Suppressed by the Peruvian Army
75-448: [REDACTED] Peruvian Government [REDACTED] Peruvian police [REDACTED] American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Peruvian Army: Civil Guard: [REDACTED] APRA militants The Limazo (from Lima and the Spanish suffix azo , meaning blow or violent), also known as the Febrerazo , was a police strike and attempted coup that occurred in the city of Lima that began on February 3, 1975. The unrest
150-473: A new constitution in 1979, as well as elections in 1980. In this way, the twelve-year military rule ended, and Fernando Belaúnde was returned to power. In the 1950s, several nationalist governments in Latin America began processes of social and economic modernization, promoting the economic theory of developmentalism , which promoted agrarian reforms , industrialization through import substitution and
225-722: A breakdown of order to loot public and private property, as took place at the Iraq Museum in the course of the Iraq War in 2003. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy 's novel War and Peace describes widespread looting by Moscow 's citizens before Napoleon 's troops entered the city in 1812, along with looting by French troops elsewhere. In 1990 and 1991, during the Gulf War , Saddam Hussein 's soldiers caused significant damage to both Kuwaiti and Saudi infrastructure. They also stole from private companies and homes. In April 2003, looters broke into
300-469: A coup by which General Francisco Morales Bermúdez became de facto president on August 29, 1975, beginning the second phase of the Revolutionary Government. Velasco Alvarado was overthrown in 1975 by his prime minister Francisco Morales Bermúdez , who overturned many of Velasco Alvarado's pro-Socialist reforms and joined Operation Condor . His government repressed the protests that surged as
375-669: A disaster, police and military forces are sometimes unable to prevent looting when they are overwhelmed by humanitarian or combat concerns, or they cannot be summoned because of damaged communications infrastructure. Especially during natural disasters, many civilians may find themselves forced to take what does not belong to them in order to survive. How to respond to that and where the line between unnecessary "looting" and necessary " scavenging " lies are often dilemmas for governments. In other cases, looting may be tolerated or even encouraged by governments for political or other reasons, including religious, social or economic ones. Looting by
450-471: A new government taking custody of the property in question. This can be especially difficult if the new government is only partially recognized at the time the property is moved, as was the case during the 2021 Taliban offensive , during which a number of artifacts and a large amount of property of former government officials who had fled the country fell into the hands of the Taliban before they were recognized as
525-403: A result of inflation. The Morales Bermudez administration assumed a country in a serious economic crisis after Velasco's reforms. The economy failed to improve amid rising inflation and recession, as well as rising unemployment. This situation led to high social discontent, where many people of the working class, particularly those closest to the labor unions, came to see in each government action
600-492: A result of social discontent. The first strike was held on July 19, 1977, the objective of which was to demand an improvement in the employment and salary situation, and the second in May of the following year, with a broader list of claims. Morales Bermudez was forced to call a Constitutional Assembly, which was led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre , and new elections . The Revolutionary Government came to an end after Fernando Belaunde
675-634: A reversal of the military revolution towards submission to the International Monetary Fund , as it proved unable to continue with the original leftist military government program, instead continuing with Morales Bermudez's program, such as the replacement of the Inca Plan with the Tupac Amaru Plan . Two general strikes were called by unions such as the Workers' General Confederation of Peru as
750-625: A subordinate of the Civil Guard publicly was insulted and slapped by the Head of the Military House, General Enrique Ibáñez Burga, for failing to comply with his orders of not allowing journalists to approach the President's vehicle. The police demonstration began on Saturday, February 1, 1975, and the next day it spread from police station to station, forming a representative commission that was installed at
825-508: A town or place, even when taken by assault", is a war crime . In the aftermath of World War II , a number of war criminals were prosecuted for pillage. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) brought several prosecutions for pillage. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 explicitly prohibits the looting of civilian property during wartime. Theoretically, to prevent such looting, unclaimed property
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#1732855702287900-461: A victorious army during war has been a common practice throughout recorded history. Foot soldiers viewed plunder as a way to supplement an often-meagre income and transferred wealth became part of the celebration of victory. In the wake of the Napoleonic Wars and particularly after World War II , norms against wartime plunder became widely accepted. In the upper ranks, the proud exhibition of
