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92-611: The Gold Lifesaving Medal and Silver Lifesaving Medal are U.S. decorations issued by the United States Coast Guard . The awards were established by Act of Congress, 20 June 1874; later authorized by 14 U.S.C.   § 500 . These decorations are two of the oldest medals in the United States and were originally established at the Department of Treasury as Lifesaving Medals First and Second Class. The Department of

184-486: A bullet cast from silver is often supposed in such folklore the only weapon that is effective against a werewolf , witch , or other monsters . From this the idiom of a silver bullet developed into figuratively referring to any simple solution with very high effectiveness or almost miraculous results, as in the widely discussed software engineering paper " No Silver Bullet ." Other powers attributed to silver include detection of poison and facilitation of passage into

276-496: A covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of silver. Silver has a brilliant, white, metallic luster that can take a high polish , and which is so characteristic that the name of the metal itself has become a color name . Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm. At wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silver's reflectivity

368-734: A Lifesaving Medal if the act of heroism was performed while the individual was in a leave or liberty status. In all other circumstances, a military award should be considered." While the Lifesaving Medals may be proffered to, and accepted by, DoD personnel, the Medals are no longer authorized for wear on U.S. military uniforms of the DoD Services (Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force, Space Force). Such awards may become part of service records, and used for other purposes, however. The US Coast Guard, while an armed force and military service at all times, normally

460-450: A colorant in stained glass , and in specialized confectionery. Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film. Dilute solutions of silver nitrate and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides ( oligodynamic effect ), added to bandages , wound-dressings, catheters , and other medical instruments . Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two vertical neighbours in group 11 of

552-649: A lifesaving event, but allows the opportunity for that commander to award a Service decoration such as the Soldier's Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Airman's Medal, or Coast Guard Medal, instead of the DHS-awarded Lifesaving Medals. Within the Coast Guard, as a non-DoD agency, the gold medal's precedence for wear is immediately following the Coast Guard Medal, while the silver medal's precedence for wear

644-575: A non-Indo-European Wanderwort . Some scholars have thus proposed a Paleo-Hispanic origin, pointing to the Basque form zilharr as an evidence. The chemical symbol Ag is from the Latin word for silver , argentum (compare Ancient Greek ἄργυρος , árgyros ), from the Proto-Indo-European root * h₂erǵ- (formerly reconstructed as *arǵ- ), meaning ' white ' or ' shining ' . This

736-598: A reward for betrayal, references the bribe Judas Iscariot is said in the New Testament to have taken from Jewish leaders in Jerusalem to turn Jesus of Nazareth over to soldiers of the high priest Caiaphas. Ethically, silver also symbolizes greed and degradation of consciousness; this is the negative aspect, the perverting of its value. The abundance of silver in the Earth's crust is 0.08  parts per million , almost exactly

828-612: A scale unparalleled before the discovery of the New World . Reaching a peak production of 200 tonnes per year, an estimated silver stock of 10,000 tonnes circulated in the Roman economy in the middle of the second century AD, five to ten times larger than the combined amount of silver available to medieval Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate around AD 800. The Romans also recorded the extraction of silver in central and northern Europe in

920-556: Is cognate with Old High German silabar ; Gothic silubr ; or Old Norse silfr , all ultimately deriving from Proto-Germanic *silubra . The Balto-Slavic words for silver are rather similar to the Germanic ones (e.g. Russian серебро [ serebró ], Polish srebro , Lithuanian sidãbras ), as is the Celtiberian form silabur . They may have a common Indo-European origin, although their morphology rather suggest

1012-465: Is the difluoride , AgF 2 , which can be obtained from the elements under heat. A strong yet thermally stable and therefore safe fluorinating agent, silver(II) fluoride is often used to synthesize hydrofluorocarbons . In stark contrast to this, all four silver(I) halides are known. The fluoride , chloride , and bromide have the sodium chloride structure, but the iodide has three known stable forms at different temperatures; that at room temperature

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1104-470: Is Ag 3 O which behaves as a metallic conductor. Silver(I) sulfide , Ag 2 S, is very readily formed from its constituent elements and is the cause of the black tarnish on some old silver objects. It may also be formed from the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with silver metal or aqueous Ag ions. Many non-stoichiometric selenides and tellurides are known; in particular, AgTe ~3 is a low-temperature superconductor . The only known dihalide of silver

1196-551: Is a chemical element ; it has symbol Ag (from Latin argentum  'silver', derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ ' shiny, white ' ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal , it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity , thermal conductivity , and reflectivity of any metal . Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form (" native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite . Most silver

