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139-617: Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) lists LDI on its "Profiles of 15 Anti-Choice Organizations". PPFA says that LDI is opposed to abortion , as well as research using fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells . In founding Life Dynamics, Crutcher said that he wanted to fill the gaps left by other organizations. One shortcoming he noticed was in what he called "professional counter-intelligence or intelligence-gathering ". Thus, Crutcher focuses his organization's efforts on operations involving gathering new data on abortion facilities and organizations which support abortion rights . LDI

278-876: A Businessweek "next hot neighborhood" by 2007. Brownsville had not seen a similar revitalization because, unlike Pico-Union, it had not been surrounded by gentrified neighborhoods; did not have desirable housing; and was not a historic district or an area of other significance. In addition, Brownsville is unlike similar neighborhoods in New York City that had since gentrified. The South Bronx's coastline gave way to attractions like Barretto Point Park ; Bedford-Stuyvesant offered brownstone townhouses comparable to those in affluent Park Slope , Fort Greene , and Prospect Heights ; and Bushwick and Greenpoint became popular places for young professional workers once Williamsburg had become highly sought due to its waterfront location and proximity to Manhattan . By contrast, Brownsville

417-502: A 501(c)(4) charity, and files financial information jointly with PPFA. The committee was founded in 1996, by then-president Gloria Feldt, to maintain supportive health rights and supporting political candidates of the same mindset. In the 2012 election cycle, the committee gained prominence based on its effectiveness in spending on candidates. Although the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) shares some leadership with

556-527: A synagogue , named Ohev Sholom, in his own factory. Other manufacturers that created low-tech products like food, furniture, and metals followed suit throughout the next decade, settling their factories in Brownsville. This led to much more housing being built there. The area bounded by present-day Dumont, Rockaway, and Liberty Avenues, and Junius Street, quickly became densely populated, with "factories, workshops, and stores" located next to housing. The farm of

695-457: A 1935 collapse of a tenement stairway killed two people and injured 43 others. This overcrowding was despite the availability of empty space in the fringes of Brownsville. There were also no playgrounds in the area, and the only park in the vicinity was Betsy Head Park . In the early 20th century, the vast majority of Brownsville residents were born outside the United States; in 1910, 66% of

834-526: A Democrat, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation, as "an objective, unbiased and thorough examination" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General's office. In 2012, a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the Kansas City -area Planned Parenthood clinic was "within accepted practices in

973-401: A charter school and retail space for $ 43 million. The theater was renovated in response to residents' requests for more retail space, and as part of the theater's refurbishment, the charter school would open in 2012 along with 60,000 square feet (5,600 m ) of retail space. The NYPD's 65th Precinct (originally the 73rd Precinct), built in 1901, covered most of the area until its closure in

1112-779: A group of private citizens organized the Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood to aid the American Birth Control League in spreading scientific knowledge about birth control to the general public. The BCCRB merged with the ABCL in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA). In 1942 the name of the BCFA was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Under the leadership of

1251-581: A key role in landmark abortion rights cases such as Roe v Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992). Once abortion was legalized during the early 1970s, Planned Parenthood also began acting as an abortion provider. Faye Wattleton became the first African American president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978. Wattleton, who was also the youngest president in Planned Parenthood's history, served in this role until 1992. During her term, Planned Parenthood grew to become

1390-674: A little over $ 1   million per year for rented space. The largest facility, a $ 26   million, 78,000-square-foot (7,200-square-meter) structure, was completed in Houston , Texas , in May 2010. PPFA's international outreach and other activities are performed by Planned Parenthood Global, a division of PPFA, and by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which now consists of more than 149 Member Associations working in more than 189 countries. The IPPF

1529-889: A local farmer, John J. Vanderveer, was cut up into lots and given to Jewish settlers after he sold it in 1892. Within three years of the first lot being distributed, there were 10,000 Jews living in Brownsville. By 1904, the lots comprising the former Vanderveer farm were entirely owned by Jews, who were spread out across 4 square miles (10 km ). An estimated 25,000 people lived in Brownsville by 1900, most of whom lived in two-story wooden frame accommodations built for two families each. Many of these buildings were grossly overcrowded, with up to eight families living in some of these two-family houses. They were utilitarian, and according to one New York Herald article, "grossly unattractive". Many of these houses lacked amenities like running water, and their wood construction made these houses susceptible to fires. New brick-and-stone houses erected in