975-514: Is also sometimes used to refer to antiquities being removed from countries by unauthorized people, either domestic people breaking the law seeking monetary gain or foreign nations, which are usually more interested in prestige or previously, "scientific discovery". An example might be the removal of the contents of Egyptian tombs that were transported to museums across the West . As part of World War II reparations , Soviet forces systematically plundered
1050-473: Is moved to the custody of the Custodian of Enemy Property , to be handled until returned to its owners. Despite international prohibitions against the practice of looting, the ease with which it can be done means that it remains relatively common, particularly during outbreaks of civil unrest during which rules of war may not yet apply. The 2011 Egyptian Revolution , for example, caused a significant increase in
1125-521: Is open to insurmountable objections of an economic, ethical and social nature, from our point of view communism is also invalid for the reality of Peru and unacceptable for the humanist aims of our Revolution. In 1971, the country celebrated its 150th anniversary since its independence . As a result, the Revolutionary Government established the National Commission for the Sesquicentennial of
1200-657: The Populibros Peruanos collection, which published more than seventy titles of universal and Peruvian literature, or the Peruvian Library of PEISA , which reissued books on history and current national affairs. On the other hand, Peruvian cinema had a boom with indigenous themes thanks to the financing of the revolutionary government through the National Mobilization Support System (SINAMOS). Movies such as Runan Caycu (1973) by Nora de Izcue and
1275-584: The Russo-Ukrainian War , reporting the widespread looting of everything from food to industrial equipment. Despite the publication of numerous photos and videos by Ukrainian journalists and civilians, numerous Russian commanders have denied these claims. International observers have theorized that this looting is either the result of direct orders, despite to Russia's claims to the contrary, or due to Russian soldiers not being issued with adequate food and other resources by their commanders. The term "looting"
1350-568: The Soviet bloc , tightening relations with Cuba and Fidel Castro as well as Romania and Nicolae Ceaușescu and undertaking major purchases of Soviet military hardware. Velasco was greatly influenced by socialist Yugoslavia's policies of self-management and worked with Yugoslav economist Edvard Kardelj to help implement similar policies in Peru. Yugoslavia aided the Junta financially and diplomatically, and
1425-585: The United States and Peru were tense and even hostile, as soon as General Velasco and his junta took power. This was due to the government's socialist-leaning policies, but also because of a belief on the part of the Peruvian public that the U.S. generally favored other nations first, such as Chile in the context of their territorial dispute (in spite of its support of Peru over the Tarata dispute), or Colombia , in
1500-610: The cruiser BAP Almirante Grau received from the Netherlands . The Peruvian Navy mirrored that of Chile. The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Augusto Pinochet in 1976. Velasco's military plan was to launch a massive sea, air, and land invasion against Chile. In 1999, General Pinochet claimed that if Peru had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978, Peruvian forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly even taking
1575-440: The de facto leader of the government, which promoted revolutionary nationalism and left-wing ideas that left a deep impact in the country. Among the policies promoted were the promulgation of agrarian reform , the official recognition of Quechua , an increase of worker's rights , and the empowerment of workers' unions and indigenous Peruvians . Other measures, however, such as the nationalization of natural resources and
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#17328557022871650-530: The "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's geopolitical views on Chile's need of naval hegemony in the Southeastern Pacific. Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in Santiago. Looting Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in
1725-563: The 1930s, and even more so during the Second World War , Nazi Germany engaged in large-scale and organized looting of art and property , particularly in Nazi-occupied Poland . Looting, combined with poor military discipline , has occasionally been an army's downfall since troops who have dispersed to ransack an area may become vulnerable to counter-attack, a good example being during the 1967 First Invasion of Onitsha , where
1800-536: The Armed Forces ( Spanish : Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada ) was a military dictatorship that ruled Peru from 1968 to 1980 after a successful coup d'état by the Armed Forces of Peru . Official Peruvian historiography refers to this period as that of Radical military reform (Spanish: Reformismo militar radical ). The Revolutionary Junta , headed by Juan Velasco Alvarado , appointed him as
1875-460: The Army besieged Radio Patrulla demanding the surrender of the police leaders and the end of the strike; As there was no response, at four in the morning the premises were seized violently. Many policemen fled and others surrendered. In the surrounding neighborhoods, the population could hear the clatter of machine guns and the roar of tanks. Due to the military siege of the area, which prevented access, it