1288-3120: Is a tradition dating back to 1947 and represents the highest awards granted by the Secretary to an individual or group for contribution or achievement in support of the Department's mission. Since 2018, the traditional honor awards program has been redesigned into a three-tier structure: [REDACTED] Distinguished Honor Award [REDACTED] Superior Honor Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Honor Award [REDACTED] Distinguished Honor Award [REDACTED] Superior Honor Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Honor Award [REDACTED] Distinguished Science Award [REDACTED] Early Career Scientist Award [REDACTED] Science Delivery Award [REDACTED] Strategic Goal Honor Awards [REDACTED] Aldo Leopold Award for Overall Wilderness Stewardship Program [REDACTED] Bob Marshall Award for Individual Champion of Wilderness Stewardship [REDACTED] Bob Marshall Award for Group Champion of Wilderness Stewardship [REDACTED] Wilderness Partnership Champion Award [REDACTED] Excellence in Wilderness Stewardship Research Award [REDACTED] Connie Myers Award for Leadership in Wilderness Education [REDACTED] Line Officer Wilderness Leadership Award [REDACTED] Outstanding Wild & Scenic River Stewardship [REDACTED] Outstanding Wild & Scenic River Manager [REDACTED] Outstanding Line Officer Leadership for Wild & Scenic Rivers [REDACTED] Department of Commerce Gold Medal [REDACTED] Department of Commerce Silver Medal [REDACTED] Department of Commerce Bronze Medal [REDACTED] President's "E" Award [REDACTED] Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award [REDACTED] Eugene Casson Crittenden Award [REDACTED] Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award [REDACTED] Edward Uhler Condon Award [REDACTED] Judson C. French Award [REDACTED] Jacob Rabinow Applied Research Award [REDACTED] Edward Bennett Rosa Award [REDACTED] William P. Slichter Award [REDACTED] Samuel Wesley Stratton Award [REDACTED] George A. Uriano Award [REDACTED] NIST Colleagues' Choice Award [REDACTED] Director's Award for Excellence in Administration [REDACTED] Equal Employment Opportunity/Diversity Award [REDACTED] NIST Safety Award [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Meritorious Service Medal [REDACTED] NOAA Administrator's Award [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Commendation Medal [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Achievement Medal [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Director's Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Units Citation Award [REDACTED] NOAA Technology Transfer Award [REDACTED] NOAA Distinguished Career Award [REDACTED] Junior Officer of

1380-2618: Is administered by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence for the United States Intelligence Community (IC). [REDACTED] George Washington Spymaster Award [REDACTED] National Intelligence Cross [REDACTED] National Intelligence Medal for Valor [REDACTED] National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Superior Service Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Reform Medal (Retired 11/2010) [REDACTED] National Intelligence Exceptional Achievement Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation [REDACTED] National Intelligence Medallion [REDACTED] National Intelligence Certificate of Distinction [REDACTED] Director of National Intelligence's Award for Collaborative Leadership (Retired 11/2010) [REDACTED] National Intelligence Special Act or Service Award [REDACTED] Intelligence Community EEO and Diversity Exemplary Leadership Award [REDACTED] Intelligence Community EEO and Diversity Outstanding Achievement Award [REDACTED] Intelligence Community Seal Medallion [REDACTED] Galileo Award [REDACTED] National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Superior Public Service Medal [REDACTED] Intelligence Community Expeditionary Service Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Joint Duty Service Device [REDACTED] Senior National Intelligence Service Device [REDACTED] National Security Medal [REDACTED] National Intelligence Medal of Achievement (NIAM) [REDACTED] Distinguished Intelligence Cross (Valor Award) [REDACTED] Distinguished Intelligence Medal [REDACTED] Intelligence Star (Valor Award) [REDACTED] Intelligence Medal of Merit [REDACTED] Distinguished Career Intelligence Medal [REDACTED] Career Intelligence Medal [REDACTED] Career Commendation Medal [REDACTED] Intelligence Commendation Medal [REDACTED] Exceptional Service Medallion [REDACTED] Hostile Action Service Medal [REDACTED] Agency Seal Medal [REDACTED] Director's Award [REDACTED] Gold Retirement Medallion [REDACTED] Silver Retirement Medallion [REDACTED] Bronze Retirement Medallion The USDA's Honor Awards

1472-438: Is because its filled 4d shell is not very effective in shielding the electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus to the outermost 5s electron, and hence silver is near the bottom of the electrochemical series ( E (Ag /Ag) = +0.799 V). In group 11, silver has the lowest first ionization energy (showing the instability of the 5s orbital), but has higher second and third ionization energies than copper and gold (showing

1564-534: Is due primarily to the creation of a variety of additional military decorations that supplant the Lifesaving Medal. The United States Navy often issues the Navy and Marine Corps Medal , instead of the Lifesaving Medal, for sea rescues involving risk of life. "Military personnel serving on active duty would normally not be recommended for Gold and Silver Lifesaving Medals; however, military personnel may be recommended for

1656-549: Is higher than that of lead (1.87), and its electron affinity of 125.6 kJ/mol is much higher than that of hydrogen (72.8 kJ/mol) and not much less than that of oxygen (141.0 kJ/mol). Due to its full d-subshell, silver in its main +1 oxidation state exhibits relatively few properties of the transition metals proper from groups 4 to 10, forming rather unstable organometallic compounds , forming linear complexes showing very low coordination numbers like 2, and forming an amphoteric oxide as well as Zintl phases like

1748-511: Is immediately following the Air Medal. However, the appropriate precedence for display—but not wear—of the Lifesaving Medals in other Services is among the category of "Federal Agency personal decorations," directly below the Prisoner of War Medal. The Lifesaving Medal is unusual among U.S. medals because it is actually struck from the eponymous precious metal, silver or gold . Multiple awards of

1840-428: Is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm. Very high electrical and thermal conductivity are common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility. The thermal conductivity of silver is among the highest of all materials, although

