Lijnden is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland . It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer , and lies about 10 km west of Amsterdam .
55-520: Lijnden or 'de Lijnden' is named after one of the three pumping stations, who reclaimed the municipality of Haarlemmermeer between 1848 and 1852. The village was first mentioned in 1867. Lijnden refers to Frans van Lynden van Hemmen [ nl ] who outlined the plan for the poldering of the Haarlemmermeer lake. Lijnden developed shortly after 1852 at the intersection of the Hoofdvaart with
110-467: A phone in poll on 17 July 1991 and claimed that 72% of the 40,000 responses favored keeping the names. This made the DWD pause and think about the naming system and these days the DWD accept the naming system and request that it is maintained. During 1998 a debate started about whether it was discriminatory to name areas of high pressure with male names and the areas of low pressure with female names. The issue
165-421: A very high percentage (3.245 grams per litre) of common salt ; and in 1893 a company was formed to work them. In 1854, the city of Leiden laid claim to the possession of the new territory, but the courts decided in favor of the nation. Haarlemmermeer became incorporated as a municipality in the province of North Holland by law on 16 July 1855. Its first mayor was Matthijs Samuel Petrus Pabst. The first church
220-484: Is a polder , consisting of land reclaimed from water. The name Haarlemmermeer means ' Haarlem 's lake', referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century. Haarlemmermeer's main town is Hoofddorp , which has a population of 76,660. Hoofddorp, along with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp , are part of the Randstad agglomeration. The main international airport of
275-634: Is aligned with the NAO state during the cyclones' development phase. The strongest storms are embedded within, and form in large scale atmospheric flow. It should be kept in mind that, on the other hand, the cyclones themselves play a major role in steering the NAO phase. Aggregate European windstorm losses show a strong dependence on NAO, with losses increasing/decreasing 10-15% at all return periods. A connection between wintertime cold air outbreaks in North America and European windstorms has been hypothesized in
330-632: Is an important waterway for commercial and recreational boats alike. A portion of it forms part of the sailroute from Hollands Diep to the IJsselmeer , passable for ships with masts over 6 meters tall. There is also a connection to the Kaag Lake system ( Kagerplassen ), which extends to Leiden and beyond. There are several canals within Haarlemmermeer itself, the main ones are Hoofdvaart (Main Canal) and Kruisvaart (Cross Canal). But these had initially no connection to
385-597: Is called the waterwolf . During the Dutch War of Independence , the waters of the Haarlemmermeer were the scene of the Battle of Haarlemmermeer , a naval engagement between a Spanish fleet and the ships of the Dutch rebels known as " Sea Beggars ", who were trying to break the Siege of Haarlem . The Haarlemmermeer could be a dangerous place during storms. On 7 January 1629, Frederick Henry of
440-498: Is not in reference to the structurally different tropical cyclone of the same name, but to the hurricane strength of the wind on the Beaufort scale (winds ≥ 118 km/h or ≥ 73 mph). In English, use of term hurricane to refer to European windstorms is mostly discouraged, as these storms do not display the structure of tropical storms. Likewise the use of the French term ouragan
495-807: Is similarly discouraged as hurricane is in English, as it is typically reserved for tropical storms only. European windstorms in Latin Europe are generally referred to by derivatives of tempestas ( tempest , tempête , tempestado , tempesta ), meaning storm, weather, or season, from the Latin tempus , meaning time. Globally storms of this type forming between 30° and 60° latitude are known as extratropical cyclones . The name European windstorm reflects that these storms in Europe are primarily notable for their strong winds and associated damage, which can span several nations on
550-587: Is used by the meteorology department to maintain weather observations at the Free University. Names are listed alphabetically beginning in January. Several European languages use cognates of the word huracán ( ouragan , uragano , orkan , huragan , orkaan , ураган , which may or may not be differentiated from tropical hurricanes in these languages) to indicate particularly strong cyclonic winds occurring in Europe. The term hurricane as applied to these storms
605-737: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , but the event at Hunterston was rated as International Nuclear Event Scale 2. A year later in 1999 during the Lothar storm Flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant resulted in a "level 2" event on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Cyclone Lothar and Martin in 1999 left 3.4 million customers in France without electricity, and forced Électricité de France to acquire all