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1668-491: A regulatory gag order stating that medical institutions that receive Title X funding cannot refer patients for abortions. Planned Parenthood is an advocate for the legal and political protection of reproductive rights . This advocacy includes helping to sponsor abortion rights and women's rights events. The Federation opposes restrictions on women's reproductive health services, including parental consent laws for minors. To justify this position, Planned Parenthood has cited

1807-538: A reputation for violence and poverty that was similar to the South Bronx 's, a reputation that persisted through the 21st century. Meanwhile, rioting and disorder continued. In June 1970, two men set fire to garbage bags to protest the New York City Department of Sanitation's reduction of trash collection pickups in Brownsville from six times to twice per week. In the riots that followed this arson, one man

1946-427: A senior center and two concentrations of school classrooms, operated by two different groups. There would also be a gym , a swimming pool , a darkroom , and some studios . The entire Livonia Commons project would add 71,700 square feet (6,660 m ) of mixed-use space in multiple buildings. As of 2016 , there were 242 apartments being built, in addition to 468 affordable-housing units that had already been built in

2085-450: A single lot as they possibly could. Within twenty years of the factories' development, the area acquired a reputation as a vicious slum and breeding ground for crime. By 1904, 22 of the 25 housing units in Brownsville were tenement housing; three years later, only one of these 25 housing units was not a tenement. It became as dense as the very densely packed Lower East Side, according to one account. This also led to dangerous conditions;

2224-534: A small building at 1472 Bergen Street in Crown Heights, which was built in the 1920s and had been occupied by Rescue 2 since 1985. Just east of the Crown Heights–Utica Avenue subway station, on the border with Crown Heights , there is a park called Lincoln Terrace (also known as Arthur S. Somers Park), which slopes gently down toward the southern Brooklyn coastline. The New Lots Line transitions from

2363-445: A squad of 150 police officers. Officer Rattley was not indicted by the grand jury. Then, in 1968, Brownsville was the setting of a protracted and highly contentious teachers' strike . The Board of Education had experimented with giving the people of the neighborhood control over the school. The new school administration fired several teachers in violation of union contract rules. The teachers were all white and mostly Jewish, and

2502-403: A tunnel to an elevated structure within this park. The 21 acres (8.5 ha) of land for Lincoln Terrace was purchased by the city in 1895–1897. In order to deter aircraft from flying through the area during World War I , parts of the park had turrets installed in "serviceable but inconspicuous locations" in 1918. Through 1935, additional land was added to the park (including land purchased from

2641-577: Is 1.163 square miles (3.01 km ), and the ZIP Code for the neighborhood is 11212. Although there are no official borders, Brownsville is generally bounded by East New York Avenue to the north on the Ocean Hill border; East 98th Street/Ralph Avenue to the west, bordering East Flatbush and Crown Heights ; the freight rail Bay Ridge Branch of the Long Island Rail Road and Linden Boulevard to

2780-685: Is 11212. It is patrolled by the 73rd Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Politically it is represented by the New York City Council 's 42nd and 41st Districts. The area that would become Brownsville was first used by the Dutch for farming, as well as manufacturing stone slabs and other things used to construct buildings. In 1823–1824, the Dutch founded the New Lots Reformed Church in nearby New Lots because

2919-594: Is a residential neighborhood in eastern Brooklyn in New York City . The neighborhood is generally bordered by Crown Heights to the northwest; Bedford–Stuyvesant and Cypress Hills to the north; East New York to the east; Canarsie to the south; and East Flatbush to the west. The 1.163-square-mile (3.01 km ) area that comprises Brownsville has 58,300 residents as of the 2010 United States Census , with an estimated population of 128,369 residents in 2019. Founded in its current incarnation in 1858, Brownsville

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3058-484: Is also a significant concentration of semi-detached multi-unit row houses similar to those found in East New York and Soundview surrounding the public housing developments. Many have been torn down and replaced by vacant lots or newly constructed subsidized attached multi-unit rowhouses with gardens, driveways, and finished basements. Most of these houses were built in East New York, Ocean Hill , and Brownsville under