1932-413: Is much less stable, fuming in moist air and reacting with glass. Silver(II) complexes are more common. Like the valence isoelectronic copper(II) complexes, they are usually square planar and paramagnetic, which is increased by the greater field splitting for 4d electrons than for 3d electrons. Aqueous Ag , produced by oxidation of Ag by ozone, is a very strong oxidising agent, even in acidic solutions: it

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2024-410: Is not reversible because the silver atom liberated is typically found at a crystal defect or an impurity site, so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is "trapped". White silver nitrate , AgNO 3 , is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, especially the halides, and is much less sensitive to light. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by

2116-424: Is pale yellow, becoming purplish on exposure to light; it projects slightly from the surface of the artifact or coin. The precipitation of copper in ancient silver can be used to date artifacts, as copper is nearly always a constituent of silver alloys. Silver metal is attacked by strong oxidizers such as potassium permanganate ( KMnO 4 ) and potassium dichromate ( K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ), and in

2208-481: Is part of the Department of Homeland Security. As such, awards of the DHS may be bestowed directly upon civilians, including US Coast Guard civilian employees and contractors, while recommendations for award of the Lifesaving Medals to US military members will be coordinated with the servicemembers' parent Service; this provides not only notification to the relevant military commanders that their servicemember(s) were involved in

2300-402: Is produced as a byproduct of copper , gold, lead , and zinc refining . Silver has long been valued as a precious metal . Silver metal is used in many bullion coins , sometimes alongside gold : while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal . Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of

2392-415: Is rare in the periodic table. The atomic weight is 107.8682(2) u ; this value is very important because of the importance of silver compounds, particularly halides, in gravimetric analysis . Both isotopes of silver are produced in stars via the s-process (slow neutron capture), as well as in supernovas via the r-process (rapid neutron capture). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized,

2484-531: Is reflected in the relative decomposition temperatures of AgMe (−50 °C) and CuMe (−15 °C) as well as those of PhAg (74 °C) and PhCu (100 °C). The C–Ag bond is stabilized by perfluoroalkyl ligands, for example in AgCF(CF 3 ) 2 . Alkenylsilver compounds are also more stable than their alkylsilver counterparts. Silver- NHC complexes are easily prepared, and are commonly used to prepare other NHC complexes by displacing labile ligands. For example,

2576-472: Is stabilized in phosphoric acid due to complex formation. Peroxodisulfate oxidation is generally necessary to give the more stable complexes with heterocyclic amines , such as [Ag(py) 4 ] and [Ag(bipy) 2 ] : these are stable provided the counterion cannot reduce the silver back to the +1 oxidation state. [AgF 4 ] is also known in its violet barium salt, as are some silver(II) complexes with N - or O -donor ligands such as pyridine carboxylates. By far

2668-2135: Is the Defense Meritorious Service Medal [REDACTED] Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award (JCSCA), its military equivalent is the Joint Service Commendation Medal [REDACTED] Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award (JCSAA), its military equivalent is the Joint Service Achievement Medal [REDACTED] Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Outstanding Civilian Career Service Award [REDACTED] Defense Acquisition University President's Medal [REDACTED] Defense Acquisition University Superior Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] Defense Acquisition University Civilian Achievement Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Distinguished Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Superior Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Meritorious Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Distinguished Public Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Superior Public Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Meritorious Public Service Medal [REDACTED] DARPA Honorable Service Medal [REDACTED] Game Changer Award Medallion [REDACTED] DOD Inspector General Distinguished Service Award [REDACTED] DOD Inspector General Superior Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DOD Inspector General Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Defense Investigative Service Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Defense Investigative Service Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Director's Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Director's Commendation for Civilian Service [REDACTED] Director's Civilian Achievement Award [REDACTED] DPAA Operational Team Service Medal [REDACTED] DPAA Distinguished Public Service Medal [REDACTED] DPAA Superior Public Service Medal [REDACTED] Department of

2760-413: Is the cubic zinc blende structure. They can all be obtained by the direct reaction of their respective elements. As the halogen group is descended, the silver halide gains more and more covalent character, solubility decreases, and the colour changes from the white chloride to the yellow iodide as the energy required for ligand-metal charge transfer (X Ag → XAg) decreases. The fluoride is anomalous, as

2852-726: Is used in vacuum brazing . The two metals are completely miscible as liquids but not as solids; their importance in industry comes from the fact that their properties tend to be suitable over a wide range of variation in silver and copper concentration, although most useful alloys tend to be richer in silver than the eutectic mixture (71.9% silver and 28.1% copper by weight, and 60.1% silver and 28.1% copper by atom). Most other binary alloys are of little use: for example, silver–gold alloys are too soft and silver– cadmium alloys too toxic. Ternary alloys have much greater importance: dental amalgams are usually silver–tin–mercury alloys, silver–copper–gold alloys are very important in jewellery (usually on

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2944-482: Is usually obtained by reacting silver or silver monofluoride with the strongest known oxidizing agent, krypton difluoride . Silver and gold have rather low chemical affinities for oxygen, lower than copper, and it is therefore expected that silver oxides are thermally quite unstable. Soluble silver(I) salts precipitate dark-brown silver(I) oxide , Ag 2 O, upon the addition of alkali. (The hydroxide AgOH exists only in solution; otherwise it spontaneously decomposes to

