The Life Guard Horse Regiment (Russian: Конный лейб-гвардии полк ) was a cavalry regiment of the Imperial guard of Russian Empire . The regiment was founded in the reign of Peter the Great and was disbanded after the October Revolution in 1917. Its annual feast day was 25 March.
103-665: The regiment was formed on 7 March 1721 from the Life Dragoon Squadron of Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov , the Dragoon Company of Count Sheremetev , and the Kronshlot Dragoon Company. On 21 December 1725, the regiment was reorganized along the lines of Swedish regiments and staffed exclusively by nobles. Unlike other dragoons, the regimental colour was red and their waistcoats had golden cords; they carried two pistols instead of one, and no axes. The regiment
206-796: A 2,800-man garrison in Soissons before pulling out to join Marmont and Mortier. On 21 March, there was a cavalry scuffle at Oulchy-le-Château between Yorck and Kleist's cavalry and the French, but the Prussians did not pursue. Having picked up Charpentier's division, Marmont and Mortier crossed the Marne at Château-Thierry and destroyed the bridge. Also on the 21st, Marmont received a dispatch from Napoleon rebuking him for not retreating from Reims toward Châlons-sur-Marne and ordering him to move back in that direction. On 22 March,
309-514: A Coalition convoy and dispersed its two-battalion escort. On the night of 22 March, MacDonald's troops silently left their blocking position opposite Arcis-sur-Aube and marched through Dosnon and Sommesous toward Vitry-le-François. Amey was supposed to guard the artillery park, but by a misunderstanding, that general marched his division northwest to Sézanne . Consequently, the Russian Guard Light Cavalry Division attacked
412-615: A Prussian brigade in the Battle of Reims . The Allied force was scattered with losses of 3,000 men and 23 guns, including Saint-Priest who was fatally wounded. After three days of reorganization, Napoleon left Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise with 21,000 troops to watch Blücher while he tried to outflank Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg 's main army by moving against Arcis-sur-Aube . Marshal Michel Ney marched southeast from Reims to recapture Châlons-sur-Marne . At this time, Schwarzenberg's army threatened to cross
515-525: A broadsword on the waist belt, a carbine without a bayonet with a sash and two pistols. Equipment and horse headgear were similar to that of the dragoons. Since the time of Empress Anna Ioannovna , the regiment was staffed mainly by the Ostsee (Baltic) Germans. In 1737 the regiment took part in fighting for the first time. During the Russo-Turkish war three of its ten companies fought to capture Ochakov and in
618-522: A captured French message indicated that Napoleon was at Saint-Dizier, the Allies decided to merge their two armies and go after Napoleon with 200,000 troops. With the French emperor already blocking their supply line to Germany, the Allies determined to establish a new line from the Netherlands to Laon . At Bar-sur-Aube, Emperor Francis I of Austria was warned to leave for Dijon . Francis fled to safety with
721-462: A forged will and a coup d'état . While his colleague Peter Tolstoi would have raised Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, Menshikov set up the youthful Peter II , son of the tsarevich Alexei , with himself as dictator during the prince's minority. He now aimed at establishing himself definitely by marrying his daughter Mary to Peter II. But the old nobility , represented by the Dolgorukovs and
824-550: A fourth charge smashed the formation, inflicting heavy losses. During this time a Russian Guard artillery battery took the French under accurate fire. Fortunately for the French, the divisions Ricard and Charles-Joseph Christiani , at the ends of the line held firm, allowing a brief rally. A French Young Guard brigade supported by eight 12-pound cannons repelled two charges by the Archduke Ferdinand Hussars. At this point, Alexander Nikitich Seslavin's Cossacks appeared on
927-478: A large body of Coalition horsemen threw back the French cavalry, but the situation was stabilized that evening after a tough struggle. The next day, Napoleon ordered an attack only to find his 28,000 soldiers facing 80,000 Allies. Thanks to Schwarzenberg's hesitation, the French emperor quickly pulled his army to the north bank of the Aube covered by stout rearguard fighting, but the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March
1030-413: A melee with the cavalry divisions of Roussel d'Hurbal and Merlin. The Allies were more successful and managed to capture five French field pieces near Lenharrée. At Connantray-Vaurefroy the retreating French began to cross a small stream lined with trees running through a depression. At the moment they were negotiating this obstacle, a powerful storm from the east blew first dust and then rain and hail into
1133-488: A position where both his flanks were protected by streams. Prince Adam's charge pressed back the right flank French cavalry, but when the Liechtenstein Cuirassier Regiment tried to exploit the success, it was blasted by canister shot and hit in the flank by French lancers. Prince Adam paused to reorganize his horsemen. At the same time, Nostitz and Pahlen charged the French left and became embroiled in
SECTION 10
#17328560628351236-448: A regimental association (“Union of Horse Guards” from 1923 to 1939, later “Horse Guards Association”). Its membership diminished from 105 in 1931 to 50 in 1951. From 1953 to 1967 it published an annual journal on a rotating basis. Chiefs (honorary commanders): The lower ranks of the regiment were recruited from tall men with brown hair and mustaches. In the 4th squadron they would also have beards. The general regimental colour of horses
1339-501: A retreat. When his cavalry under Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle moved forward it was beaten back with heavy losses. Two French light companies in Soudé were swallowed up by the Allied cavalry. When Mortier's corps reached Dommartin-Lettrée, Belliard's cavalry shoved Pahlen's cavalry out of the way. However, Illowaisky's Cossacks managed to cut off Charpentier's division at the rear of