3197-443: Is composed of multiple inward-facing developments located on six superblocks . The neighborhood contains the most densely concentrated area of public housing in the United States. NYCHA owns more housing units in Brownsville than in any other neighborhood, with about one-third of the housing stock (around 10,000 units) in its 18 Brownsville developments, comprising over 100 buildings within 1 square mile (2.6 km ). In 2013, it

3336-683: Is endorsed by Alan Keyes , who referred to LDI as "a cutting edge approach to spreading the message of the pro-life movement"; Joseph Scheidler of Pro-Life Action League , who says, "I appreciate everything Life Dynamics does"; Judy Brown of American Life League , who praised LDI for aggressiveness and accuracy; Dr. Jack Willke of Life Institute and International Right to Life Federation , who calls LDI "a spear carrier"; and Father Frank Pavone of Priests for Life , who appears regularly on LDI's LifeTalk program. Dr. Warren Hern , an abortion provider in Boulder, Colorado , said, "we cannot underestimate

3475-1681: Is further associated with International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates in the Caribbean and the Americas , and IPPF European Network, as well as other organizations like Family Planning Queensland , Pro Familia (Germany) ( de ) and mouvement français pour le planning familial (French Movement for Family Planning) ( fr ) . Offices are located in New York, NY; Washington, D.C.; Miami, FL; Guatemala City, Guatemala; Abuja, Nigeria; and Nairobi, Kenya. The organization's focus countries are Guatemala , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Ecuador , Peru , Senegal , Burkina Faso , Nigeria , Sudan , South Sudan , Uganda , Ethiopia , and Kenya . The Bloomberg Philanthropies donated $ 50   million for Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive health and family planning efforts in Tanzania , Nicaragua, Burkina Faso , Senegal and Uganda. Among specific countries and territories serviced by Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive planning outreach are Brazil , Colombia , El Salvador , French Guiana , Guatemala, Haiti , Honduras , Martinique , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay , Peru, Suriname , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands , Dominican Republic , Barbados , Bolivia , Ecuador, Guadeloupe , Saint Martin , Guyana , Cape Verde and Samoa . Planned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed into law

3614-494: Is inhabited disproportionately by African-Americans and Latinos. The overall average income in Brownsville is lower than that of the rest of Brooklyn and the rest of New York City. The reasons for Brownsville's lack of wholesale gentrification are numerous. One reporter for the magazine The Nation observed that the Los Angeles neighborhood of Pico-Union , which had a poverty rate similar to Brownsville's in 2000, had become

3753-591: Is located in Brownsville. Engine Company 283/Division 15's quarters are also located in Brownsville. A 21,000-square-foot (2,000 m ), $ 32 million FDNY facility was completed at 1815 Sterling Place in 2019. Designed by Chicago-based architectural firm Studio Gang , the new facility is both an FDNY training center and the firehouse for Rescue Company 2. Ground broke on the project in July 2016. The new firehouse, announced in December 2015, replaced Rescue 2's old location,

3892-492: Is located in a lot on the north side of Livonia Avenue bounded by Strauss Street and Thomas S. Boyland Street. Opened in 1915, it is named after Betsy Head, a rich Briton, who died in 1907. In 1936, a new Olympic-size swimming pool , one of 11 across the city, was added as part of a Works Progress Administration project. In 2008, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated

4031-564: Is supposedly the United States Postal Service , and the lack of mobility for many residents encourages them to buy from local stores instead. Kay Hymowitz wrote in her 2017 book, The New Brooklyn: What It Takes to Bring a City Back , that Brownsville was "the permanent ghetto" and that despite the gentrification in other Brooklyn neighborhoods, Brownsville contained a "concentrated, multigenerational black poverty" that caused its development to "remain static". The total land area

4170-404: Is surrounded by other high-poverty, high-crime neighborhoods like East New York, Ocean Hill, and East Flatbush . Its high concentration of public housing developments has traditionally prevented gentrification in this area. Brownsville is still majority African-American and Latino, with exactly two Jewish-owned businesses in Brownsville in 2012. A columnist for The New York Times , writing for