3036-745: The Commander's Award for Public Service ) [REDACTED] Patriotic Public Service Lapel Button [REDACTED] Certificate of Appreciation for Patriotic Civilian Service [REDACTED] Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service [REDACTED] Outstanding Civilian Career Service Award [REDACTED] Civilian Award for Valor [REDACTED] Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Command Civilian Award for Valor [REDACTED] Exemplary Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Civilian Achievement Award [REDACTED] Civilian Air Medal [REDACTED] Civilian Aerial Achievement Award [REDACTED] Secretary of

3128-843: The Koenigs–Knorr reaction . In the Fétizon oxidation , silver carbonate on celite acts as an oxidising agent to form lactones from diols . It is also employed to convert alkyl bromides into alcohols . Silver fulminate , AgCNO, a powerful, touch-sensitive explosive used in percussion caps , is made by reaction of silver metal with nitric acid in the presence of ethanol . Other dangerously explosive silver compounds are silver azide , AgN 3 , formed by reaction of silver nitrate with sodium azide , and silver acetylide , Ag 2 C 2 , formed when silver reacts with acetylene gas in ammonia solution. In its most characteristic reaction, silver azide decomposes explosively, releasing nitrogen gas: given

3220-532: The Lahn region, Siegerland , Silesia , Hungary , Norway , Steiermark , Schwaz , and the southern Black Forest . Most of these ores were quite rich in silver and could simply be separated by hand from the remaining rock and then smelted; some deposits of native silver were also encountered. Many of these mines were soon exhausted, but a few of them remained active until the Industrial Revolution , before which

3312-502: The Secretary of Defense Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Office of the Secretary of Defense Civilian Career Service Award [REDACTED] Office of the Secretary of Defense Medal for Valor [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom [REDACTED] Civilian Desert Shield/Desert Storm Medal [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Medal for

3404-617: The United States Life-Saving Service . The Secretary of the Treasury was directed, among other provisions of the act, to create "medals of honor", to be distinguished as life-saving medals of the first and second class, and bestow them upon any persons who endanger their own lives in saving, or endeavoring to save lives from perils of the sea, within the United States, or upon any American vessel. The Lifesaving Medals have had multiple designs in their history. The laws governing

3496-646: The mythical realm of fairies . Silver production has also inspired figurative language. Clear references to cupellation occur throughout the Old Testament of the Bible , such as in Jeremiah 's rebuke to Judah: "The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away. Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath rejected them." (Jeremiah 6:19–20) Jeremiah

3588-433: The periodic table : copper , and gold . Its 47 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Kr]4d 5s , similarly to copper ([Ar]3d 4s ) and gold ([Xe]4f 5d 6s ); group 11 is one of the few groups in the d-block which has a completely consistent set of electron configurations. This distinctive electron configuration, with a single electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell, accounts for many of

3680-435: The platinum complexes (though they are formed more readily than those of the analogous gold complexes): they are also quite unsymmetrical, showing the weak π bonding in group 11. Ag–C σ bonds may also be formed by silver(I), like copper(I) and gold(I), but the simple alkyls and aryls of silver(I) are even less stable than those of copper(I) (which tend to explode under ambient conditions). For example, poor thermal stability

3772-526: The post-transition metals . Unlike the preceding transition metals, the +1 oxidation state of silver is stable even in the absence of π-acceptor ligands . Silver does not react with air, even at red heat, and thus was considered by alchemists as a noble metal , along with gold. Its reactivity is intermediate between that of copper (which forms copper(I) oxide when heated in air to red heat) and gold. Like copper, silver reacts with sulfur and its compounds; in their presence, silver tarnishes in air to form

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3864-702: The 19th century, primary production of silver moved to North America, particularly Canada , Mexico , and Nevada in the United States : some secondary production from lead and zinc ores also took place in Europe, and deposits in Siberia and the Russian Far East as well as in Australia were mined. Poland emerged as an important producer during the 1970s after the discovery of copper deposits that were rich in silver, before

3956-3785: The Air Force Distinguished Public Service Award [REDACTED] Chief of Staff of the Air Force Award for Exceptional Public Service [REDACTED] Air Force Exceptional Service Award [REDACTED] Air Force Scroll of Appreciation [REDACTED] Commander's Public Service Award [REDACTED] Distinguished Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Superior Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Civilian Service Commendation Medal [REDACTED] Civilian Service Achievement Medal [REDACTED] Distinguished Civilian Medal for Valor [REDACTED] Superior Civilian Medal for Valor [REDACTED] Angela M. Houtz Medal for Fallen Civilians [REDACTED] Captain Robert Dexter Conrad Award for Scientific Achievement [REDACTED] Distinguished Achievement in Science Award [REDACTED] Distinguished Public Service Award [REDACTED] Superior Public Service Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Public Service Award [REDACTED] Military Sealift Command Civilian Service Commendation Medal [REDACTED] Military Sealift Command Civilian Service Achievement Medal [REDACTED] Military Sealift Command Civilian Humanitarian Service Medal [REDACTED] Defense Commissary Agency Distinguished Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DeCA Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DeCA Superior Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DeCA Civilian Career Service Award [REDACTED] Distinguished Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] Meritorious Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DCMA Distinguished Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DCMA Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DCMA Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DCMA Civilian Career Service Award [REDACTED] DISA Exceptional Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DISA Meritorious Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DIA Leadership Award [REDACTED] DIA Exceptional Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DIA Excellent Service Medal [REDACTED] DIA Civilian Achievement Medal [REDACTED] DIA Meritorious Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DIA Director's Award [REDACTED] DIA Civilian Combat Support Medal [REDACTED] DIA Civilian Expeditionary Medal [REDACTED] DLA Distinguished Career Service Award [REDACTED] DLA Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DLA Superior Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DLA Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DLA Humanitarian Service Medal [REDACTED] DSA Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DTIC Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DTIC Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DTRA Distinguished Service Award [REDACTED] DTRA Meritorious Service Award [REDACTED] DTRA Exceptional Service Award [REDACTED] DTRA Honorable Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] DSWA Director's Lifetime Achievement Award [REDACTED] DSWA Exceptional Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] DSWA Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] NIMA or NGA Distinguished Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] NIMA or NGA Meritorious Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] NIMA or NGA Superior Civilian Service Medal [REDACTED] NIMA or NGA Meritorious Unit Citation Silver Silver