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#1732855480594660-629: The Leeghwater , the Cruquius (the largest Watt-design reciprocal stroke steam engine ever built and now a museum), and the Lijnden . Pumping began in 1848, and the lake was dry by July 1, 1852; 800 million tons of water were actually discharged. At the first sale of the highest lands along the banks on 16 August 1853, about £28 per acre was paid; but the average price afterwards was less. The whole area of 170.36 square kilometres (65.78 sq mi) recovered from
715-567: The Amsterdam branch office of Corendon Airlines . Also, the international organization representing air navigation service providers (air traffic controllers), Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) has its headquarters in Schiphol Airport. At one time KLM had its head office on the grounds of Schiphol Airport. Its current head office in Amstelveen had a scheduled completion at
770-620: The German media started to commonly use the names, however, they were not officially approved by the German Meteorological Service Deutscher Wetterdienst . The DWD subsequently banned the usage of the names by their offices during July 1991, after complaints had poured in about the naming system. However, the order was leaked to the German press agency, Deutsche Presse-Agentur , who ran it as its lead weather story. Germany's ZDF television channel subsequently ran
825-604: The Netherlands, Schiphol , is located in Haarlemmermeer. The original Haarlemmermeer lake is said to have been mostly a peat bog , a relic of a northern arm of the Rhine which passed through the district in Roman times. In 1531, the original Haarlemmermeer had an area of 26.0 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi), and near it were three smaller lakes: the Leidsche Meer ( Leiden Lake),
880-570: The Palatinate , son and heir of Frederick V , the "Winter King" drowned trying to cross it. By 1647, the new Haarlemmermeer had an area of about 150 square kilometres (58 sq mi), which a century later had increased to over 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi). In 1643, Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater proposed to dike and drain the lake. Similar schemes, among which those of Nicolaus Samuel Cruquius in 1742 and of Baron van Lijnden van Hemmen in 1820, were proposed from time to time. But it
935-472: The Ringdijk. The Catholic St Franciscus van Sales Church is a three aisled church with wooden tower which was built between 1858 and 1860 in neoclassic style. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church with ridge turret which was built in 1936 and is connected to the clergy house. Lijnden located the oldest (primary) school of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer: School 1. This school, established in 1861,
990-525: The Spiering Meer, and the Oude Meer (Old Lake), with a combined area of about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi). The four lakes were formed into one by successive floods with the Haarlemmermeer name being applied to the combined lake. Villages disappeared in the process. One of those villages was Vennep, after which the modern Nieuw-Vennep was named. In Dutch, the tendency for lakes to grow over time
1045-660: The UK and France was interrupted, and the storm caused a domino-effect of power outages throughout the Southeast of England. Conversely windstorms can produce too much wind power. Cyclone Xynthia hit Europe in 2010, generating 19000 megawatts of electricity from Germany's 21000 wind turbines. The electricity produced was too much for consumers to use, and prices on the European Energy Exchange in Leipzig plummeted, which resulted in
1100-600: The United Kingdom's needs via the Langeled pipeline . However, the disruption came at a time of low demand. The same storm also saw the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant also affected, as algae and mud stirred up by the storm were sucked into the cooling system, resulting in one of the generators being shut down. A similar situation was reported in the wake of Storm Angus in 2016 (though not linked specifically to
1155-535: The available portable power generators in Europe, with some even being brought in from Canada. These storms brought a fourth of France's high-tension transmission lines down and 300 high-voltage transmission pylons were toppled. It was one of the greatest energy disruptions ever experienced by a modern developed country. Following the Great Storm of 1987 the High Voltage Cross-Channel Link between
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#17328554805941210-462: The canal was more than 180 square kilometres (69 sq mi), and the average depth of the lake 4 metres (13 ft). As the water had no natural drainage, it was calculated that probably 1000 million tons of water would have to be raised by mechanical means. All of the pumping was done by steam mills, an innovation contrasting with the historic practice of draining polders using windmills . Three Cornish beam engines were imported from Hayle :