1950-637: The Brussels Declaration (1874), and the Oxford Manual have recognized the prohibition against pillage. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 ( modified in 1954 ) obliges military forces not only to avoid the destruction of enemy property but also to provide for its protection. Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court provides that in international warfare, "pillaging
2025-580: The CIA and the Aprista Party of encouraging the riots and protests, and general discontent by the Peruvian public continued to increase as a result of the event. The official figures released by the government were: 86 dead, 1,550 wounded, 1,012 detained and 53 police officers on trial. The APRA was criticized, with Correo , whose building had been attacked during the events, publishing a caricature of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre surrounded by arsonist thugs with
2100-666: The Chilean city of Copiapó located halfway to Santiago . The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a preventive war to defend itself. Though, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General Fernando Matthei opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering
2175-578: The II Military Region, based in Lima, was ordered by General Leonidas Rodríguez Figueroa. The troops, mounted in tanks and helicopters, left at noon and violently repressed the looters. Likewise, through an official communiqué, the government suspended constitutional guarantees and declared a curfew from 6 in the afternoon. On the 6th, it was arranged that the curfew was at 8 p.m. Later it was at 10 p.m., and finally at midnight. The government officially accused
2250-641: The Independence of Peru ( Spanish : Comisión Nacional del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del Perú (CNSIP) ) to manage the celebrations. The education reform of 1972 provided for bilingual education for the indigenous people of the Andes and the Amazon, which consisted nearly half of the population. In 1975, the Velasco government enacted a law making Quechua an official language of Peru equal to Spanish. Thus, Peru
2325-568: The National Museum of Iraq, and thousands of artefacts remain missing. Syrian conservation sites and museums were looted during the Syrian Civil War , with items being sold on the international black market . Reports from 2012 suggested that the antiquities were being traded for weapons by the various combatants. Both customary international law and international treaties prohibit pillage in armed conflict . The Lieber Code ,
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2400-499: The Peruvian Aprista Party , was annulled by a coup . The APRA government program proposed a transformation of the country, betting on agrarian reform to end the servitude regime on the indigenous people that still existed on the haciendas. The Military Junta of 1962 called for new elections for the following year, in which Fernando Belaunde was victorious, who defeated Haya, with a government plan that also proposed to reform
2475-558: The Peruvian Army, quickly and forcefully defeated the ELN and MIR guerrillas. However, they realized the urgency of social and economic reforms in a country where there was still an oligarchic elite and huge marginalized groups of the poor and indigenous. Faced with the failure of the Belaundista reformism in democracy, the military decided to make the changes themselves with the idea of "starting
2550-522: The Peruvian border with Ecuador , Piura being the region where Velasco was born. IPC was a subsidiary of Standard Oil , and although the claims over the IPC were ultimately resolved in negotiations between the two governments, the US after this seizure no longer considered Peru an ally or a friendly country. Instead, the CIA started to organize plans to destabilize and to overthrow General Velasco. Disagreements between
2625-453: The Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with a coup against democratically elected president Salvador Allende . According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's government perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic scholar Kalevi J. Holsti claim more important issues behind were
2700-611: The United States and Peru continued over a broad range of issues including even Peru's claim to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) fishing limit that resulted in the seizure of several US commercial fishing boats and the expropriation of the American copper mining company Cerro de Pasco Corporation. However, in spite of these provocations, the U.S. responded immediately with humanitarian aid in 1970, when an earthquake killed about 50,000 people and left over 600,000 homeless. Velasco's army
2775-400: The aesthetics of pop art and representing the " achorado " Peruvian Indian as a synonym of defiance and insolence. In foreign policy, in contrast with his 1970s Latin American contemporaries, which were mostly right-wing military dictatorships, Velasco pursued a partnership with communist countries, beginning with Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia . By 1969 he established warm relations with
2850-410: The caption "Only APRA will burn Peru", in reference to the party's motto, "Only APRA will save Peru". The same year there was talk about an imminent declaration of war against Chile , giving the date, according to rumors, as the first days of August in commemoration of the battle of Junín . These provisions were not fulfilled and the situation became definitely unsustainable, since unemployment and