4048-757: The Army Distinguished Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Secretary of the Army Award for Valor [REDACTED] Superior Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Department of the Army Civilian Service Commendation Medal (formerly the Commander's Award for Civilian Service ) [REDACTED] Department of the Army Civilian Service Achievement Medal [REDACTED] Secretary of

4140-661: The Army's Award for Outstanding Achievement in Materiel Acquisition [REDACTED] Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Medal for the Global War on Terrorism [REDACTED] Armed Forces Civilian Service Medal (AFCSM) [REDACTED] Distinguished Public Service Medal [REDACTED] Superior Public Service Medal [REDACTED] Meritorious Public Service Medal [REDACTED] Public Service Commendation Medal (formerly

4232-836: The Global War on Terrorism [REDACTED] Armed Forces Civilian Service Medal (AFCSM) [REDACTED] Office of the Secretary of Defense Award for Excellence [REDACTED] Office of the Secretary of Defense Group Achievement Award [REDACTED] Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Medal for Exceptional Public Service [REDACTED] Eugene G. Fubini Award [REDACTED] CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service (DPS) [REDACTED] CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service (OPS) [REDACTED] CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award (JDSCA) [REDACTED] CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award (JMCSA), its military equivalent

4324-568: The Greek and Roman civilizations, silver coins were a staple of the economy: the Greeks were already extracting silver from galena by the 7th century BC, and the rise of Athens was partly made possible by the nearby silver mines at Laurium , from which they extracted about 30 tonnes a year from 600 to 300 BC. The stability of the Roman currency relied to a high degree on the supply of silver bullion, mostly from Spain, which Roman miners produced on

4416-427: The Lifesaving Medal are denoted by award stars on the decoration's ribbon and a gold clasp , inscribed with the recipient's name, is worn on the actual medal. Since 1874, more than 600 Gold Lifesaving Medals and more than 1,900 Silver Lifesaving Medals have been awarded. Awards and decorations of the United States government The following is a selection of civilian awards which are presently issued by

4508-477: The Silver Lifesaving Medal may be awarded to any person who rescues or endeavors to rescue any other person from drowning, shipwreck, or other perils of the water. The rescue or attempted rescue must either take place in waters within the U.S. or subject to the jurisdiction thereof, or one or the other of the parties must be a citizen of the U.S. or from a vessel or aircraft owned or operated by citizens of

4600-615: The Treasury initially gave the award, but today the United States Coast Guard awards it through the Department of Homeland Security . They are not classified as military decorations, and may be awarded to any person. A British Sea Gallantry Medal for saving life was authorized in 1854. Twenty years later in the United States the Gold and Silver Lifesaving Medals were first authorized in an Act (18 Stat 125, 43rd Congress) that furthered

4692-2081: The U.S. government. [REDACTED] Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction [REDACTED] Presidential Medal of Freedom [REDACTED] Presidential Citizens Medal [REDACTED] Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor [REDACTED] Medal for Merit (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Medal of Freedom (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service [REDACTED] National Medal of Arts [REDACTED] National Humanities Medal [REDACTED] National Medal of Science [REDACTED] National Medal of Technology and Innovation [REDACTED] Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching [REDACTED] Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ( PECASE ) [REDACTED] Presidential Award for Leadership in Federal Energy Management [REDACTED] Preserve America Presidential Award [REDACTED] President's Environmental Youth Award [REDACTED] President's Volunteer Service Award (PVSA) [REDACTED] Presidential Rank Award of Distinguished Executive [REDACTED] Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive [REDACTED] Presidential Rank Award of Distinguished Senior Professional [REDACTED] Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Senior Professional [REDACTED] Congressional Gold Medal [REDACTED] Congressional Silver Medal [REDACTED] Congressional Bronze Medal [REDACTED] Congressional Award Gold Medal (Youth Only) [REDACTED] Congressional Award Silver Medal (Youth Only) [REDACTED] Congressional Award Bronze Medal (Youth Only) [REDACTED] Congressional Gold Certificate (Youth Only) [REDACTED] Congressional Silver Certificate (Youth Only) [REDACTED] Congressional Bronze Certificate (Youth Only) The National Intelligence Awards (NIA) Program

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4784-421: The U.S." The Lifesaving Medal is issued in two grades, being gold and silver. "The Gold Lifesaving Medal may be awarded to an individual who performed a rescue or attempted rescue at the risk of his or her own life, and demonstrates extreme and heroic daring. The Silver Lifesaving Medal may be awarded to an individual who performed a rescue or attempted rescue where the circumstances do not sufficiently distinguish