1265-457: The continent. The strongest cyclones are called windstorms within academia and the insurance industry. The name European windstorm has not been adopted by the UK Met Office in broadcasts (though it is used in their academic research ), the media or by the general public, and appears to have gained currency in academic and insurance circles as a linguistic and terminologically neutral name for
1320-506: The date, or the Saint's day of their occurrence. Although standardised naming schemes now exist, a storm may still be named differently in different countries. For instance, the Norwegian weather service also names independently notable storms that affect Norway , which can result in multiple names being used in different countries they affect, such as: In 2011, a social media campaign resulted in
1375-625: The end of 1970. When Air Holland existed, its head office was in Oude Meer , Haarlemmermeer. At one time NLM CityHopper had its head office at the airport. One of the busiest freeways in the Netherlands, the A4 from Amsterdam to Den Haag, crosses right through Haarlemmermeer. Other freeways are the A5 , from Hoofddorp to Amsterdam Sloterdijk, A9 from Alkmaar to Diemen and the A44 , from Nieuw-Vennep to Wassenaar. In
1430-429: The following May the work was begun. First, a canal was dug around the lake, called Ringvaart (Ring Canal), to carry the water drainage and boat and ship traffic which had previously gone across the lake. This canal was 61 kilometres (38 mi) long, and 2.40 metres (7.9 ft) deep, and the excavated earth was used to build a dike from 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) wide around the lake. The area enclosed by
1485-474: The grid operators having to pay over 18 euros per megawatt-hour to offload it, costing around half a million euros in total. Disruption of the gas supply during Cyclone Dagmar in 2011 left Royal Dutch Shell 's Ormen Lange gas processing plant in Norway inoperable after its electricity was cut off by the storm. This left gas supplies in the United Kingdom vulnerable as this facility can supply up to 20 per cent of
1540-652: The grounds of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer. The airline alliance SkyTeam has its offices in the World Trade Center Schiphol building on the grounds of Schiphol Airport. Schiphol Group , which operates the airport, has its head office on the airport property. Iran Air has its Netherlands sales office in the World Trade Center building. Nippon Cargo Airlines has its Europe regional offices there as well. Corendon Dutch Airlines has its head office in Lijnden , Haarlemmermeer. Lijnden also has
1595-568: The highest amount of natural catastrophe insurance loss in Europe. The state of the North Atlantic Oscillation relates strongly to the frequency, intensity, and tracks of European windstorms. An enhanced number of storms have been noted over the North Atlantic region during positive NAO phases (compared to negative NAO phases) and is due to larger areas of suitable growth conditions. The occurrence of extreme North Atlantic cyclones
1650-658: The last years. Cold spells over Central Canada and Eastern US appear to be associated with more frequent windstorms and flash floods over Iberia, whereas cold spells over Eastern Canada show a connection to windstorms over Northern Europe and the British Isles. The reason behind those teleconnections is not fully clear yet, but changes in the behavior of the Polar jet stream are likely to be at least related to this effect. Temporal clustering of windstorm events has also been noted, with eight consecutive storms hitting Europe during
1705-526: The losses of the 2007 United Kingdom floods . On average, some 200,000 buildings are damaged by high winds in the UK every year. European windstorms wipe out electrical generation capacity across large areas, making supplementation from abroad difficult (windturbines shut down to avoid damage and nuclear capacity may shut if cooling water is contaminated or flooding of the power plant occurs). Transmission capabilities can also be severely limited if power lines are brought down by snow, ice or high winds. In
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1760-420: The management of Schiphol. After Stockholm's airport , Schiphol was the second airport in Europe to have hardened runways, in 1937–1938. The name Schiphol means "ship hole" and refers to the many ships lost due to storms in the former lake. In the first half of the 20th century, a number of steam railway lines were built in Haarlemmermeer; most were abandoned only a couple of decades later. On 1 January 2019,
1815-787: The municipality of Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude merged with Haarlemmermeer. The municipality of Haarlemmermeer contains the following cities, towns and villages: Aalsmeerderbrug , Abbenes , Badhoevedorp , Beinsdorp , Boesingheliede , Buitenkaag , Burgerveen , Cruquius , De Hoek , Haarlemmerliede , Halfweg , Hoofddorp , 't Kabel , Leimuiderbrug , Lijnden , Lisserbroek , Nieuwe Meer , Nieuwebrug , Nieuw-Vennep , Oude Meer , Penningsveer , Rijsenhout , Rozenburg, North Holland [ nl ] , Schiphol , Schiphol-Rijk , Spaarndam (partly), Spaarnwoude , Vijfhuizen , Vinkebrug , Weteringbrug , Zwaanshoek , Zwanenburg . Four airlines, TUI fly Netherlands , KLM Cityhopper , Martinair , and Transavia have their headquarters on
