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49-676: Lime Grove Studios was a film , and later television , studio complex in Shepherd's Bush , West London , England. The complex was built by the Gaumont Film Company in 1915. It was situated in Lime Grove, a residential street in Shepherd's Bush, and when it first opened was described by Gaumont as "the finest studio in Great Britain and the first building ever put up in this country solely for

98-408: A boom barrier and explain the purpose of their visit to a security guard . The sound stage is the central component of a studio lot. Most studios have several; small studios may have as few as one, and large studios have as many as 20 to 30. Movie studios also provide office space for studio executives and production companies, and makeup rooms and rehearsal rooms for talent. If space allows,

147-431: A dungeon orgy. The press published photographs of him leaving the flat of a prostitute who specialised in sadomasochism . Bough later spoke of his regret over his actions, saying his behaviour had been "exceedingly stupid". He said in a television interview, "Everybody, when they have difficulties with their marriage or sexuality, surely has the right to sort out these things in the privacy of their own home." His role as

196-601: A game regarded as one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history. Bough went on to present the early evening magazine programme Nationwide . This made him one of the most familiar faces on British television throughout the 1970s. For Nationwide , he covered the Watergate scandal that brought down President Nixon and, for both Nationwide and Breakfast Time , he covered five UK general elections between 1974 and 1987 and four US presidential elections between 1972 and 1984. Bough

245-644: A growing proportion of Hollywood movie revenue, with approximately 70% of total movie revenue coming from international ticket sales; and the Chinese domestic box-office revenue is projected to outpace those of US in 2020. The growth of film studios and filmmaking outside of Hollywood and the US has produced popular international film studio locations such as Hollywood North ( Vancouver and Toronto in Canada ), Bollywood ( Mumbai , India ), and Nollywood ( Lagos , Nigeria ). As

294-580: A major redevelopment of Lime Grove Studios was completed, creating one of the best equipped sound studio complexes of that era. The first film produced at the remodelled studio was the Walter Forde thriller Rome Express (1932), which became one of the first British sound films to gain critical and financial success in the United States (where it was distributed by Universal Pictures ). The studios prospered under Gaumont-British, and in 1941 were bought by

343-449: A month after the studios were closed, the BBC transmitted a special day of programming called The Lime Grove Story , featuring examples of the many programmes and films that had been made at Lime Grove in its 76 years as a place of film and television production. BBC Television Theatre close by, near Shepherd's Bush Green, reverted to being the Shepherd's Bush Empire . By the end, the building

392-433: A movie studio has usually been housed on a "studio lot." Physically, a studio lot is a secure compound enclosed by a tall perimeter wall. This is necessary to protect filmmaking operations from unwanted interference from paparazzi and crazed fans of leading movie stars . Movement in and out of the studio lot is normally limited to specific gates (often capped with grand decorative arches), where visitors must stop at

441-489: A rugby presenter ended after this second scandal. In 1993, after his activities were regularly ridiculed in monologues on Have I Got News for You by Angus Deayton (who himself was later dismissed from the show following cocaine and prostitute use), Bough agreed to appear as a guest on the programme. In the early 1990s, he was a presenter on LBC radio in London, staying on for the launch of London News Talk and moving to

490-564: A sense of serenity and reassurance. His unruffled composure made us feel this had all been done before, and on the first morning, as the last minutes ticked down to our opening transmission, when hearts were thumping and nerves were jangling, he clapped his hands and—addressing the producers and the technicians as much as Selina and me—gently and firmly said, "Calm down." We did. Scott later said that Bough would deliberately undermine her by interrupting mid-question and in other ways. When she attempted to complain she said that senior management simply

539-788: A studio may have an outside backlot . Finally, there is a studio "commissary", which is the traditional term in the movie industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria . In addition to these basic components, the largest film studios are full-service enterprises offering the entire range of production and post-production services necessary to create a motion picture, including costumes, props, cameras, sound recording, crafts, sets, lighting, special effects , cutting, editing, mixing, scoring, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), re-recording, and foley . Independent suppliers of all these services and more (e.g., photographic processing labs) are often found in clusters in close proximity to film studios. Nitrate film , manufactured until 1951,

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588-527: A total of eight generally recognized major studios. United Artists, although its controlling partners owned not one but two production studios during the Golden Age, had an often-tenuous hold on the title of major and operated mainly as a backer and distributor of independently produced films. Smaller studios operated simultaneously with the majors. These included operations such as Republic Pictures , active from 1935, which produced films that occasionally matched