4309-784: Is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortions in the United States. In their 2014 Annual Report, PPFA reported seeing over 2.5   million patients in over 4   million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9.5   million discrete services including 324,000 abortions. Its combined annual revenue is US$ 1.3   billion, including approximately $ 530   million in government funding such as Medicaid reimbursements. Throughout its history, PPFA, and its member clinics have experienced support, controversy, protests, and violent attacks. The origins of Planned Parenthood date to October 16, 1916, when Margaret Sanger , her sister Ethel Byrne , and Fania Mindell opened

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4448-667: Is to make abortions more difficult to obtain. Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions, and bans on late-term abortions including intact dilation and extraction , which has been illegal in the U.S. since 2003. Planned Parenthood supports the wide availability of emergency contraception such as the Plan   B pill. It opposes conscience clauses , which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs. Planned Parenthood has been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to emergency contraception for rape victims. Citing

4587-733: The African Burial Ground National Monument in lower Manhattan, as well as those discovered under the former 126th Street Depot in East Harlem . As part of the designation, the Schenck Playground, behind the New Lots branch of the Brooklyn Public Library, would be rethemed with African cultural motifs and designs. Hyman Spitz Florists, one of the businesses that dates back to Brownsville's initial settlement,

4726-771: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the Buffett Foundation , the Ford Foundation , the Turner Foundation , the Cullmans , and others. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions. Some donors, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services. Anti-abortion groups have advocated

4865-638: The Family Planning Services and Population Research Act , amending the Public Health Service Act . Title X of that law provides funding for family planning services, including contraception and family planning information. The law had support from both Republicans and Democrats . Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that "no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition." Donors to Planned Parenthood have included

5004-529: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of the original birth control pill , giving rise to new attitudes towards women's reproductive freedom . Also during his presidency, Planned Parenthood lobbied the federal government to support reproductive health, culminating with President Richard Nixon 's signing of Title X to provide government subsidies for low-income women to access family planning services. The Center for Family Planning Program Development

5143-525: The Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1928, which had built its New Lots Line in 1920). Streets were closed to make room for the extra parkland. The park was originally named after Abraham Lincoln , but in 1932, the western section of the park (west of Rockaway Parkway) was renamed after activist Arthur S. Somers, an area resident who had died that year. Around that time, the park and its playgrounds were refurbished. Betsy Head Park

5282-488: The NAACP and Urban League whose Brooklyn chapters were based in nearby Bedford-Stuyvesant , they were, overall, less concerned with the issues of the lower-income blacks who had moved into Brownsville, thus further isolating Brownsville's population. These changes corresponded to overall increases in segregation and inequality in New York City, as well as to the replacement of blue-collar with white-collar jobs. The area gained

5421-534: The New York City Fire Department fighting over 100 fires in a single night. By then, people were afraid to go out at night, yet the 400 or so white families in south Brownsville were primarily concerned about housing remaining affordable. The streets had empty storefronts, with one block of Pitkin Avenue having over two-thirds of its 16 storefronts lying vacant. In 1970, Mayor John Lindsay referred to

5560-517: The New York metropolitan area . At one point in the 1943 published book, New York City Market Analysis , it had described Brownsville as having a variety of small industry unlike Lower East Side. The book also mentioned the Jewish populations were a mix of Russian, Austrian, and Polish immigrants and were 80% of the foreign born population in the neighborhood. In the 1930s, Brownsville achieved notoriety as

5699-672: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , or ObamaCare. Planned Parenthood spends money on politics and elections through the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (its federal political action committee ), through its Super PAC, and through a variety of related 501(c)(4) entities. Planned Parenthood endorsed Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. In the 2014 election cycle, Planned Parenthood spent $ 6,587,100 on contributions to candidates and political parties (overwhelmingly to Democrats) and on independent expenditures. Planned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in

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5838-582: The corresponding church in Flatbush was too far away. The church, which has its own cemetery that was built in 1841, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 1858, William Suydam parceled the land into 262 lots, providing simple two- to four-room accommodations for workers who were living there. However, Suydam vastly underestimated how undesirable the area was, and ran out of funding in 1861. After failing to pay his mortgages,

5977-409: The federal poverty level . Services for men's health include STI testing and treatment, vasectomy procedures, and erectile dysfunction services. Education is available regarding male birth control and lowering the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Planned Parenthood won the 2020 Webby Award for Machine Learning and Bots for their Sex Education chatbot. PPFA has two national offices in