1870-550: The name European cyclones , with North-Atlantic cyclone and North-Atlantic windstorms also being used. Though with the advent of the "Name our Storms" project, they are generally known as storms. Insurance losses from European windstorms are the second greatest source of loss for any natural peril globally. Only Atlantic hurricanes in the United States are larger. Windstorm losses exceed those caused by flooding in Europe. For instance one windstorm, Kyrill in 2007, exceeded
1925-580: The outside waterways, meaning that goods had to be reloaded at the ring dike. In 1895 a double canal lock was built at Aalsmeer , boosting the economy. In the 1950s this lock was closed and the canals are once again no longer used for shipping. The municipal council of Haarlemmermeer consists of 39 seats, which at the 2022 municipal elections divided as follows: The Netherlands Aviation Safety Board , during its existence, had its head office in Hoofddorp in Haarlemmermeer. The Dutch Transport Safety Board ,
1980-703: The phenomena. In contrast to some other European languages there is a lack of a widely accepted name for these storms in English. The Met Office and UK media generally refer to these storms as severe gales . The current definition of severe gales (which warrants the issue of a weather warning) are repeated gusts of 70 mph (110 km/h) or more over inland areas. European windstorms are also described in forecasts variously as winter storms , winter lows , autumnal lows , Atlantic lows and cyclonic systems . They are also sometimes referred to as bullseye isobars and dartboard lows in reference to their appearance on weather charts. A Royal Society exhibition has used
2035-459: The population by settling in the villages along the Ringvaart. Maize, seeds, cattle, butter, and cheese were the principal produce. Today, large industrial and office developments have become prominent, especially at Hoofddorp and Schiphol. The roads which traverse the commune are bordered by pleasant-looking farmhouses built after the various styles of Holland , Friesland and Brabant , reflecting
2090-456: The presence of HM Queen Beatrix , in 2004 three bridges designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava were opened. The bridges span the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer and are named after three string instruments ; Harp , Cittern , and Lute . In 2006 two of those bridges' structures already displayed clear signs of corrosion, and had to be repaired. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ,
2145-553: The principal international airport of the Netherlands, is also situated in Haarlemmermeer. Nederlandse Spoorwegen , the Dutch National Railways, serves the municipality with three stations: Hoofddorp , Nieuw-Vennep , and Schiphol Airport (which serves high speed rail as well). There was a network of local steam railways across Harlemmermeer in the early 20th century, the Haarlemmermeer railway lines . The Ringvaart
2200-404: The sea. When the grid connection was restored, the generators that had powered the station during the blackout were shut down and left on "manual start", so when the power failed again the station was powered by batteries for a short time of around 30 minutes, until the diesel generators were started manually. During this period the reactors were left without forced cooling, in a similar fashion to
2255-404: The storm officially called Cyclone Friedhelm being widely referred to as Hurricane Bawbag and Hurricane Fannybaws. Such usage of the term Hurricane is not without precedent, as the 1968 Scotland storm was referred to as "Hurricane Low Q". The UK Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann held discussions about developing a common naming system for Atlantic storms. In 2015 a pilot project by
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2310-811: The successor agency, was established on 1 July 1999 and the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board was merged into the agency at that time. The following cities have a sister city relationship with the Haarlemmermeer municipality: To honour the relationship, three structures in Hoofddorp are named after the sister cities: The Cebu Citybridge and the Hódmezővásárhely fountain. Business parks and airports European windstorm European windstorms are powerful extratropical cyclones which form as cyclonic windstorms associated with areas of low atmospheric pressure . They can occur throughout
2365-449: The surface, can be placed into three categories, namely the "warm jet", the "cold jet" and the "sting jet". These phenomena vary in terms of physical mechanisms, atmospheric structure, spatial extent, duration, severity level, predictability and location relative to cyclone and fronts. On average, these storms cause economic damage of around €1.9 billion per year and insurance losses of €1.4 billion per year (1990–1998). They cause
2420-564: The track is further south, it may cause adverse weather conditions across Central Europe , Northern Europe and especially Western Europe . The countries most commonly affected include the United Kingdom , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Germany , the Faroe Islands and Iceland . The strong wind phenomena intrinsic to European windstorms, that give rise to "damage footprints" at