1442-524: A trap, the French began a withdrawal to the west. After six hours of orderly retreat, a sudden violent rainstorm made it difficult for the French foot soldiers to fire their muskets and the Allies' enormous superiority in cavalry proved decisive. With the corps of Marmont and Mortier crippled, the Allied capture of Paris was practically inevitable and the Battle of Paris followed on 30 March On 9–10 March 1814, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 's 100,000-man Coalition army defeated Napoleon 's 39,000-strong army in
1545-417: A trumpeter came forward under a flag of truce to demand Pacthod's surrender. The French general refused to negotiate as long as the enemy artillery were firing and made one of the officers a prisoner; another was shot dead by a foot soldier. In a climactic charge, the massed Russian cavalry broke the square on the French right flank and then overran the other squares, one after the other. In the subsequent melee,
1648-498: The Battle of Laon . After drubbing the French on 9 March, Blücher became incapacitated by fever and an eye ailment, so command devolved upon his chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau . Though Gneisenau was a brilliant strategist, he was not capable of leading an army. The acting commander allowed his beaten foes to continue the fight the next day and then slip away that night without being pursued. On 13 March, Napoleon fell on Emmanuel de Saint-Priest 's Russian VIII Corps and
1751-535: The Battle of Stavuchany . Emperor Paul I of Russia made the regiment a part of his Gatchina troops and in 1800 appointed Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia as the chief of the regiment. In 1801, Emperor Alexander I changed its name to the Life Guards Equestrian Regiment. After the death of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich in 1831, each successive regimental chief was a regent or heir to
1854-484: The Courland , Holstein and Pomeranian campaigns, but then, as governor-general of Ingria , with almost unlimited powers, was entrusted with a leading part in the civil administration. Menshikov understood perfectly the principles on which Peter's reforms were conducted and was the right hand of the tsar in all his gigantic undertakings. But he abused his powerful position, and his corrupt practices frequently brought him to
1957-691: The Galitzines , united to overthrow him, and he was deprived of all his dignities and offices and expelled from the capital (20 September [ O.S. 9 September] 1727). Subsequently, he was deprived of his enormous wealth, stripped of the titles, and he and his whole family were banished to Beryozovo in Siberia , where he died on 23 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1729. His wife Darya Mikhailovna (born Arseneva) died on their way into exile in 1728 near Kazan . According to Simon Sebag Montefiore in his book The Romanovs 1613–1918 Menshikov
2060-470: The 23rd Horse Battery to open fire on Pacthod's men. Because the French were in low ground, the Russian round shot and canister sailed over them and began striking Vasilshikov's horsemen. Returning fire, Vasilshikov's gunners nearly hit the czar's entourage with friendly fire when four round shots landed nearby. After sorting out the confusion, the czar ordered Korff and Vasilshikov not to charge in order to let
2163-629: The Aisne and sent Ferdinand von Wintzingerode 's corps south to capture Reims. Wintzingerode occupied Reims at daybreak on 20 March after it was evacuated by Augustin Daniel Belliard who led Mortier's cavalry. At this hour, Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron 's Russian corps was at Berry-au-Bac while Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken 's Russian corps was nearby at Pontavert . Blücher ordered Wintzingerode to hold Reims with his infantry and send his cavalry to Épernay and Vitry-le-François. Charpentier left
SECTION 20
#17328560628352266-492: The Allied artillery batter Pacthod's squares. Pahlen's cavalry were recalled from the fight against Marmont and sent to block Pacthod on the southwest while 30 Russian guns blasted the French from the south. As Pacthod's situation became increasingly dire, he ordered his force to march toward the Marshes of Saint-Gond. Despite being ringed by enemy cavalry, his National Guardsmen held firm in their square formations. Vasilshikov led
2369-610: The Austrian Army of the South a few hours ahead of the French cavalry. On the evening of 23 March, a message from Napoleon's Chief of Police Anne Jean Marie René Savary was intercepted by Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn 's Cossacks. It stated that there was nothing in the arsenals and treasury at Paris and that the city's increasingly restive population was demanding peace. More information arrived from Napoleon's enemies in Paris. After looking at
2472-456: The French battalion "eagle" of the 4th line regiment . For this distinction, the inscription “For the capture of the enemy banner at Austerlitz on 20 November 1805” was added to the regiment standard. In 1807, the Horse Guards fought in the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland . On 2 June (N.S. 14 June) at Friedland, the regiment attacked and overturned the French cavalry and then broke into
2575-607: The French center and Lissanovich's brigade and Illowaisky's 1,000 Cossacks north to Dommartin-Lettrée . Prince Adam and the Württemberger cavalry operated on Marmont's right flank while Nikolay Vasilyevich Kretov's Cuirassier Division and 12 guns of Markov's 23rd Horse Artillery Battery supported the center attack. Very soon the Allies had 10,000 cavalry on the field to oppose 4,934 French cavalry. This included 2,305 troopers from Johann Nepomuk von Nostitz-Rieneck 's Austrian Cuirassier Division. With both his flanks turned Marmont ordered