6116-680: The first birth control clinic in the U.S. in the Brownsville section of the New York borough of Brooklyn . They distributed birth control, birth control advice, and birth control information. All three women were arrested and jailed for violating provisions of the Comstock Act , accused of distributing obscene materials at the clinic. The so-called Brownsville trials brought national attention and support to their cause. Sanger and her co-defendants were convicted on misdemeanor charges, which they appealed through two subsequent appeals courts. While

6255-511: The 1,200-acre (490 ha) expanse of the neighborhood, and from 2000 to 2003, applications for construction of residential buildings in Brownsville increased sevenfold. By 2015, many community organizations had been formed to improve the quality of life in parts of Brownsville. Changes included temporary markets being erected there as well as commercial developments in residential areas. However, these improvements are limited to certain sections of Brownsville. In 2013, 39% of residents fell below

6394-510: The 1920s and 1930s, the neighborhood elected Socialist and American Labor Party candidates to the state assembly. Two Socialist candidates for mayor in 1929 and 1932 both received roughly a quarter of Brownsville residents' mayoral votes. Socialist attitudes prevailed among Brownsville residents until World War II . The area's Jewish population participated heavily in civil rights movements , rallying against such things as poll taxes , Jim Crow laws , and segregation in schools . The area

6533-470: The 1960s, its population became largely African American, and Brownsville's unemployment rate was 17 percent, twice the city's as a whole. The newly majority-black Brownsville neighborhood had few community institutions or economic opportunities. It lacked a middle class, and its residents did not own the businesses they relied upon. In his book Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the Changing Face of

6672-468: The 2020 census data, there were 40,000+ Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents. Each the White and Asian populations were less than 5000 residents. The NYPD 's 73rd Precinct is located at 1470 East New York Avenue. NYCHA property in the area is patrolled separately by Police Service Area #2 (P.S.A. 2). Brownsville has consistently been considered the murder capital of New York City, with

6811-413: The 65th Precinct building into a community center, it sits derelict as of 2012 , with graffiti on the walls, garbage in the interior, and jail cells still intact. One block of Livonia Avenue from Barbey Street to Schenck Avenue is designated as "African Burial Ground Square", commemorating an African burial ground at the site that was discovered in 2010. The site contains remains similar to those found in

6950-661: The 73rd Precinct ranking 69th safest out of 69 city precincts for per-capita crime in 2009. That year, there were 3 murders per 10,000 residents (higher than in any other neighborhood in the city), making for 28 overall murders in Brownsville; in overall crime, the 73rd Precinct was the 66th safest out of 69 neighborhoods. In the 15 years between 1990 and 2005, reports of murder in Brownsville–Ocean Hill dropped 63 percent (to 22 murders in 2005); robberies 79 percent (to 597 in 2005); and felony assaults decreased 51 percent (to 562 in 2005). Crime rates in Brownsville had declined in

7089-548: The American courts. Several cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the U.S. Supreme Court . Notable among these cases is the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey , the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard. In this case, "Planned Parenthood" was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter, and "Casey" was Robert Casey , the governor of Pennsylvania . The ultimate ruling

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7228-528: The East New York/Brownsville area. Closer to the border with Ocean Hill, there are many limestone and brownstone townhouses in addition to tenements. In Brownsville, about 71% of rental housing is poorly maintained, more than the citywide rate of 56% and the boroughwide rate of 59%. Many of Brownsville's empty lots are now community gardens , which are also widespread in nearby East New York and are maintained by multiple community groups;

7367-501: The Ghetto , W.E. Pritchett described the neighborhood as a "ghetto" whose quality of life was declining by the year. The NYCHA housing encouraged the creation of an African-American and Latino population that was poorer than the Jewish population it replaced. In 1965, sociologist and then-future U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote a report about black poverty entitled The Negro Family: The Case For National Action , in which he cited

7506-542: The HPD issued requests for qualifications to determine which developers could build new affordable housing on one of 91 empty HPD-owned lots in Brownsville. After controversy arose over the fact that some of these lots were actually garden sites, the HPD rescinded approval to build on 34 garden sites in Brownsville, while nine other garden sites in the area were approved for redevelopment. The Loews Pitkin, an opulent 85-foot-high (26 m), 2,827-seat movie theater built in 1929,