2925-708: The context of the United States' mediation in favor of the Salomon-Lozano Treaty in order to compensate the country for its loss of Panama . Just five days after Velasco seized power in 1968, the General began the nationalization of the Peruvian Economy with the expropriation and nationalization of the American International Petroleum Company (IPC) oil fields located in the northern Peruvian oil port and refinery of Talara , Piura , near
3000-508: The cost of living rose constantly while inflation reached 24% due to the lack of investment due to insecurity. Finally, on August 29, a coup led from Tacna by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez , former Minister of Finance of the regime, dismissed Velasco and began the second phase of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces . Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru The Revolutionary Government of
3075-403: The country and establish new contracts on the exploitation of natural resources, especially oil. Despite the determined support of the Armed Forces for the reforms promised by the new government, Belaúnde was unable to fulfill the promise of agrarian reform or to resolve the conflict over the ownership of Peruvian oil, among other reasons, due to the fierce parliamentary opposition from APRA and
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3150-453: The delicate political situation and civil unrest surrounding the riots themselves. Up to 175 Target stores closed Nationwide during the disturbances. During the ongoing Kashmir conflict , looting of Kashmiris trapped between the Indian and Pakistani militarized zones is common and widespread. In 2022, international observers accused Russia of engaging in large scale looting during
3225-633: The docudrama Kuntur Wachana (1977) by Federico García Hurtado stand out. The Peruvian plastic arts were also influenced by the Peruvian revolution, the Directorate for the Promotion and Diffusion of the Agrarian Reform sponsored the birth of artist Jesús Ruiz Durand's achorado pop . Ruiz created posters, logos and even comics where the peasant, the worker and the Indigenous people are protagonists, taking
3300-410: The expropriation of companies and the media, generated a severe economic crisis and caused the international isolation of the country. In response to this situation, Alvarado was overthrown in 1975 by his prime minister Francisco Morales Bermúdez who took power to undo the socialist-leaning measures taken by Velasco. In 1978, the new government convened a Constituent Assembly , which promulgated
3375-461: The first phase of the revolutionary government . The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces that seized power in 1968, had for over 6 years introduced a series of reforms, mostly of a nationalist and left-wing nature. One of them involved the expropriation of media. The television stations and radios were expropriated in November 1971 and, at midnight from Friday 26 to Saturday 27 July 1974,
3450-504: The headquarters of Radio Patrulla , on 28 de Julio Avenue in the district of La Victoria . The policemen threatened a total strike if their claims were not addressed; When the negotiations failed, they consummated the threat and on Tuesday the 5th Lima was completely unguarded. In the late afternoon of that day, the consequences began to be felt, especially due to traffic congestion and the increase in robberies and crime. Around midnight from Tuesday 4 to Wednesday 5 February, armored units of
3525-552: The headquarters of the Expreso newspaper, but its workers blocked the entrances with huge reels of paper and defended themselves. At the same time, the rest of the city was looting shops and supermarkets. From the Government Palace the departure of the troops of the II Military Region, based in Lima, was ordered by General Leonidas Rodríguez Figueroa. The troops, mounted in tanks, tanks and even helicopters, left at noon and repressed
3600-536: The headquarters of the last Lima newspapers that still maintained their autonomy, La Prensa (owned by Pedro Beltrán ), Ultima Hora , El Comercio , Correo , and Ojo , were occupied. As a consequence of the expropriations, for the first time in the streets of Lima there were demonstrations against the government. On July 28–30, in the district of Miraflores , a protest was organized in the streets and squares of Lima. In response, more than 400 civilians were detained and government propaganda limited itself to ridiculing
3675-494: The international independence of Peru. To that end, he nationalised entire industries, expropriated companies in a wide range of activities from fisheries to mining to telecommunications to power production and consolidated them into single industry-centric government-run entities and increased government control over economic activity by enforcing those entities as monopolies and disincentivized private activity in those sectors. Most reforms were planned by left-leaning intellectuals of
3750-553: The legitimate government of Afghanistan by other countries. Further looting and burning of civilian homes and villages has been defended by the Taliban as within their right as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. Looting can also be common in cases where civil unrest is contained largely within the borders of a country or during peacetime. Riots in the wake of the 2020 George Floyd protests in numerous American cities led to increased amounts of looting, as looters took advantage of
3825-545: The loot plundered formed an integral part of the typical Roman triumph , and Genghis Khan was not unusual in proclaiming that the greatest happiness was "to vanquish your enemies... to rob them of their wealth". In ancient times, looting was sometimes prohibited due to religious concerns. For example, King Clovis I of the Franks, forbade his soldiers to loot when they campaigned near St Martin 's shrine in Tours, for fear of offending