2678-520: The French moved southwest deployed in six masses while easily fending off Korf's horsemen. At Clamanges Pacthod made the decision to abandon the convoy, taking the teams of horses to help haul his artillery pieces. More Russian cavalry arrived until Korf's force comprised 2,000 line cavalry and 1,000 Cossacks. Two horse chasseur regiments circled around to the west, blocking the French retreat toward Fère-Champenoise. One of Pacthod's brigades under Marie Joseph Raymond Delort formed attack columns and drove off
2781-537: The French pulled their left flank back behind the stream flowing northwest from Sommesous. On the opposite side of the stream were the Cossacks and Dechterev's brigade near Lenharrée . About noon, François Joseph Desfour's Austrian cuirassier brigade charged together with the Archduke Ferdinand Hussar Nr. 3 and 4th Württemberg Mounted Jäger Regiments. In the face of this attack, Marmont began to draw back into
2884-810: The French soldiers were cut down or surrendered and generals Pacthod, Amey, Delort, Thévenet and Marie Louis Joseph Bonté became Allied prisoners. The raw National Guardsmen made a gallant defense but barely 500 men escaped the slaughter. According to historian George Nafziger , the Allies employed 26,400 cavalry and 128 artillery pieces. Crown Prince Frederick William commanded 2,000 Württembergers and 12 guns, 3,500 Russians and 12 guns in Palen's Cavalry Corps and 1,600 Russians and 12 guns in Kretov's 2nd Cuirassier Division. Nostitz led 3,700 Austrians and 24 guns in his own Cuirassier Division and two regiments of chevau-légers . Grand Duke Konstantin directed 1,600 Russians and 12 guns from
2987-507: The German battery on foot, covered with machine guns. The regiment suffered heavy losses. The outcome of the attack was decided by the cavalry attack of the Life Squadron under the command of the captain P. N. Wrangel , during which almost all the squadron officers were killed. On 28 July 1917, the regiment was renamed the Horse Guards. In December, the regiment began disbanding. On 19 December,
3090-512: The Guard Cavalry plus two dragoon and one horse chasseur regiments in a sweeping charge but the horsemen were driven off by intense musketry. By this time 78 Russian guns were pummeling Pacthod's squares with canister, causing casualties and increasing disorder. Louis Marie Joseph Thévenet's brigade of Amey's division fought its way as far west as Bannes before being blocked by the elite Russian Chevalier Guard Regiment . Three Russian officers and
3193-946: The Guard Cuirassier Division and 2,400 Russians and 12 guns from the Guard Light Cavalry Brigade. In addition, there were 800 Prussian Guards and eight guns, 5,400 Russians and 22 guns in Korf's Cavalry Corps, 3,900 Russians and 12 guns in Vasilshikov's 2nd Hussar Division and Seslavin's 1,500 Don Cossacks and two guns. Nafziger stated that the French used 18,100 foot soldiers, 4,350 horsemen and 84 guns. Mortier's command included 7,400 Imperial Guard infantry and 30 guns in three divisions led by Christiani, Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial and Charpentier. Mortier also had 2,050 line cavalry under Roussel d'Hurbal and Ghigny. Marmont's corps consisted of 4,900 line infantry and 38 guns in
Life Guard Horse Regiment - Misplaced Pages Continue
3296-695: The Latour-Maubourg corps at the Raevsky battery. For this fight, 32 officers of the horse guards received commendations. In April 1813, the regiment was awarded the St. George banner with the inscription "For distinction in the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from the borders of Russia in 1812." In 1813, the regiment participated in the Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army : For the last battle at Fère-Champenoise
3399-633: The Life Guards of the Horse Regiment (1731–1848): at 4 am - 1849, the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Annenkov, I.V. (1849) История Лейб-гвардии Конного полка 1731–1848. Volumes I–IV. Imperial Academy of Sciences. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков ; 16 November [ O.S. 6 November] 1673 – 23 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1729)
3502-636: The Museum of Russian Vodka . No. 6 on Konnogvardeisky Boulevard (No. 5 on Yakubovich Street, No. 1 on Konnogvardeysky Lane, No. 6 Truda Street (at that time - Malaya Lugovaya, after 1836, with the construction of the regimental church - Blagoveshchenskaya). In 1844-1849, near the barracks, on the Sea Meadow, a regimental temple was erected - the Church of the Annunciation . The building in the “ Russian style ”, designed by
3605-515: The OGPU garage: a second floor with leading ramps was built on it. Since 1967, the building of the former Horse Guards Manege has been used as an exhibition hall (Manezh Central Exhibition Hall). At the same time [to specify ] with the arena the buildings of regimental stables and barracks were built: No. 4 on Konnogvardeisky Boulevard (No. 3 on Yakubovich Street, No. 1 on Pochtamtsky Street, No. 2 on Konnogvardeysky Lane ). Since 2008, this building houses
3708-586: The Prussian to withdraw after a skirmish that cost the French 200 casualties and their opponents 107. Leading the Coalition pursuit, the Crown Prince of Württemberg entered Sézanne three hours after the French left. On 26 March, Compans with 1,000 men marched west through La Ferté-Gaucher and reached Coulommiers after some clashes with a Prussian brigade led by Heinrich Wilhelm von Horn . At Coulommiers where he spent
3811-464: The Prussians out of the way and learning that Pahlen's cavalry corps was approaching from the east, the French marshals decided they could only escape the trap by marching south to Provins . Far to the east, Napoleon scored a pointless victory over Wintzingerode in the Battle of Saint-Dizier on 26 March. The next day, the French emperor finally realized that the Allies had called his bluff and were advancing on Paris. He ordered his troops to march toward