7645-495: The Jim Crow-era South where they were racially discriminated against. In 1940, black residents made up 6% of Brownsville's population. The 1943 book New York City Market Analysis indicated the small but growing African American population was concentrated in the central portion of the neighborhood while most of the neighborhood was still populated by Eastern European Jewish immigrants. Although integration did take place in

7784-745: The Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor, in their words, "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." In the first year, it was awarded to four men: Carl G. Hartman, William Henry Draper Jr. , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Martin Luther King ;Jr. Later recipients have included John D. Rockefeller III , Katharine Hepburn , Jane Fonda , Hillary Clinton , and Ted Turner . The services provided by PPFA affiliates vary by location, with just over half of all Planned Parenthood affiliates in

7923-685: The National Director D. Kenneth Rose , the PPFA expanded its programs and services through the 1940s, adding affiliate organizations throughout the country. By the end of World War II, the Federation was no longer solely a center for birth control services or a clearing house for contraceptive information but had emerged as a major national health organization. PPFA's programs included a full range of family planning services including marriage education and counseling, and infertility services. The leadership of

8062-524: The Nehemiah development program. Of the Nehemiah developments, most of them were built on the western half of the neighborhood. Other newly built or restored housing includes 3,871 housing units for low-income residents, as well as Noble Drew Ali Plaza, a 385-unit apartment building that was notorious for drug dealing before the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) helped New York Mets first baseman Mo Vaughn buy and redevelop

8201-608: The Obama administration issued a rule effective in January 2017 banning U.S. states from withholding federal family-planning funds from health clinics that give abortions, including Planned Parenthood affiliates; this rule mandates that local and state governments give federal funds for services related to sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy care, fertility, contraception, and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers whether or not they give abortions. However, this rule

8340-455: The PPFA, largely consisting of businessmen and male physicians, endeavored to incorporate its contraceptive services unofficially into regional and national public health programs by emphasizing less politicized aspects such as child spacing. During the 1950s, the Federation further adjusted its programs and message to appeal to a family-centered, more conservative post-war populace, while continuing to function, through its affiliated clinics, as

8479-480: The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, the president of PPAF, Cecile Richards , testified before Congress in September 2015 that she did not manage the organization. The Planned Parenthood Action Fund has 58 active, separately incorporated chapters in 41 states and maintains national headquarters in New York and Washington, D.C. Planned Parenthood has received grants from the Obama administration to help promote

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8618-429: The U.S. performing abortions. Services provided by PPFA include birth control and long-acting reversible contraception ; emergency contraception ; clinical breast examinations ; cervical cancer screening ; pregnancy testing and pregnancy options counseling ; prenatal care ; testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections ; sex education ; vasectomies ; LGBT services; and abortion . Contrary to

8757-534: The U.S. until the 1960s. By 1941, it was operating 222 centers and had served 49,000 clients. In 1923, Sanger opened the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB) for dispensing contraceptives under the supervision of licensed physicians and studying their effectiveness. Some found the ABCL's title offensive and "against families", so the League began discussions for a new name. In 1938,

8896-655: The United States and globally. It is a member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). PPFA has its roots in Brooklyn , New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, in 1916. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, and 14 years after her exit as its president, ABCL's successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942. Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medical affiliates, which operate over 600 health clinics in

9035-486: The United States through the 1950s. The population remained heavily Jewish until the middle of the century, and the neighborhood boasted some seventy Orthodox synagogues. Many of these synagogues still exist in Brownsville, albeit as churches. Brownsville was also a place for radical political causes during this time. In 1916, Margaret Sanger set up the first birth control clinic in America on Amboy Street. Throughout

9174-418: The United States. It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally. The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of reproductive rights . Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates. PPFA

9313-700: The United States: one in Washington, D.C. , and one in New York City . It has three international offices, including a hub office in London, England . It has 68 medical and related affiliates and 101 other affiliates including 34 political action committees. These affiliates together operate more than 700 health centers in all 50 states in the U.S. plus the District of Columbia . PPFA owns about $ 54   million in property, including real estate. In addition, PPFA spends