637-640: A tram tour of the backlot where films such as Psycho and Back to the Future were once shot. In fall 2019, movie mogul Tyler Perry opened Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta . The studio lot is claimed to be larger than any movie-studio lot in Hollywood. In the 1980s and 1990s, as the cost of professional 16mm film equipment decreased, along with the emergence of non-film innovations such as S-VHS and Mini-DV cameras, many young filmmakers began to make films outside

686-503: The 1918 flu epidemic by Los Angeles compared to other American cities reduced the number of cases there and resulted in a faster recovery, contributing to the increasing dominance of Hollywood over New York City. The Big 5 By the mid-1920s, the evolution of a handful of American production companies into wealthy motion picture industry conglomerates that owned their own studios, distribution divisions , and theaters , and contracted with performers and other filmmaking personnel led to

735-703: The Frank Bough Interview for Sky TV for two series. In September 1989, he also joined London Weekend Television where he fronted Six O'Clock Live until it was axed in summer 1992. In between his news duties he presented ITV 's coverage of the 1991 Rugby World Cup tournament. On 13 June 1988, Bough left the BBC for a rest before being sacked, after the News of the World reported he had taken cocaine and worn lingerie at parties involving prostitutes. The newspaper's former deputy editor, Paul Connew , later said of

784-566: The Hollywood area was Nestor Studios , opened in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley . In the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in places such as Culver City , Burbank , and what would soon become known as Studio City in the San Fernando Valley . The stronger early public health response to

833-633: The Rank Organisation . By then Rank had a substantial interest in Gainsborough Pictures , and The Wicked Lady (1945), among other Gainsborough melodramas, was shot at Lime Grove. In 1949 the BBC bought Lime Grove Studios as a "temporary measure"—because they were to build Television Centre at nearby White City —and began converting them from film to television use. The BBC studios were ceremonially opened on 21 May 1950 by Violet Attlee (wife of

882-481: The BBC decided to consolidate its London television production at the nearby BBC Television Centre and to close its other studios including Lime Grove. The last live programme to be broadcast from Lime Grove was The Late Show on 13 June 1991 from Studio D, although the final portion of the programme, with a symbolic "unplugging" of a camera power cord in Studio D by Cliff Michelmore , was pre-recorded. On 26 August 1991,

931-637: The Edison company in 1912. The pioneering Thanhouser movie studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser . The company produced and released 1,086 movies between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, California . Although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film;

980-547: The News 97.3 service where he remained until 1996. He then presented Travel Live for the cable channel Travel . In 2009, he contributed to a programme looking back on Nationwide , broadcast on BBC Four . Bough met Nesta Howells, a physiotherapist, while he was undertaking his national service in Park Hall camp at Oswestry, and they married after he left the army in 1959. They had three sons: David, Stephen and Andrew. Nesta stayed in

1029-670: The best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles . Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company , based in New York City, controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time. Early movie producers relocated to Southern California to escape patent enforcement, thanks to more lenient local courts and physical distance from company detectives and mob allies. (Edison's patents expired in 1913.) The first movie studio in

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1078-533: The employment of ICI at Billingham-on-Tees , and did his national service in the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment , serving in West Germany . He first broadcast for British Forces Radio, commenting on an army cup game football match between two regiments. Bough joined the BBC as a presenter and reporter, presenting a new Newcastle upon Tyne -based show called Home at Six , soon renamed North at Six and then in 1963 becoming BBC Look North . Between 1964 and 1968, he

1127-472: The federal government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court , which ruled that the vertically integrated structure of the movie industry constituted an illegal monopoly . This decision, reached after twelve years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system and Hollywood's "Golden Age". By the 1950s, the physical components of a typical movie studio had become standardized. Since then,

1176-717: The film industry had once hoped—movie studios were increasingly being used to produce programming for the burgeoning medium. Some midsize film companies, such as Republic Pictures , eventually sold their studios to TV production concerns , which were eventually bought by larger studios, such as the American Broadcasting Company which was purchased by Disney in 1996. With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games , television stations , broadcast syndication , television , theme parks , home video and publishing , they have become multi-national corporations. International markets account for

1225-535: The first edition of Top of the Pops from Lime Grove was broadcast, hosted by David Jacobs . The newly successful show had moved south from its original home at Dickenson Road Studios , a converted church building in Manchester , to the larger studio facilities at Lime Grove, where the production could attract a more trendy " Swinging London " studio audience. Top of the Pops was produced at Lime Grove for three years until