3914-750: The Swedish Mounted Guard, repulsed at the Perevolochny and granted to the Life-squadron of Prince Menshikov; after the formation of the Life Guards of the Horse Regiment, they were handed over to the arsenal, then they were kept in the Court Church in Strelna and on July 4, 1827, they were again issued to the regiment. At the end of the reign of Catherine II, the building of the Horse Guards Regiment
4017-614: The advance of the first column until his horsemen appeared before Soudé between 6:00 and 8:00 am. Meanwhile, Mortier's corps was on the march at 6:00 from Vatry toward Soudé with Nicolas-François Roussel d'Hurbal 's dragoons leading the column. Startled when Pahlen's guns began bombarding his positions, Marmont deployed his own infantry and artillery on a rise to the west of Soudé and sent a note for Mortier to quickly join him. Sensing Marmont's alarm, Pahlen and Prince Adam of Württemberg chose to attack at once. Pahlen sent Dechterev's brigade around Marmont's left flank, Delivanov's brigade against
4120-452: The architect Konstantin Ton , was demolished shortly after the church closed in 1929 under the pretext of “constraining the tram traffic”. The foundations, the cave church and the necropolis were destroyed in the mid-1990s during the construction of an underground shopping complex (at present, an underground passage under Labor Square ). ↑ The rank of Colonel Guard, from 1730 to 1796, corresponded to
4223-466: The armies of Schwarzenberg and Blücher might link up and march toward Paris. The two marshals believed they were planted to trick the French so the information was disregarded. By the evening of 23 March, Oudinot and MacDonald's corps arrived at Saint-Dizier, Ney's troops were to the south at Wassy and Napoleon and the Imperial Guard were yet farther south at Doulevant-le-Château . Well in advance of
Life Guard Horse Regiment - Misplaced Pages Continue
4326-599: The battlefield and set up their headquarters in Fère-Champenoise. Kretov sent a note to the czar that Pacthod's French troops were headed his way. At first Kretov's report was not credited but soon the Allied sovereigns could see for themselves that a French force was approaching. Czar Alexander ordered the Prussian Guard Cavalry and the Russian Guard Hussars and Guard Cossacks into the fight and instructed
4429-438: The bridge over the river Aisne . Marmont had overall command of the forces facing Blücher and his orders were to cover Paris and stop his foes from crossing the Aisne. Mortier was at Reims while Henri François Marie Charpentier 's division held Soissons . Since Blücher had 109,000 troops while the French only mustered 13,000 infantry and 3,600 cavalry, it was plain that the Allies could not be stopped for long. In order to block
4532-527: The bridges and the Allies did not attempt to force their way across the Aube that evening. Because of Allied inertia, MacDonald successfully held the north bank of the Aube on 22 March. Finding Vitry-le-François solidly held by 5,000 Russians, Napoleon with Ney's corps, the Imperial Guard and his cavalry crossed the Marne south of the town and continued toward Saint-Dizier. On the way, the French light cavalry seized
4635-453: The capital, but it was too late. Marmont and Mortier reached Provins on 27 March and turned toward Paris. That day Compans was in Meaux , reinforced to a strength of 3,800 foot soldiers and 850 horsemen. This was far too few men and by 28 March, the combined Allied armies bridged the Marne and captured Meaux. Compans was driven back along the direct road to Paris, where he arrived on 29 March and
4738-663: The captured messages, Czar Alexander I of Russia at his headquarters at Sompuis concluded that the Allied armies should advance on Paris. He asked Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly , Hans Karl von Diebitsch and Karl Wilhelm von Toll for their advice. Barclay wished to follow Napoleon but Toll wanted to move on Paris while sending 10,000 cavalry to hide the maneuver from Napoleon. After Diebitsch came around to Toll and Alexander's point of view, they convinced first King Frederick William III of Prussia and then Schwarzenberg of their plan. On 24 March, Schwarzenberg's army moved north toward Vitry-le-François, but new orders were issued for
4841-479: The chasseurs. Between 2:00 and 3:00 pm the French reached Écury-le-Repos when more Allied cavalry came on the scene. The sounds of Delort's action drew the cavalry of Sacken's army corps in the form of the 2nd Hussar Division under Ilarion Vasilievich Vasilshikov. To help Korf's tiring horsemen, Vasilshikov's hussars charged the French from the north and forced them to form square. Simultaneously, Schwarzenberg, Czar Alexander and King Frederick William III arrived on
4944-414: The column, forcing it to head for Sommesous. Marmont finally united the two corps at Sommesous and placed his cavalry in the first line and his infantry in the second line. He deployed Mortier on the left with his flank covered by Charles Étienne de Ghigny 's horsemen. The French put 60 guns in action which dominated the Allies' 36 available guns in a two-hour artillery duel. Menaced by Illowaisky's Cossacks,
5047-401: The construction of barracks, stables and arena, a section was laid between Konnogvardeisky Boulevard and Admiralteyskaya Street (later - Bolshaya or Novo-Isaakievskaya, since 1923 - Yakubovich Street ), bounded by Senate Square on one side and Malaya Lugovaya Street (after 1836) Blagoveshchenskaya, from 1923 - Labor Street ) - on the other. Horse Guards Manege Horse Guards Manege was erected in
5150-433: The convoy toward Étoges. Soon after they left Sézanne, Jean Dominique Compans arrived in the village to set up a communications base, followed by two cavalry march regiments. On 23 March, Wintzingerode with 8,000 cavalry and 40 guns arrived near Vitry-le-François while Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov with Wintzingerode's infantry plus Langeron and Sacken were coming up behind. Yorck and Kleist reached Château-Thierry. After