4876-1897: The Year = NOAA ACO Award Medal (without attachments) [REDACTED] Science Award = NOAA ACO Award Medal (with bronze "S" device) [REDACTED] Engineering Award = NOAA ACO Award Medal (with bronze "E" device) [REDACTED] Society of American Military Engineers' Colbert Medal [REDACTED] Society of American Military Engineers Karo Award [REDACTED] NOAA Corps National Response Deployment Medal [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Outstanding Volunteer Service Award Medal [REDACTED] NOAA Sea Service Deployment Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Atlantic Sea Service Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Pacific Sea Service Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Corps Mobile Duty Service Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Corps International Service Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Corps National Response Service Ribbon [REDACTED] NOAA Rifle Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] NOAA Pistol Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Distinguished Service Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Meritorious Service Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Good Conduct Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Defense Service Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Atlantic War Zone Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Coast and Geodetic Survey Pacific War Zone Ribbon (no longer awarded) [REDACTED] Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award [REDACTED] Department of Defense David O. Cooke Excellence in Public Administration Award [REDACTED] Office of

4968-553: The ancient alchemists, who believed that silver was associated with the Moon. It is often used for gravimetric analysis, exploiting the insolubility of the heavier silver halides which it is a common precursor to. Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis , e.g. for deprotection and oxidations. Ag binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption. The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release

5060-510: The awarding of medal were amended over the years, and is currently awarded by the US Coast Guard. The Commandant of the Coast Guard makes the final determination in authorizing the award, but the Lifesaving Medals are not military awards, per se , and instead are "Federal Agency personal decorations" of the Department of Homeland Security and as such may be awarded to not only military members, but also civilians. "The Gold Lifesaving Medal or

5152-637: The black silver sulfide (copper forms the green sulfate instead, while gold does not react). While silver is not attacked by non-oxidizing acids, the metal dissolves readily in hot concentrated sulfuric acid , as well as dilute or concentrated nitric acid . In the presence of air, and especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide , silver dissolves readily in aqueous solutions of cyanide . The three main forms of deterioration in historical silver artifacts are tarnishing, formation of silver chloride due to long-term immersion in salt water, as well as reaction with nitrate ions or oxygen. Fresh silver chloride

5244-707: The centre of production returned to the Americas the following decade. Today, Peru and Mexico are still among the primary silver producers, but the distribution of silver production around the world is quite balanced and about one-fifth of the silver supply comes from recycling instead of new production. Silver plays a certain role in mythology and has found various usage as a metaphor and in folklore. The Greek poet Hesiod 's Works and Days (lines 109–201) lists different ages of man named after metals like gold, silver, bronze and iron to account for successive ages of humanity. Ovid 's Metamorphoses contains another retelling of

5336-434: The dominant producers of silver until around the beginning of the 18th century, particularly Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina : the last of these countries later took its name from that of the metal that composed so much of its mineral wealth. The silver trade gave way to a global network of exchange . As one historian put it, silver "went round the world and made the world go round." Much of this silver ended up in

5428-411: The elements in groups 10–14 (except boron and carbon ) have very complex Ag–M phase diagrams and form the most commercially important alloys; and the remaining elements on the periodic table have no consistency in their Ag–M phase diagrams. By far the most important such alloys are those with copper: most silver used for coinage and jewellery is in reality a silver–copper alloy, and the eutectic mixture

5520-526: The exceptions are the nitrate, perchlorate, and fluoride. The tetracoordinate tetrahedral aqueous ion [Ag(H 2 O) 4 ] is known, but the characteristic geometry for the Ag cation is 2-coordinate linear. For example, silver chloride dissolves readily in excess aqueous ammonia to form [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] ; silver salts are dissolved in photography due to the formation of the thiosulfate complex [Ag(S 2 O 3 ) 2 ] ; and cyanide extraction for silver (and gold) works by

5612-534: The fluoride ion is so small that it has a considerable solvation energy and hence is highly water-soluble and forms di- and tetrahydrates. The other three silver halides are highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and are very commonly used in gravimetric analytical methods. All four are photosensitive (though the monofluoride is so only to ultraviolet light), especially the bromide and iodide which photodecompose to silver metal, and thus were used in traditional photography . The reaction involved is: The process

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5704-523: The formation of the complex [Ag(CN) 2 ] . Silver cyanide forms the linear polymer {Ag–C≡N→Ag–C≡N→}; silver thiocyanate has a similar structure, but forms a zigzag instead because of the sp - hybridized sulfur atom. Chelating ligands are unable to form linear complexes and thus silver(I) complexes with them tend to form polymers; a few exceptions exist, such as the near-tetrahedral diphosphine and diarsine complexes [Ag(L–L) 2 ] . Under standard conditions, silver does not form simple carbonyls, due to

5796-412: The free alkene. Yellow silver carbonate , Ag 2 CO 3 can be easily prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate with a deficiency of silver nitrate. Its principal use is for the production of silver powder for use in microelectronics. It is reduced with formaldehyde , producing silver free of alkali metals: Silver carbonate is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis such as

5888-567: The gold-rich side) and have a vast range of hardnesses and colours, silver–copper–zinc alloys are useful as low-melting brazing alloys, and silver–cadmium– indium (involving three adjacent elements on the periodic table) is useful in nuclear reactors because of its high thermal neutron capture cross-section , good conduction of heat, mechanical stability, and resistance to corrosion in hot water. The word silver appears in Old English in various spellings, such as seolfor and siolfor . It