9452-524: The abortion issue today. For much of the organization's history, however, and throughout Sanger's life, abortion was illegal in the U.S., and discussions of the issue were often censored. During this period, Sanger – like other American advocates of birth control – publicly condemned abortion, arguing that it would not be needed if every woman had access to birth control. Following Margaret Sanger, Alan Frank Guttmacher became president of Planned Parenthood, serving from 1962 until 1974. During his tenure,

9591-496: The ages of 0–17, 27% between 25 and 44, and 23% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 11% and 12% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 16 was $ 30,207. In 2018, an estimated 28% of Brownsville residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in seven residents (14%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in

9730-599: The allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution—from the other statutory requirements. Dissenting were William Rehnquist , Antonin Scalia , Clarence Thomas , and Byron White . Blackmun, Rehnquist, and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the Supreme Court to rule on this case, and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on

9869-420: The area for decades. Despite the decline of crime compared to its peak during the crack and heroin epidemics, violent crime continues to be a serious problem in the community, especially gang -related gun violence . Empty lots and unused storefronts are common in Brownsville due to high rates of crime, mostly in the area's public housing developments. A reporter for The New York Times observed that some of

10008-399: The area were built by Charles R. Miller. Through the 1880s, the area was a marshy floodplain that was used as a dumping ground. Fumes from the glue factories along Jamaica Bay would usually blow upwind into Brownsville. This place was inconveniently far enough from Manhattan that the affluent refused to move to Brownsville, but the land was cheap enough that tenements could be built for

10147-564: The area's Jewish population came about in the 1950s, when the New York City Housing Authority decided to build more new public housing developments in blighted portions of Brownsville. The Jewish population quickly moved out, even though the new NYCHA developments were actually in better condition than the old wooden tenements. Citing increased crime and their desire for social mobility, Jews left Brownsville en masse, with many black and Latino residents moving in, especially into

10286-560: The area's factories were going out of business, so the black residents were more economically disadvantaged than the Jews who had historically lived in Brownsville. Finally, although both blacks and Jews living in Brownsville had been subject to ethnic discrimination, the situation for blacks was worse, as they were banned from some public places where Jews were allowed, and the New York City Police Department (NYPD) generally behaved more harshly toward blacks than toward Jews. The breaking point for

10425-469: The area's housing developments. For instance, in the Van Dyke Houses, the black population in 1956 was 57% and the white population that year was 43%, with a little over one percent of residents receiving welfare benefits. Seven years later, 72% of the residents were black, 15% Puerto Rican, and the development had the highest rate of per-capita arrests of any housing development citywide. Through

10564-462: The area's playgrounds were inadequately maintained with broken lights and unlocked gates, and that shootings were common in these public housing developments. Brownsville was so dangerous that one UPS driver, robbed at gunpoint, needed an armed security guard to accompany him while delivering packages to houses in the neighborhood. In an effort to reduce crime, the NYPD started a stop-and-frisk program in

10703-422: The area, which had been the city's poorest for several years, as "Bombsville" because of its high concentration of empty lots and burned-out buildings. After a wave of arson throughout the 1970s ravaged the low-income communities of New York City, many of the residential structures in Brownsville were left seriously damaged or destroyed, and Brownsville became synonymous for urban decay in many aspects. Even at

10842-405: The assumption of some, Planned Parenthood conducts cancer screenings but does not provide mammograms , although Planned Parenthood physicians do refer their patients to other outside clinics where they can get mammograms. In 2013, PPFA reported seeing 2.7   million patients in 4.6   million clinical visits. Roughly 16 percent of its clients are teenagers. According to PPFA, in 2014

10981-465: The beginning of this arson wave, 29% of residents were impoverished, a number that would increase in later years. The city began to rehabilitate many formerly abandoned tenement-style apartment buildings and designate them low-income housing beginning in the late 1970s. Marcus Garvey Village, whose townhouse-style three-story apartment buildings had front doors and gardens, was an example of such low-income development that did not lower crime and poverty, as

11120-421: The birthplace of Murder, Inc. , who contracted to kill between 400 and 1,000 people through the 1940s. The organizations' criminal businesses also extended to nearby neighborhoods of Ocean Hill and East New York . The members mainly consisted of Jewish and Italian Americans as these neighborhoods during that time were mainly populated by Jewish and Italian enclaves. A film about the organization, Murder Inc. ,