1274-515: The first movie studio in the United States when he constructed the Black Maria , a tarpaper-covered structure near his laboratories in West Orange , New Jersey , and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The first film serial , What Happened to Mary , was released by

1323-429: The first presenter of the BBC's inaugural breakfast television programme, Breakfast Time along with Selina Scott and Nick Ross . Bough was chosen by Ron Neil for his experience of presenting three hours of live television every week on Grandstand . As fellow presenter Ross recounted: None of us had remotely the experience of long, unscripted slabs of live TV that Frank had from his sports broadcasting. He brought

1372-499: The production of films". Many Gainsborough Pictures films were made here from the early 1930s. Its sister studio was Islington Studios , also used by Gainsborough; films were often shot partly at Islington and partly at Lime Grove. In 1949, the complex was purchased by the BBC , who used it for television broadcasts until 1991. It was demolished in 1993. In 1922, Isidore Ostrer along with brothers Mark and Maurice, acquired control of Gaumont-British from its French parent. In 1932

1421-504: The scale and ambition of the larger studio, and Monogram Pictures , which specialized in series and genre releases. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the minor studios filled the demand for B movies and are sometimes collectively referred to as Poverty Row . The Big Five's ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn , David O. Selznick , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , and Walter Wanger . In 1948,

1470-422: The scandal, "It caused a sensation at the time, given Bough's public image as the squeaky clean front man of breakfast and sports television." Roy Greenslade , professor of journalism at City University London , said that Bough made a "terrible mistake" by agreeing to speak to newspapers before publication of personal allegations, worsening the story. In August 1992, Bough was reported to have been involved in

1519-625: The show moved to BBC Television Centre in 1969. Lime Grove hosted a revolution in British TV when Breakfast Time began broadcasting from there on 17 January 1983, the start of popular daytime television hosted by Frank Bough , Selina Scott and Nick Ross . Lime Grove's use for programmes outside current affairs declined over time, and later episodes of the continuing series were made at BBC Television Centre and BBC Elstree Centre . Indeed, in Lime Grove Studios' final years, its official name

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1568-566: The sketch, which was based on a comic version of the song " There is Nothing Like a Dame " from the musical South Pacific . The same year Bough received the Richard Dimbleby Award for outstanding contribution to factual television. Bough was the main presenter of the BBC's coverage of the 1978 World Cup finals in Argentina. Bough's prominence increased in January 1983 when he became

1617-697: The smooth handling of a TV show, Bough would be my first choice to be in charge." In 1988, Bough was sacked by the BBC following revelations that he had taken cocaine and used prostitutes. He later presented programmes on London Weekend Television , ITV , Sky TV and on LBC radio in London before his retirement in 1998. Francis Joseph Bough was born on 15 January 1933 at his parents' terraced house in Fenton , Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire , son of Austin Joseph Bough (died 1963) and Annie Tyrer, née Moulton. The family later moved to Oswestry , Shropshire . His father

1666-713: The sometimes confusing equation of studio with production company in industry slang. Five large companies: RKO Radio Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. , and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer came to be known as the Big Five, the majors, or the Studios in trade publications such as Variety , and their management structures and practices collectively came to be known as the studio system . The Little 3 Although they owned few or no theaters to guarantee sales of their films, Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists also fell under these rubrics, making

1715-569: The studio system. Filmmakers and producers such as Mike Judge , Adam Sandler , Jim Jarmusch , Robert Rodriguez , Steven Soderbergh , Quentin Tarantino , Kevin Smith and Richard Linklater made films that pushed boundaries in ways the studios were then reluctant to do. In response to these films, many distributed by mini-studios like Miramax , the majors created their own in-house mini-studios meant to focus on edgier, independent content. Focus Features

1764-595: The studios increased in size they began to rely on production companies like J. J. Abrams ' Bad Robot to handle many of the creative and physical production details of their feature films. Instead, the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for their films (generally made by their affiliated production companies). With the decreasing cost of CGI and visual effects , many studios sold large chunks of their once-massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles

1813-402: The then prime minister Clement Attlee ). Lime Grove would be used for many BBC Television programmes over the next forty-two years, including: Quatermass II ; Andy Pandy ; The Sky at Night ; Dixon of Dock Green ; Nineteen Eighty-Four ; Steptoe and Son ; Doctor Who ; Nationwide ; Panorama ; and The Grove Family , which took its title family from the studios, where it