5253-758: The convoy, with only a handful escaping into the Saint-Gond Marshes. Nafziger gauged losses as 9,000–11,000 French soldiers, including 5,000 killed and wounded, and 4,000 Allied casualties. The Allies claimed to have taken 80 cannons and 250 ammunition wagons. Smith stated that Pacthod lost 1,500 killed and wounded plus 1,900 soldiers, 100 ammunition wagons and 125 bread wagons captured. His National Guards fought like veterans. For Marmont's force, Smith quoted one source that estimated 5,000 killed and wounded plus 8,000 men, 46 guns and 20 ammunition wagons captured. A second source gave 1,500–3,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 captured and 2,000 deserted. Marmont and Mortier spent
SECTION 50
#17328560628355356-450: The day's reconnaissances, Marmont and Mortier failed to reconsider even when large numbers of campfires were observed that night beyond the Coole. Marmont's troops camped between Vatry and Soudé while Mortier's bivouacked farther north. On 25 March at 3:30 am Peter Petrovich Pahlen began to send out patrols at the request of Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg . The Allied advance
5459-468: The day, Mortier's cavalry scouted in the direction of Châlons and Saint-Quentin-sur-Coole , finding only a few hundred enemy cavalry in Châlons and no Allied troops near Nuisement-sur-Coole . Marmont scouted toward Maisons-en-Champagne and found no enemies. Based on these reports, the two marshals decided that Schwarzenberg was south of Saint-Dizier, maneuvering against Napoleon. Bolstered in their opinions by
5562-579: The divisions of Ricard, Joseph Lagrange and Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova . Marmont's 2,300 line cavalry were led by Bordesoulle and Merlin. Pacthod directed 5,800 French National Guards and 16 guns in his own and Amey's divisions. On 15 March unit strengths were somewhat larger. In Mortier's corps, Christiani had 2,100 men, Curial 2,800, Charpentier 2,800, Roussel d'Hurbal 1,750 and François Grouvel 350 horsemen. In Marmont's corps, Ricard had 1,000 soldiers, Lagrange 2,100, Arrighi 2,100, Merlin 1,150 and Bordesoulle 1,250. Francis Loraine Petre estimated
5665-540: The east. He hoped to draw the Coalition armies away from Paris by cutting their supply lines, but Schwarzenberg's army instead began moving west toward Paris. Meanwhile, Marmont and Mortier were marching to join Napoleon, pursued by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 's Allied army. As the two marshals moved east near Fère-Champenoise they unexpectedly came into collision with Schwarzenberg heading west and Blücher moving south. Belatedly realizing they were marching into
5768-401: The evening of 24 March, Schwarzenberg's host was near Vitry, on the east bank of the river Coole (Côle). After a lively debate between Belliard and the two marshals over what was the best route to approach the Marne, on 24 March the French marched through Fère-Champenoise and Vatry . Henri Catherine Balthazard Vincent moved toward Montmirail with 300 men watch for Yorck and Kleist. During
5871-478: The faces of the French. Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia leading Nikolay Ivanovich Depreradovich's crack 1st Russian Cuirassier Division and the Russian Guard Dragoons and Guard Uhlans charged the French right flank as Pahlen attacked the French left. The massed Allied cavalry charge routed Bordesoulle's cavalry which was disorganized by crossing the stream. After the French horsemen galloped to
5974-414: The field, prompting the survivors of Jamin's mauled brigade to run away. The panic spread and Marmont's entire force streamed to the rear. The French were saved when the 400-strong 9 March Regiment, made up of heavy cavalry, arrived from Sézanne and drove off the pursuing Allied horsemen. In the breathing space, Marmont and Mortier reorganized their battered corps in two lines near Fère-Champenoise. Hearing
6077-559: The first division (1st, 2nd and 5th squadrons) was disbanded near Zhmerinka , followed by the second division (3rd, 4th and 6th squadrons). The officers and part of the lower ranks went home, and about 150 lower ranks returned to the barracks in Petrograd, where in February–March 1918 the regiment was finally disbanded. The Petrograd Soviet formed the 1st Mounted Regiment of the Red Army from
6180-576: The following day. Wintzingerode was instructed to chase after Napoleon with his cavalry force. The VI Corps supported by the IV Corps were ordered to march west toward Fère-Champenoise with their combined cavalry in front. The Guards and Reserves were directed on the same place from Sompuis while the III Corps was to move north from Mailly-le-Camp . Vorontsov, Langeron and Sacken of Blücher's army were instructed to move west from Châlons-sur-Marne toward Étoges. By
6283-465: The foot soldiers were National Guards. David G. Chandler stated that Pacthod had 4,000 soldiers without giving Marmont and Mortier's strength. Spencer C. Tucker gave French strength as 5,000. Petre reckoned French losses as 10,000 men and over 60 guns and Allied losses as 2,000. Marmont and Mortier lost 2,000 killed and wounded with 4,000 soldiers, 45 guns and 100 ammunition wagons captured. Pacthod lost almost his entire force of 4,300 men, 16 guns and
SECTION 60
#17328560628356386-455: The honorary rank of colonel or chief of the regiment; this title was subsequently held by Peter III of Russia , Catherine the Great and others. The casual uniform of the horse guards was similar to the dragoons, differing only in the jacket's red color and the trousers. The parade uniform consisted of a tunic, undertail and pants made from buckskin leather, an iron half-sleeve with copper elements,
6489-511: The infantry regiments. The 4th squadron of the regiment under the command of rittmeister Ivan M. Vadbolsky, at the cost of heavy losses, saved the regiment from counterattacks by French cavalry. In the cavalry attack, 16 officers and 116 lower ranks of the regiment were killed. The regiment distinguished itself in the battle of Borodino in 1812. Together with the Cavalier Guard Regiment it attacked Lorge 's cuirassier division from