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#17328557022873900-468: The looters with blood and fire. Likewise, through an official statement, the government suspended constitutional guarantees and declared a curfew as of 6 in the afternoon. On the 6th, it was arranged that the curfew was at 8 p.m. Later it was at 10 p.m., and finally at midnight, but some time passed without her being able to retire permanently. From the Government Palace the departure of the troops of
3975-605: The looting of antiquities from archaeological sites in Egypt, as the government lost the ability to protect the sites. Other acts of modern looting, such as the looting and destruction of artifacts from the National Museum of Iraq by Islamic State militants, can be used as an easy way to express contempt for the concept of rules of war altogether. In the case of a sudden change in a country or region's government, it can be difficult to determine what constitutes looting as opposed to
4050-413: The midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war , natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting . The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty , loot , plunder , spoils , or pillage. During modern-day armed conflicts , looting is prohibited by international law , and constitutes a war crime . During
4125-462: The models of our Nationalist Revolution. The traditional order against which our Revolution insurged was a capitalist order and we know very well the deep roots of injustice that it contains because that was, precisely, the system under whose aegis we became a dependent and underdeveloped nation. But while it is true that the capitalist system, today harshly criticized by the Catholic Church as well,
4200-583: The newspapers in 1974 and sending the publishers into exile. A cornerstone of Velasco's political and economic strategy was the implementation by dictate of an agrarian reform program to expropriate farms and diversify land ownership. In its first ten years in power, the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA) expropriated 15,000 properties (totaling nine million hectares) and benefited some 300,000 families. The former landlords who opposed this program believed that they did not receive adequate compensation for their confiscated assets and lamented that
4275-486: The preferred target of war looting, largely because of their ease of portability. In many cases, looting offered an opportunity to obtain treasures and works of art that otherwise would not have been obtainable. Beginning in the early modern period and reaching its peak in the New Imperialism era, European colonial powers frequently looted areas they captured during military campaigns against non-European states. In
4350-407: The protest, referring to it as being of an oligarchic nature. Popular discontent also reached members of the police , mostly from popular and lower middle sectors, who felt neglected by the military forces, who considered them as “auxiliary forces” and, furthermore, had no representation whatsoever in government agencies. Other causes of police discontent were their low salaries and an incident where
4425-512: The purchase of the British Centaur -class light fleet carrier HMS Bulwark . The Peruvian Army had 1,200 units in total raging from T-55 Main Battle Tanks and APCs . The Peruvian Air Force had 90 Sukhoi 22 warplanes for combat and Antonov An-26 and An-32 transport aircraft, as well as Mil Mi-8 , Mi-17 , Mi-25 and Mi-26 helicopters. The Peruvian Navy's flagship was
4500-693: The regime to form vandalism mobs that dedicated themselves exclusively to looting and setting fires . The mobs ran through the city and set fire to the Military Casino (located in San Martín Plaza ), the premises of the Correo newspaper and the Civic Center (where the government's SINAMOS offices were located). These attacks were reportedly led by Aprista students who were attempting to direct looting of government buildings. The rioters then headed towards
4575-594: The revolution from above to prevent it from being started from below." The first phase of the dictatorship, calling itself the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, began with the de facto presidency of the Army Commander General, Major General Juan Velasco Alvarado , who overthrew President Fernando Belaúnde , after the Talara Act and the Page 11 scandals, through a coup d'état , on October 3, 1968. The coup
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#17328557022874650-740: The right-wing Odriist National Union , led by Manuel Odría . In addition, Belaúnde had to face the peasant mobilization in Cusco led by Hugo Blanco and the irruption of two guerrilla forces in the country inspired by the victory of the Cuban Revolution : the National Liberation Army (ELN) commanded by Héctor Béjar and Javier Heraud , and the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) , led by an APRA militant, Luis de la Puente Uceda , and Guillermo Lobatón. The Armed Forces, especially
4725-498: The saint. Moses, Joshua and Samuel at various points ordered the Israelites not to take loot from their enemies due to God's commandment. In warfare in ancient times, the spoils of war included the defeated populations, which were often enslaved . Women and children might become absorbed into the victorious country's population, as concubines , eunuchs and slaves. In other pre-modern societies, objects made of precious metals were