5980-504: The hands of the Chinese. A Portuguese merchant in 1621 noted that silver "wanders throughout all the world... before flocking to China, where it remains as if at its natural center." Still, much of it went to Spain, allowing Spanish rulers to pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas. "New World mines", concluded several historians, "supported the Spanish empire." In

6072-444: The individual to deserve the medal of gold, but demonstrate such extraordinary effort as to merit recognition. If neither the Gold nor Silver Lifesaving Medal is appropriate, then a Certificate of Valor or an appropriate Coast Guard Public Service Award may be considered." Until the mid-20th century, the Lifesaving Medal was often bestowed upon members of the military; however in recent times the decoration has become somewhat rare. This

6164-606: The metal. The situation changed with the discovery of cupellation , a technique that allowed silver metal to be extracted from its ores. While slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on the islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BC , and one of the earliest silver extraction centres in Europe was Sardinia in the early Chalcolithic period , these techniques did not spread widely until later, when it spread throughout

6256-434: The most important oxidation state for silver in complexes is +1. The Ag cation is diamagnetic, like its homologues Cu and Au , as all three have closed-shell electron configurations with no unpaired electrons: its complexes are colourless provided the ligands are not too easily polarized such as I . Ag forms salts with most anions, but it is reluctant to coordinate to oxygen and thus most of these salts are insoluble in water:

6348-546: The most stable being Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, Ag with a half-life of 7.45 days, and Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours. Silver has numerous nuclear isomers , the most stable being Ag ( t 1/2 = 418 years), Ag ( t 1/2 = 249.79 days) and Ag ( t 1/2 = 8.28 days). All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives of less than three minutes. Isotopes of silver range in relative atomic mass from 92.950 u ( Ag) to 129.950 u ( Ag);

6440-573: The only objects with a high-enough palladium-to-silver ratio to yield measurable variations in Ag abundance. Radiogenic Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978. Pd– Ag correlations observed in bodies that have clearly been melted since the accretion of the Solar System must reflect the presence of unstable nuclides in the early Solar System. Silver is a rather unreactive metal. This

6532-625: The ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru , Bolivia , Mexico , China , Australia , Chile , Poland and Serbia . Peru, Bolivia and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546, and are still major world producers. Top silver-producing mines are Cannington (Australia), Fresnillo (Mexico), San Cristóbal (Bolivia), Antamina (Peru), Rudna (Poland), and Penasquito (Mexico). Top near-term mine development projects through 2015 are Pascua Lama (Chile), Navidad (Argentina), Jaunicipio (Mexico), Malku Khota (Bolivia), and Hackett River (Canada). In Central Asia , Tajikistan

6624-423: The oxide.) Silver(I) oxide is very easily reduced to metallic silver, and decomposes to silver and oxygen above 160 °C. This and other silver(I) compounds may be oxidized by the strong oxidizing agent peroxodisulfate to black AgO, a mixed silver(I,III) oxide of formula Ag Ag O 2 . Some other mixed oxides with silver in non-integral oxidation states, namely Ag 2 O 3 and Ag 3 O 4 , are also known, as

6716-577: The photosensitivity of silver salts, this behaviour may be induced by shining a light on its crystals. Silver complexes tend to be similar to those of its lighter homologue copper. Silver(III) complexes tend to be rare and very easily reduced to the more stable lower oxidation states, though they are slightly more stable than those of copper(III). For instance, the square planar periodate [Ag(IO 5 OH) 2 ] and tellurate [Ag{TeO 4 (OH) 2 } 2 ] complexes may be prepared by oxidising silver(I) with alkaline peroxodisulfate . The yellow diamagnetic [AgF 4 ]

6808-961: The presence of potassium bromide ( KBr ). These compounds are used in photography to bleach silver images, converting them to silver bromide that can either be fixed with thiosulfate or redeveloped to intensify the original image. Silver forms cyanide complexes ( silver cyanide ) that are soluble in water in the presence of an excess of cyanide ions. Silver cyanide solutions are used in electroplating of silver. The common oxidation states of silver are (in order of commonness): +1 (the most stable state; for example, silver nitrate , AgNO 3 ); +2 (highly oxidising; for example, silver(II) fluoride , AgF 2 ); and even very rarely +3 (extreme oxidising; for example, potassium tetrafluoroargentate(III), KAgF 4 ). The +3 state requires very strong oxidising agents to attain, such as fluorine or peroxodisulfate , and some silver(III) compounds react with atmospheric moisture and attack glass. Indeed, silver(III) fluoride

6900-406: The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay . The primary decay products before Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes, and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes. The palladium isotope Pd decays by beta emission to Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. Iron meteorites are

6992-419: The reaction of the bis(NHC)silver(I) complex with bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride or chlorido(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I) : Silver forms alloys with most other elements on the periodic table. The elements from groups 1–3, except for hydrogen , lithium , and beryllium , are very miscible with silver in the condensed phase and form intermetallic compounds; those from groups 4–9 are only poorly miscible;