1862-541: Was Lime Grove Current Affairs Production Centre. Humble Pie performed Desperation , a Steppenwolf single from the debut albums of both: Steppenwolf and Humble Pie ; Natural Born Bugie , their debut single; Heartbeat , a Buddy Holly single, and; The Sad Bag of Shaky Jake , their second single, for a recording -and- broadcast for the BBC . Led Zeppelin performed White Summer and Black Mountain Side there, on The Julie Felix Show , on 23 April 1970. In 1991

1911-417: Was a furniture upholsterer and his mother painted pots in a pottery factory, and also made curtains and cushions. After passing his eleven-plus exam, Bough was educated at Oswestry Boys' High School (a Shropshire County Council secular grammar school), and at Merton College, Oxford , where he studied history and was a soccer blue . He played football for the university against Cambridge , entered

1960-712: Was created by Universal Pictures and Fox Searchlight was created by 20th Century Fox for this purpose. Frank Bough Francis Joseph Bough ( / ˈ b ɒ f / ; 15 January 1933 – 21 October 2020) was an English television presenter. He was best known as the host of BBC sports and current affairs shows including Grandstand , Nationwide and Breakfast Time , which he launched alongside Selina Scott and Nick Ross . Over his broadcasting career, Bough became known for his smooth, relaxed and professional approach to live broadcasts, once being described as "the most unassailable performer on British television". In 1987, Michael Parkinson said, "If my life depended on

2009-473: Was dismissive of Britton at pre-programme briefings: "Oh, hers can wait. Now back to mine." Britton felt too junior to be able to complain. Bough left breakfast television at the end of 1987 to concentrate on the Holiday programme where, having been a roving holidaymaker, he took over as the main presenter when Cliff Michelmore left the series in 1986. In February 1989, Bough was hired by Sky News to present

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2058-435: Was highly flammable, and sets and backlots were and still are very flammable, which is why film studios built in the early-to-mid 20th century have water towers to facilitate firefighting . Water towers "somewhat inexplicably" evolved into "a most potent symbol ... of movie studios in general." Halfway through the 1950s, with television proving to be a lucrative enterprise not destined to disappear any time soon—as many in

2107-444: Was in such a poor state of repair that the remaining BBC staff nicknamed it "Slime Grove". The building was put on the market and eventually bought by a development company, Notting Hill Housing Association, which demolished the studios in 1993, and redeveloped the site into a housing estate. The streets in the estate were named Gaumont Terrace and Gainsborough Court, in memory of the past owners of Lime Grove Studios. Lime Grove Studios

2156-432: Was made. A children's magazine-style programme, Studio E , was broadcast live from the studio of the same name from 1955 until 1958; it was hosted by Vera McKechnie . The Queen and Prince Philip visited Lime Grove on 28 October 1953, when they observed production of the variety show For Your Pleasure , the quiz show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? , and a drama production, The Disagreeable Man . On 20 January 1966,

2205-499: Was not interested. "They seemed to have no emotional intelligence , and they let men like Frank Bough roam the BBC without any check on them." She said that there was a very sexist atmosphere at the BBC, "this malevolence". The presenter Fern Britton found Bough equally difficult to work with. In her autobiography, published in 2008, she wrote early in their professional relationship, Bough asked her, "Well, young lady, I wonder how long it will be before I'm having an affair with you." He

2254-399: Was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, which was among the largest and most famous of the studio lots. In most cases, portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions. Some studios offer tours of their backlots , while Universal Pictures allows visitors to its adjacent Universal Studios Hollywood theme park to take

2303-657: Was the presenter of Sportsview and in 1964 became the presenter of the BBC Sports Review of the Year , which he hosted for 18 years. Between 1968 and 1983, he was a regular host of the BBC's flagship Saturday afternoon sports programme, Grandstand . Bough was one of the BBC's football commentators for the 1966 World Cup in England and covered the match at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough where North Korea defeated Italy 1–0, in

2352-570: Was the setting for the fictional current affairs programme The Hour in the BBC drama of the same name. The studios are also represented in the 2013 drama An Adventure in Space and Time which was shot at Wimbledon Studios . Film studio There are also independently owned studio facilities, who have never produced a motion picture of their own because they are not entertainment companies or motion picture companies; they are companies who sell only studio space. In 1893, Thomas Edison built

2401-532: Was twice a surprise guest on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas special, in 1977 performing a song and dance routine in a sailor's outfit with other television personalities, including the film critic Barry Norman , the presenter Michael Aspel and the rugby league commentator Eddie Waring . The programme's 21.3 million viewers remains one of the highest recorded viewing figures for UK Christmas viewing. Bough later said that he had to give Waring dancing lessons before

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