit , Spanish , Swedish , Turkish . In 2011 and since it was one of the most popular given female names in Germany. Lina has been one of the most popular female names in France since 2019. In other languages, such as Danish and Norwegian ,

58-542: A noun class system in which nouns are classified according to the prefixes they bear and the prefixes they trigger in sentences. The table below shows Lingala's noun classes ordered according to the numbering system widely used in descriptions of Bantu languages. Individual classes pair up to form singular/plural pairs, sometimes called genders. There are seven genders. The singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 take their plural forms from classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, respectively. Additionally, many household items found in class 9 take

87-469: A vernacular has since grown with the size and importance of its main centers of use, Kinshasa and Brazzaville ; with its use as the lingua franca of the armed forces; and with the popularity of soukous music. At first the language the European pioneers and their African troops had forged out of Bobangi was called "the river language", "the trade language", and other volatile names. Beginning in 1884, it

116-886: A Chinese surname Lin ( The King of Fighters ) , Chinese assassin character Lin Chow Bang, character in Fat Pizza Places [ edit ] Lin, Iran , a village in Mazandaran Province Lin, Korçë , village in Pogradec municipality, Albania Lin County, Henan , now Linzhou, China Lin County, Shanxi , in China Lincolnshire , Chapman code LIN Transport [ edit ] Linate Airport , Milan, Italy Linlithgow railway station , West Lothian, Scotland Other uses [ edit ] LIN Media ,

145-475: A US TV broadcaster Lingala language , a Bantu language of central Africa Local Interconnect Network , for vehicle computers lin. , an abbreviation for linear See also [ edit ] Linn (disambiguation) Lyn (disambiguation) Lynn (given name) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

174-498: A class 2 prefix ( ba ) in the plural: lútu → balútu 'spoon', mésa → bamésa 'table', sáni → basáni 'plate'. Words in class 11 usually take a class 10 plural. Most words from class 14 (abstract nouns) do not have a plural counterpart. Class 9 and 10 have a nasal prefix, which assimilates to the following consonant. Thus, the prefix shows up as 'n' on words that start with t or d , e.g. ntaba 'goat', but as 'm' on words that start with b or p (e.g. mbísi 'fish'). There

203-408: A full range of morphological noun prefixes with mandatory grammatical agreement system with subject–verb, or noun–modifier for each of class. It is largely used in formal functions and in some forms of writing. Most native speakers of Spoken Lingala and Kinshasa Lingala consider it incomprehensible. Northwestern (or Equateur ) Lingala is the product of the (incomplete) internalization by Congolese of

232-666: A proper means of education and evangelization. Each of them set out on a program of massive corpus planning, aimed at actively "correcting" and "enlarging" Bangala from above [...]. One of them was the Catholic missionary Egide De Boeck of the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (CICM, commonly known as "the Missionaries of Scheut" or "Scheutists"), who arrived in Bangala Station – Nouvelle Anvers in 1901. Another one

261-612: A rare feminine form of Linus . In Persian, it means "light, a ray of sunlight, beautiful girl". In the Russian language , Lina ( Ли́на ) is a diminutive form of the female name Avelina . Lin (disambiguation) (Redirected from Lin (disambiguation) ) [REDACTED] Look up Lin , lin , or lín in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lin or LIN may refer to: People [ edit ] Lin (surname) (normally 林 ),

290-579: A vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/ , leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/ . The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/ , leading to just /e/ . So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/ , compared to the more traditional pronunciation, /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/ . The prenasalized stops formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are allophonic to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala. The prenasalized voiced occlusives, /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑɡ/, /ⁿz/ , do not vary. Lingala

319-488: Is a tonal language . Tone is a distinguishing feature in minimal pairs , e.g.: mutu (human being) and mutú (head), or kokoma (to write) and kokóma (to arrive). There are two main tones, low and high, and two less common ones: starting high, dipping low, and ending high, all within the same vowel sound, e.g., mǐso (eyes); and starting low, rising high, and ending low, e.g.,  bôngó (therefore). Tense morphemes carry tones. Akin to all Bantu languages , Lingala has

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348-484: Is a little-studied language game (or ludic practice) musicians initially created shortly after 2000 that is increasingly used in social media and sites of cultural production. Lingala words show vowel harmony to some extent. The close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in words. For example, the words ndɔbɔ 'fishhook' and ndobo 'mouse trap' are found, but not *ndɔbo or *ndobɔ . The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows

377-601: Is a standardized form used mostly in education and news broadcasts on state-owned radio or television and in Roman Catholic religious services, It is taught as a subject at some educational levels. It is historically associated with the work of the Catholic Church, the Belgian CICM missionaries in particular. It has a seven-vowel system ( /a/ /e/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /ɔ/ /u/ ) with an obligatory tense-lax vowel harmony . It also has

406-442: Is also a prefixless class 9a and 10a, exemplified by sánzá → sánzá 'moon(s) or month(s)'. Possible ambiguities are resolved by context. Noun class prefixes show up not only on the noun itself, but as markers throughout a sentence. In the sentences below, the class prefixes are underlined. (There is a special verbal form 'a' of the prefix for class 1 nouns.) mo lakisi CL1 .teacher mo laí CL1 .tall yangó that