6592-541: The last time" to change his ways. Yet, in 1713, he was implicated in the "Solovey process", in the course of which it was demonstrated that he had defrauded the government of 100,000 roubles. He only owed his life on this occasion to a sudden illness. On his recovery Peter's fondness for his friend overcame his sense of justice. In 1714 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In the last year of Peter's reign new allegations of fraud by Menshikov came to light, and he
6695-425: The loss of most of their artillery. Two divisions of French National Guards under Michel-Marie Pacthod escorting a nearby convoy were also attacked and wiped out in the Battle of Bannes . The battleground was near the town Fère-Champenoise located 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Châlons-en-Champagne . After being defeated at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March 1814, Emperor Napoleon moved to
6798-722: The lower ranks and non-commissioned officers of the guards who returned to Petrograd in January 1918. The regiment's staff was as follows: From January 1919, horse guardsmen, along with other guards cuirassiers, formed a team of equestrian reconnaissance officers of the Combined Guards Infantry Regiment of the Volunteer Army . In March 1919, the Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division
6901-411: The night after the battle at Allemant, to the northeast of Sézanne. Hearing that Yorck sent a force under Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten toward Sézanne, Compans abandoned the town at midnight and marched to join the two marshals at Allemant. Two hours later Marmont and Mortier began moving toward Sézanne. The next morning they found Zieten in possession of the town, but their superior numbers persuaded
7004-521: The night with the convoy. By 10:00 am Pacthod was in Villeseneux where he decided to rest his weary soldiers. At this time, the force came under attack from 1,200 dragoons and horse chasseurs supported by 12 guns under Fyodor Karlovich Korf . Pacthod anchored his right flank on Villeseneux while Amey's entire division in square formed his left flank and 16 French guns covered the front. Korff's cavalry corps belonged to Langeron's army corps. For 90 minutes,
7107-450: The night, Compans was joined by Vincent's observation force and fugitives from the battle, raising his force to 2,200 infantry and 250 cavalry. When Marmont and Mortier arrived at La Ferté-Gaucher, they found Prince Wilhelm of Prussia's brigade blocking them. Prince Wilhelm was gradually reinforced by elements of Kleist's corps and the Prussian artillery soon dominated the numerically weaker French guns. After unsuccessfully trying to push
7210-412: The progressive faction. Her placement on the throne meant a final victory over ancient prejudices, a vindication of the new ideas of progress, and not least security for Menshikov and his ill-gotten fortune. During Catherine's short reign (February 1725 – May 1727), Menshikov was practically the absolute ruler of Russia. He promoted himself to the unprecedented rank of Generalissimo , and
7313-409: The rear, the Coalition cavalry broke two regiments of Young Guard that failed to form square in time. Many French soldiers were cut down, eight cannons were seized and brigade commander Jean Baptiste Jamin de Bermuy became a prisoner. In the rainstorm, the French infantrymen could no longer fire their wet muskets. Jacques Le Capitaine's 1,000-man brigade repelled three cavalry charges while in square, but
7416-499: The regiment received 22 St. George crosses with the inscription "For courage against the enemy at Fer-Champenoise on 13 March 1814." On 19 March (N.S. 31 March) 1814, the regiment entered Paris . For this campaign the regiment was awarded another St. George banner. On December 14, 1825, the regiment participated in the suppression of rebellion on Senate Square in Saint Petersburg . This day, private of 3rd squadron Pavel Panyuta
7519-518: The regiment were volunteers in the Russo-Turkish war. In the Russo-Japanese War, the regiment did not participate in the battles, but several officers and 28 lower ranks of the regiment volunteered to the front. In 1914, the regiment marched to the German front as part of the 1st Army under General Rennenkampf . On August 6, it participated in the battle of Kaushen where the guards attacked
7622-406: The rest, Napoleon's cavalry reached Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises near Bar-sur-Aube . On 23 March, the divisions of Michel-Marie Pacthod with 4,000 men and Amey with 1,800 men reached Sézanne. They found an 80-wagon food and equipment convoy in the village with its escort of 800 foot soldiers and one squadron of the 13th Hussar Regiment. Finding that Marmont and Mortier were nearby, they set out with
7725-531: The river Seine and press back Marshal Jacques MacDonald 's wing of the French army. News of Saint-Priest's rout reached Coalition headquarters on 16 March. This prompted the Austrian field marshal to make the intelligent decision to fall back and reassemble his army between Troyes and Arcis-sur-Aube. Believing that it was only necessary to deliver a sharp blow to send the cautious Schwarzenberg into retreat, Napoleon occupied Arcis at mid-day on 20 March. Soon after,
7828-512: The road to Paris and to rendezvous with Charpentier, Marmont fell back southwest toward Fismes and called in Mortier from Reims. He believed that Blücher wished to bring him to battle, but in fact the Prussian field marshal was heading for Reims and Châlons-sur-Marne to link up with Schwarzenberg. Blücher assigned only the corps of Yorck and Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf to follow Marmont. By 19 March, Blucher had established two bridges over
7931-527: The sounds of approaching gunfire, the French soldiers quickly rallied and cheered "Long live the emperor!" believing that Napoleon was coming to their rescue. Actually, the sounds were from the Coalition attacks on Pacthod's force. The Allied generals swiftly called off most of their cavalry to concentrate on Pacthod's destruction. Nevertheless, Marmont's troops were soon hustled off the field by Seslavin's Cossacks and reached Allemant at 9:00 pm. Pacthod's force departed from Vatry at dawn, having marched most of