7084-502: The region and beyond. The origins of silver production in India , China , and Japan were almost certainly equally ancient, but are not well-documented due to their great age. When the Phoenicians first came to what is now Spain , they obtained so much silver that they could not fit it all on their ships, and as a result used silver to weight their anchors instead of lead. By the time of

7176-697: The same as that of mercury . It mostly occurs in sulfide ores, especially acanthite and argentite , Ag 2 S. Argentite deposits sometimes also contain native silver when they occur in reducing environments, and when in contact with salt water they are converted to chlorargyrite (including horn silver ), AgCl, which is prevalent in Chile and New South Wales . Most other silver minerals are silver pnictides or chalcogenides ; they are generally lustrous semiconductors. Most true silver deposits, as opposed to argentiferous deposits of other metals, came from Tertiary period vulcanism. The principal sources of silver are

7268-669: The same time period. This production came to a nearly complete halt with the fall of the Roman Empire, not to resume until the time of Charlemagne : by then, tens of thousands of tonnes of silver had already been extracted. Central Europe became the centre of silver production during the Middle Ages , as the Mediterranean deposits exploited by the ancient civilisations had been exhausted. Silver mines were opened in Bohemia , Saxony , Alsace ,

7360-440: The seven metals of antiquity , silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures. Other than in currency and as an investment medium ( coins and bullion ), silver is used in solar panels , water filtration , jewellery , ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term " silverware "), in electrical contacts and conductors , in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as

7452-429: The singular properties of metallic silver. Silver is a relatively soft and extremely ductile and malleable transition metal , though it is slightly less malleable than gold. Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12, where only the single 5s electron is delocalized, similarly to copper and gold. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking

7544-422: The stability of the 4d orbitals), so that the chemistry of silver is predominantly that of the +1 oxidation state, reflecting the increasingly limited range of oxidation states along the transition series as the d-orbitals fill and stabilize. Unlike copper , for which the larger hydration energy of Cu as compared to Cu is the reason why the former is the more stable in aqueous solution and solids despite lacking

7636-445: The stable filled d-subshell of the latter, with silver this effect is swamped by its larger second ionisation energy. Hence, Ag is the stable species in aqueous solution and solids, with Ag being much less stable as it oxidizes water. Most silver compounds have significant covalent character due to the small size and high first ionization energy (730.8 kJ/mol) of silver. Furthermore, silver's Pauling electronegativity of 1.93

7728-411: The story, containing an illustration of silver's metaphorical use of signifying the second-best in a series, better than bronze but worse than gold: But when good Saturn , banish'd from above, Was driv'n to Hell, the world was under Jove . Succeeding times a silver age behold, Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold. In folklore, silver was commonly thought to have mystic powers: for example,

7820-463: The structure of the silver is largely unchanged while the electron concentration rises as more zinc is added. Increasing the electron concentration further leads to body-centred cubic (electron concentration 1.5), complex cubic (1.615), and hexagonal close-packed phases (1.75). Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes , Ag and Ag, with Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance ). This almost equal abundance

7912-477: The surface of conductors rather than through the interior. During World War II in the US, 13540 tons of silver were used for the electromagnets in calutrons for enriching uranium , mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper. Silver readily forms alloys with copper, gold, and zinc . Zinc-silver alloys with low zinc concentration may be considered as face-centred cubic solid solutions of zinc in silver, as

8004-540: The thermal conductivity of carbon (in the diamond allotrope ) and superfluid helium-4 are higher. The electrical conductivity of silver is the highest of all metals, greater even than copper. Silver also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal. Silver is rarely used for its electrical conductivity, due to its high cost, although an exception is in radio-frequency engineering , particularly at VHF and higher frequencies where silver plating improves electrical conductivity because those currents tend to flow on

8096-458: The weakness of the Ag–C bond. A few are known at very low temperatures around 6–15 K, such as the green, planar paramagnetic Ag(CO) 3 , which dimerizes at 25–30 K, probably by forming Ag–Ag bonds. Additionally, the silver carbonyl [Ag(CO)] [B(OTeF 5 ) 4 ] is known. Polymeric AgLX complexes with alkenes and alkynes are known, but their bonds are thermodynamically weaker than even those of

8188-495: The world production of silver was around a meagre 50 tonnes per year. In the Americas, high temperature silver-lead cupellation technology was developed by pre-Inca civilizations as early as AD 60–120; silver deposits in India, China, Japan, and pre-Columbian America continued to be mined during this time. With the discovery of America and the plundering of silver by the Spanish conquistadors, Central and South America became

8280-413: Was also aware of sheet silver, exemplifying the malleability and ductility of the metal: "Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men." (Jeremiah 10:9) Silver also has more negative cultural meanings: the idiom thirty pieces of silver , referring to

8372-501: Was more often used ornamentally or as money. Since silver is more reactive than gold, supplies of native silver were much more limited than those of gold. For example, silver was more expensive than gold in Egypt until around the fifteenth century BC: the Egyptians are thought to have separated gold from silver by heating the metals with salt, and then reducing the silver chloride produced to

8464-457: Was the usual Proto-Indo-European word for the metal, whose reflexes are missing in Germanic and Balto-Slavic. Silver was known in prehistoric times: the three metals of group 11, copper, silver, and gold, occur in the elemental form in nature and were probably used as the first primitive forms of money as opposed to simple bartering. Unlike copper, silver did not lead to the growth of metallurgy , on account of its low structural strength; it

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