2475-490: The two forecasters was launched as " Name our storms " which sought public participation in naming large-scale cyclonic windstorms affecting the UK and/or Ireland over the winter of 2015/16. The UK/Ireland storm naming system began its first operational season in 2015/2016, with Storm Abigail. During 1954, Karla Wege, a student at the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute suggested that names should be assigned to all areas of low and high pressure that influenced
2530-440: The various origins of the farmers. Hoofddorp, Venneperdorp or Nieuw-Vennep, Abbenes, and the vicinities of the pumping stations are the spots where the population has clustered most densely. In 1917 a military airport was built near the old fort of Schiphol. Nowadays, Schiphol Airport is the major civilian aviation hub in the Netherlands, using 15% of Haarlemmermeer's land area. In 1926, Amsterdam 's municipal council took over
2585-566: The wake of Cyclone Gudrun in 2005 Denmark and Latvia had difficulty importing electricity, and Sweden lost 25% of its total power capacity as the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Barsebäck nuclear power plant nuclear plants were shut down. During the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 the reactors at Hunterston B nuclear power station were shut down when power was lost, possibly due to arcing at pylons caused by salt spray from
2640-459: The waters brought in 9,400,000 guilders, or about £780,000, exactly covering the cost of the enterprise; so that the actual cost to the nation was only the amount of the interest on the capital, or about £368,000. The soil is of various kinds, loam, clay, sand, and peat. Most of it is fertile enough, though in the lower portions there are barren patches where the scanty vegetation is covered with an ochreous deposit. Mineral springs occur containing
2695-426: The weather of Central Europe. The university subsequently started to name every area of high or low pressure within its weather forecasts, from a list of 260 male and 260 female names submitted by its students. The female names were assigned to areas of low pressure while male names were assigned to areas of high pressure. The names were subsequently exclusively used by Berlin's media until February 1990, after which
2750-401: The winter of 1989/90. Cyclones Lothar and Martin in 1999 were separated by only 36 hours. Cyclone Kyrill in 2007 followed only four days after Cyclone Per . In November 2011, Cyclone Berit moved across Northern Europe, and just a day later another storm, named Yoda, hit the same area. Up to the second half of the 19th century, European windstorms were usually named either by the year,
2805-586: The year, but are most frequent between October and March, with peak intensity in the winter months. Deep areas of low pressure are common over the North Atlantic, and occasionally start as nor'easters off the New England coast. They frequently track across the North Atlantic Ocean towards the north of Scotland and into the Norwegian Sea , which generally minimizes the impact to inland areas; however, if
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#17328554805942860-527: Was built in the same year and by 1877 there were seven. By 1860 its population was 7237, and 40 years later in 1900, it was 16,621. Initially agriculture dominated in Haarlemmermeer. But with 99% of the land owned by a few wealthy land owners, poor harvests and low commodity prices, life was very difficult for the tenant farmers . After 1900, the situation improved when commodity prices rose and most farmers owned their own land. Then greenhouse farming developed. Seasonal labourers, attracted by good pay, boosted
2915-480: Was closed again in 1994 because of a lack of pupils. Corendon Dutch Airlines has its head office in Lijnden. Lijnden also has the Amsterdam branch office of Corendon Airlines . Business parks and airports Haarlemmermeer Haarlemmermeer ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦaːrlɛmərˈmeːr] ) is a municipality in the west of the Netherlands , in the province of North Holland . Haarlemmermeer
2970-590: Was not until a furious hurricane in November 1836 drove the waters as far as the gates of Amsterdam , and another on Christmas Day sent them in the opposite direction to submerge the streets of Leiden , that the matter was seriously considered. On 1 August 1837, King William I appointed a royal commission of inquiry. Their proposal receiving the sanction of the Dutch Parliament 's Second Chamber in March 1839, and in
3025-422: Was subsequently resolved by alternating male and female names each year. In November 2002 the "Adopt-a-Vortex" scheme began, which allows members of the public or companies to buy naming rights for a letter chosen by the buyer that are then assigned alphabetically to high and low pressure areas in Europe during each year. The naming comes with the slim chance that the system will be notable. The money raised by this
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