8034-402: The strength of Marmont and Mortier as 19,000 troops and of Pacthod as 4,300 men. Digby Smith asserted that the French marshals had 17,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 84 guns, while the Allies had 28,000 troops, mostly cavalry, and 80 guns. Smith credited Pacthod with a total of 3,700 infantry, 100 cavalry and 16 guns. Two of Pacthod's and one of Amey's battalions were line infantry, the rest of
8137-583: The throne. In 1805, the regiment took part in the Austrian campaign against the Great Army of Emperor Napoleon , and on 20 November it participated in the Battle of Austerlitz . All five squadrons of the regiment under the command of Major General Ivan Yankovich , along with the Imperial Guards' Hussars, attacked a battalion of French infantry. Privates of the 3rd platoon of the 2nd squadron Gavrilov, Omelchenko, Ushakov and Lazunov captured an honorary trophy -
8240-494: The title of chief ↑ The rank of lieutenant colonel of the guard, from 1730 to 1796, corresponded to the rank of second chief ↑ Ill. 699. Chief Officer and Trumpeter of Her Majesty's Cavalry Guard and L. Guv. Equestrian regiments. 1845 // Historical description of clothes and weapons of Russian troops, with drawings, compiled by the highest order : 30 tons, 60 books. / Ed. A.V. Viskovatova . - Paris: Imp. Lemercier, 1861-1862. ↑ Life Guard Horse Regiment Annenkov I.V. The History of
8343-553: The tsar. On the death of Lefort in 1699, Menshikov succeeded him as Peter's prime favourite and confidant. He took an active part in the Azov campaigns (1695–1696) against the Ottoman Empire. During the tsar's first foreign tour in the next year, Menshikov worked by his side in the dockyard of Amsterdam , and acquired a thorough knowledge of shipbuilding and colloquial Dutch and German. He acted as subordinate to Boris Sheremetev , who
8446-619: The two marshals headed east toward Étoges . That day Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow 's Prussian corps appeared before Soissons and began bombarding the place. By nightfall on 23 March, Marmont's troops were in Vertus while Mortier's corps reached Étoges. That evening near Bergères-lès-Vertus , Christophe Antoine Merlin 's French advance guard drove off some Allied cavalry, capturing 100 troopers and 16 wagon loads of plunder. A French staff officer found some enemy dispatches in Vertus that indicated
8549-401: The unguarded wagon train, carrying off 15 artillery pieces and 300 prisoners while destroying the gunpowder and spiking 12 cannons. Coming on the scene, Gérard's corps rescued what was left of MacDonald's artillery park. Despite constant skirmishing with Karl Philipp von Wrede 's Allied corps during the day, MacDonald got his troops safely across the Marne late on 23 March. At that hour, Napoleon
8652-746: The unit became the 2nd squadron of the Guards Cavalry Regiment of the Russian Army under General Wrangel . During the battles of the summer-autumn of 1920, the squadron suffered many casualties and in September 1920 was disbanded. The survivors were reduced to a platoon, which General Wrangel turned into his personal guard. The regiment lost 18 officers in the White movement (5 were shot, 12 were killed and 1 died of disease), and according to other data 23. Many survivors went into exile where in 1923 they formed
8755-453: The verge of ruin. Every time the tsar returned to Russia he received fresh accusations of plunder against "his Serene Highness ." Peter's first serious outburst of indignation (March 1711) was due to the prince's looting in Poland . On his return to Russia in 1712, Peter discovered that Menshikov had turned a blind eye to wholesale corruption in his own governor-generalship. Peter warned him "for
8858-607: The words "Fere-Champenoise." Silver timpani with the inscription: "Sub. Felicissimo, cersemine Potentissime Regissvecia Carolus XII cum. Polonis Saxon. Tart. Woloscis et noc formen icta globum, hostitis Clitzoviam in Pol. 1702 "(" For the glorious victory of the Great King of Sweden Charles XII over the Poles, Saxons, Tatars, Wallachs and other foreign peoples under Kleshov in Poland. 1702 "). Belonged to
8961-414: The years 1804-1807 by the architect Giacomo Quarenghi . The building in classical style , stretched between Konnogvardeisky Boulevard (No. 2) and Admiralteyskaya Street (the modern address is Yakubovich Street , 1) faces to Senatskaya Square and Aleksandrovsky Garden with its facade. Between 1931 and 1934, the prisoner “ sharashka ”, architect N. Ye. Lancere, carried out the reconstruction of the arena under
9064-451: Was a Coalition victory. After this setback, Napoleon determined to operate against the Allied supply line stretching back to the river Rhine while adding the fortress garrisons to his army. Accordingly, he moved northeast toward Vitry-le-François with the intention of continuing east along the river Marne to Saint-Dizier . By this maneuver, the French emperor hoped to lure the Allies after him and away from Paris . MacDonald's wing
9167-626: Was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo , Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora ( Duke of Ingria ), Prince of the Holy Roman Empire , Duke of Cosel . A highly appreciated associate and friend of Tsar Peter the Great , he was the de facto ruler of Russia from 1725 to 1727. Menshikov was born on 16 November [ O.S. 6 November] 1673 in Moscow. Historian Paul Bushkovitch argues that Menshikov
9270-457: Was black (from the early days of the regiment, then shifting during the period of wars, going back to black in 1823). From 1737, for regimental trumpeters the color of horses was gray. St. George's standard with St. Andrew’s jubilee ribbon and inscriptions: “For the capture of the enemy banner at Austerlitz and for the distinction of the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from the limits of Russia in 1812” and “1730-1830”. 22 St. George's pipe, with