4800-422: The state officials and peasant beneficiaries mismanaged their properties after the expropriation. On February 5, 1975, there was a police strike that generated riots and looting in the historic center of Lima, which created a massive increase of crime and general unrest in the capital and precipitated the fall of Velasco. This event would be later known as the Limazo . Months later, the Tacnazo occurred,
4875-454: The time, and some of them successfully improved the Peruvian quality of life. Among the state-owned companies created by the government were: A root and branch education reform was in march looking to include all Peruvians and move them towards to a new national thinking and feeling; the poor and the most excluded were prioritized in this system and the name of the Peruvian Indian Day ( Spanish : Día del Indio ), celebrated every June 24,
4950-424: The two nations remained close allies. Relations between Peru and Chile were tense, as it was believed that one of Juan Velasco Alvarado 's main goals was to militarily reconquer the lands lost by Peru to Chile in the War of the Pacific . This, as well as Peru's purchases of military equipment from the Soviet Union were also cause for concern. Nevertheless, both countries never went to war. Relations between
5025-403: The use of income sourced from the exploitation of natural resources. Such was the case of the New National Ideology in Venezuela , the Bolivian Revolution of 1952, the second government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in Chile , the National Development Plan of Juscelino Kubitschek in Brazil , among others. In Peru, the electoral victory in 1962 of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre , head of
5100-442: The victorious Nigerian troops were encircled and annihilated while looting. In other cases, for example, the Wahhabi sack of Karbala in 1801 or 1802, loot has contributed to further victories for an army. Not all looters in wartime are conquerors; the looting of Vistula Land by the retreating Imperial Russian Army in 1915 was among the factors sapping the loyalty of Poles to Russia . Local civilians can also take advantage of
5175-424: Was allegedly instigated by the CIA and APRA , and was violently suppressed by the Peruvian Armed Forces by February 5. The chaos and perceived lack of proper government response caused by the insurrection brought as a consequence the worsening of the political crisis faced by the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado , which would be deposed by a coup d'état by Francisco Morales Bermúdez in August 1975, ending
5250-430: Was changed to Peruvian Peasant's day ( Spanish : Día del Campesino ). Velasco saw the revolution as one that was opposed to both capitalism and communism, stating in a 1970 address that ...neither the conceptual starting point, nor the process of our revolutionary development, nor the final objective of the Revolution obey the traditional molds of the capitalist or communist systems. Communism and capitalism are not
5325-405: Was never possible to specify the number of deaths and injuries among the strikers. The official version denied that there had been casualties. After completing its work, the Army withdrew. In the streets of Lima the situation was one of uncertainty. The population feared leaving their homes, but little by little the lack of control resulting from the strike motivated criminal groups and opponents of
5400-624: Was one of the strongest armies in Latin America . It consisted of the Peruvian Army , Peruvian Air Force and the Peruvian Navy . it is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to US$ 2 billion (roughly US$ 20 billion in 2010's valuation) on Soviet armament. According to various sources Velasco's government bought between 600 and 1,200 T-55 Main Battle Tanks, APCs , 60 to 90 Sukhoi 22 warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered
5475-767: Was reelected. At the end of the military dictatorship, the growing problems with the payment of the foreign debt and the ineffectiveness of the State administration led to the appearance of symptoms of economic crisis and the incubation of social problems that in later years would increase . During the First Phase of the Revolutionary Government, there was a strong impulse of Peruvian cinema and literature . During this period, young Peruvian writers such as Mario Vargas Llosa , Alfredo Bryce Echenique and Julio Ramón Ribeyro , reached international recognition. In addition, important initiatives appeared that spread reading in Peru such as
5550-428: Was soon followed by the military takeover of La Brea y Pariñas oil complex on October 9, which helped the new government in its consolidation of power in the country. Velasco's administration articulated a desire to give justice to the poor through a regime of nationalization known as Peruanismo . Velasco's rule was characterized by left-leaning policies, which aimed to create a strong national industry to increase
5625-619: Was the first Latin American country to officialize an indigenous language. However, this law was never enforced and ceased to be valid when the 1979 constitution became effective, according to which Quechua and Aymara are official only where they predominate, as mandated by law – a law that was never enacted. Peruanismo was also characterized by authoritarianism, as the administration grew away from tolerating any level of dissent, periodically jailing, deporting and harassing suspected political opponents and repeatedly closing and censoring broadcast and print news media, finally expropriating all of
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