435-913: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lingala language Lingala (or Ngala , Lingala: Lingála ) is a Bantu language spoken in the northwest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the northern half of the Republic of the Congo , in their capitals, Kinshasa and Brazzaville , and to a lesser degree as a trade language or because of emigration in neighbouring Angola or Central African Republic . Lingala has 20 million native speakers and about another 20 million second-language speakers, for an approximate total of 40 million speakers. A significant portion of both Congolese diasporas speaks Lingala in their countries of immigration like Belgium , France or

464-567: The United States . Before 1880, Bobangi was an important trade language on the western sections of the Congo River , between Stanley Pool ( Kinshasa ) and the confluence of the Congo and Ubangi rivers(Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo). When the first Europeans and their West- and East-African troops started founding state posts for the Belgian king along this river section in

493-419: The "impure", pidginlike features it had acquired when it emerged out of Bobangi in the early 1880s. Around and shortly after 1901, a number of both Catholic and Protestant missionaries working in the western and northern Congo Free State, independently of one another but in strikingly parallel terms, judged that Bangala as it had developed out of Bobangi was too "pidgin like", "too poor" a language to function as

522-595: The Congolese from more remote areas whom missionaries and colonials had been relocating to the station by force. The language of the river was therefore soon renamed "Bangala", a label the Europeans had since 1876 also been using as a convenient, but erroneous and non-original ethnic name for all Congolese of that region. Around 1901–2, CICM missionaries started a project to "purify" the Bangala language by cleansing it from

551-540: The Greek name Lina (Λίνα). In Greek, it means "sunlight", and also refers to the olive crown used for a hero. Otherwise it can be connected to línon (λίνον) "flax". In Kurdish, it means "cascade falls" (تئاڤگەی بچوک). In India it refers to Goddess Lakshmi, the Goddess of fortune, good luck, riches and splendor. Lina is the female form of Linas , a common given name among people of Lithuanian descent. It can also be construed as

580-537: The early 1880s, they noticed the widespread use and prestige of Bobangi. They attempted to learn it, but only cared to acquire an imperfect knowledge of it, a process that gave rise to a new, strongly restructured variety, called "the trade language", "the language of the river", or "Bobangi-pidgin", among other names. In 1884, Europeans introduced this restructured variety of Bobangi in the state post Bangala Station to communicate with local Congolese, some of whom had second-language knowledge of original Bobangi, and with

609-497: The extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. French Spanish Portuguese English The Lingala language can be divided into several regiolects and sociolects . The major regional varieties are northwestern Lingala, Kinshasa Lingala and Brazzaville Lingala. Literary Lingala ( lingala littéraire or lingala classique in French)

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638-469: The form Line is more common. Lina has a different meaning in different languages for example "Lina" in Arabic refers to a "small, young palm tree ", or the classical plural meaning of "palm trees". It is a direct Quranic Arabic (Classical Arabic) name. Figuratively, Lina means "tender" or "tenderness" and "delicate". In Chinese, li ( 丽 ) means "pretty" and na ( 娜 ) means "elegant". It can be seen as

667-417: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lin&oldid=1227805158 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Burmese names Unisex given names Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description

696-554: The literary variety's. There is a five-vowel system and no vowel harmony. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala. Modern spoken Lingala is influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized", adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" ("he did not understand", using the French word comprendre ) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: "s/he grasped/held

725-507: The prescriptive rules the CICM missionaries intended when designing Literary Lingala. The northwest is a zone where the CICM missionaries strongly supported the network of schools. Spoken Lingala (called lingala parlé in French) is the variety mostly used in Lingalaphones' day-to-day lives. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system in the noun phrase is laxer than

754-488: The root/cause not"). These French influences are more prevalent in Kinshasa and indicate an erosion of the language as education in French becomes accessible to more of the population. There are pronunciation differences between "Catholic Lingala" and "Protestant Lingala", for example nzala/njala ("hunger"). Lingala ya Bayankee (sometimes called Yanké ) is a sociolect widely used in Kinshasa, e.g., by street youth, street vendors, criminal gangs and homeless children. Langila

783-659: Was accepted in western and northwestern Congo, and in other countries where the language was spoken, but not in northeastern Congo, where the variety of the language spoken locally is still called Bangala . Lingala is a Bantu-based creole of Central Africa with roots in the Bobangi language, which provided most of its lexicon and grammar. In its basic vocabulary, Lingala also borrows from other languages, such as Kikongo varieties, Ubangian languages , Swahili , French , Portuguese , English , and various African languages (note local and foreign interaction with Krumen). In practice,

812-579: Was called "Bangala", due to its introduction in Bangala Station . After 1901, Catholic missionaries of CICM , also called the Congregation of Scheutists, proposed to rename the language "Lingala". It took some decades for this to be generally accepted both by colonials and the Congolese. The name Lingala first appears in writing in a 1901-2 publication by the CICM missionary Égide De Boeck . This name change

841-659: Was the Protestant missionary Walter H. Stapleton [...], and a third one the Catholic Léon Derikx of the Premonstratensian Fathers [...]. By 1915, De Boeck's endeavors had proven to be more influential than Stapleton's, whose language creative suggestions, as the Protestant missionaries' conference of 1911 admitted, had never been truly implemented [...]. Under the dominance of De Boeck's work, Derikx's discontinued his after less than 10 years. Lingala's importance as

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