9373-414: Was commander-in-chief during the retreat before Charles XII in 1708, subsequently participating in the battle of Holowczyn , the reduction of Mazepa , and the crowning victory of Poltava (8 July [ O.S. 27 June] 1709), where he won his field-marshal 's baton. Around 1706 he had a conflict with Andrew Vinius ; Vinius lost all of his land and goods. From 1709 to 1714 he served during
9476-464: Was conducted in two columns. The first column on the main highway west from Vitry-le-François consisted of the Crown Prince (IV Corps) and Nikolay Raevsky (VI Corps), followed by Wrede (V Corps). The second column on more a southerly route through Montépreux was composed of the Guard and Reserves while Ignaz Gyulai (III Corps) was directed to march toward Semoine . From Coole Pahlen's 3,600 cavalry led
9579-597: Was formed, in which horse guards made up the 2nd Squadron. In June 1919, the 1st Guards Combined Cuirassier Regiment was formed on the basis of the Consolidated Regiment, in which horse guards were represented by 2 squadrons. On December 15, 1919, the squadron of the Horse Regiment entered the Combined Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division. On arrival in the Crimea from 1 May 1920,
9682-595: Was fought between two Imperial French corps led by Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise and a larger Coalition force composed of cavalry from the Austrian Empire , Kingdom of Prussia , Kingdom of Württemberg , and Russian Empire . Caught by surprise by Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg 's main Coalition army, the forces under Marmont and Mortier were steadily driven back and finally completely routed by aggressive Allied horsemen and gunners, suffering heavy casualties and
9785-517: Was granted the timpani drums captured from the Swedish Horse Guards at the Battle of Poltava on 8 July 1709. On 31 December 1730 ( N.S. 11 January 1731), the regiment was renamed the Horse Guards and given all the rights of the guards, marking the beginning of the regular guards cavalry. The regiment consisted of 5 squadrons of 2 companies each, a total of 1,423 people of which 1,111 were front-line officers. Empress Anna Ioannovna accepted
9888-459: Was in Saint-Dizier with his Guard while Ney was between there and Vitry. Blücher's army finally lurched into motion on 18 March, with its commander wearing a lady's green silk hat in order to protect his inflamed eyes from the sun. On this day, Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 's corps compelled Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard 's division to abandon Berry-au-Bac though the French managed to destroy
9991-441: Was in great peril as it moved east on the north bank of the Aube. Though Marshal Nicolas Oudinot 's corps held the northern suburb of Arcis-sur-Aube, MacDonald's own corps only reached the vicinity of Arcis at 9:00 pm on 21 March. Étienne Maurice Gérard 's corps was farther west at Plancy-l'Abbaye while François Pierre Joseph Amey 's division brought up the rear at Anglure . Jean François Leval 's rearguard successfully destroyed
10094-490: Was not an aristocrat and was most likely descended from servants of the palace stables, who among others made up the first soldiers of Peter's 'toy armies.' As the legend (dating from around 1710) goes, he was making a living on the streets of Moscow as a vendor of stuffed buns known as pirozhki at the age of twenty. His fine appearance and witty character caught the attention of Franz Lefort , Peter's first favourite, who took him into his service and finally transferred him to
10197-464: Was obliged to appeal for protection to the empress Catherine . It was chiefly through the efforts of Menshikov and his colleague Tolstoi that, on the death of Peter, in 1725, Catherine was raised to the throne. Menshikov was committed to the Petrine system, and he recognised that, if that system were to continue, Catherine was, at that particular time, the only possible candidate. Her name was a watchword for
10300-550: Was once punched twice by Tsar Peter the Great, once in the nose and once on the side of the head, after Tsar Peter saw Menshikov dancing with his sword still on, which is considered to be highly rude and offensive. Menshikov built a wooden church in Beryozovo. He buried his daughter who died in exile there. Menshikov's younger children survived the exile and were eventually returned to the court. Battle of F%C3%A8re-Champenoise The Battle of Fère-Champenoise (25 March 1814)
10403-725: Was shot dead. On 25–27 August (N.S. 6–8 September) 1831, two battalions participated in the suppression of Polish rebellion and taking of Warsaw . From 1835 to 1846, many officers of the regiment volunteered in the Caucasian War . In 1849, the regiment participated in the suppression of the revolt in Hungary. During the Crimean War , the regiment was assigned to guard the coast of the Gulf of Finland from Peterhof to St. Petersburg in case of an Anglo-French landing. In 1877–1878, many officers of
10506-750: Was the only Russian to bear a princedom title. Upon finishing the construction of the Menshikov Palace on the Neva Embankment in St Petersburg (now assigned to the Hermitage Museum ), Menshikov intended to make Oranienbaum a capital of his ephemeral Principality . Pushkin in one of his poems alluded to Menshikov as "half-tsar". On the whole he ruled well, his difficult position serving as some restraint upon his natural inclinations. He contrived to prolong his power after Catherine's death by means of
10609-485: Was transferred to the barracks of the Tauride Palace - the residence of Prince Potyomkin-Tauride , presented to him by the empress, and after his death in 1791, returned to the treasury (all palace property by order of Paul I was transferred to the new imperial residence, Mikhailovsky castle ). After the murder of Paul, the emperor Alexander I again included the building in the number of imperial residences. In exchange for
#834165