11259-457: The biweekly Brownsville Counselor newspaper to inform residents about government programs and job opportunities. However, in spite of the BCC's efforts, crime went up, with a threefold increase in reported homicides from ten in 1960 to over thirty in 1966; a doubling of arrests from 1,883 in 1956 to over 3,901 in 1966; and claims that there could actually have been more than six times as much crime than

11398-478: The boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood. Corporate donors include CREDO Mobile . In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2014, total revenue was $ 1.3   billion: non-government health services revenue was $ 305   million, government revenue (such as Medicaid reimbursements) was $ 528   million, private contributions totaled $ 392   million, and $ 78   million came from other operating revenue. According to Planned Parenthood, 59 percent of

11537-450: The breach was a ransomware attack. The organization did not say if they paid the ransom or if the perpetrators made any demands. There was no indication as to who was responsible for the hack. The Metropolitan Washington branch of Planned Parenthood was also hacked in 2020 with donor and patient information compromised, including dates of birth, social security numbers , financial information, and medical data. In 1966, PPFA began awarding

11676-535: The building. The Livonia Avenue Initiative, a multi-phase project situated along Livonia Avenue, is intended to create 791 apartments or houses for low-income residents. The initiative includes Livonia Commons, a proposed mixed-use project on the north side of Livonia Avenue. Livonia Commons' postmodern buildings will contain 270 apartments for lower-income citizens and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m ) of commercial space at ground level. The initiative's 21,000 square feet (2,000 m ) of community space will host

11815-401: The case of Becky Bell , who died following an illegal abortion rather than seek parental consent for a legal one. Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an abortion can be performed on a minor are unconstitutional on privacy grounds. The organization opposes laws requiring ultrasounds before abortions, stating that their only purpose

11954-401: The convictions were not overturned, the judge who issued the final ruling also modified the law to permit physician-prescribed birth control. The women's campaign led to major changes in the laws governing birth control and sex education in the United States. In 1921, the clinic was organized into the American Birth Control League , the core of the only national birth-control organization in

12093-614: The country. Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the International Planned Parenthood Federation when it was launched at a conference in Bombay (now Mumbai), India , in 1952. In 1961, the population crisis debate, along with funding shortages, convinced PPFA to merge with the World Population Emergency Campaign, a citizens' fund-raising organization to become PPFA-World Population. Both Planned Parenthood and Margaret Sanger are strongly associated with

12232-409: The courts have overturned such actions, citing conflict with federal or state laws; in others the federal executive branch has provided funding in lieu of the states. In some states, Planned Parenthood was completely or partially defunded. In August 2015, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal attempted to end Louisiana's contract with Planned Parenthood to treat Medicaid patients at a time when there

12371-442: The death of an 11-year-old African American boy named Richard Ross, who was killed by an African-American NYPD detective, John Rattley, at the corner of St. Johns Place and Ralph Avenue. Rattley believed Ross had mugged a 73-year-old Jewish man. The riot was led in part by Brooklyn militant Sonny Carson , who allegedly spread rumors that Rattley was white; it was quelled after Brooklyn North Borough Commander Lloyd Sealy deployed

12510-421: The determination of Life Dynamics to destroy us". LDI operates a number of simultaneous projects, often with a separate web site targeting that aspect of the group's work. Planned Parenthood The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. ( PPFA ), or simply Planned Parenthood , is an American nonprofit organization that provides reproductive and sexual healthcare and sexual education in

12649-513: The early 1900s were built with indoor plumbing and less prone to fire. The quality of life was further decreased by the fact that there was scant infrastructure to be found in the area, and as a result, the unpaved roads were used as open sewers. Compounding the problem, land prices were high in Brownsville (with lots available for $ 50 in 1907, then sold for $ 3,000 two years later), so in order to make their land purchases worthwhile, developers were frequently inspired to build as many apartments on

12788-449: The early 2000s; this was controversial especially in Brownsville, with 93% of residents in one eight-block area reportedly being stopped and frisked (compared to a 7% rate citywide). However, serious crime per resident is decreasing, and from 2000 to 2011, the rate dropped from 45.0 to 35.3 serious crimes per 1,000 residents. The firehouse for the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Company 231/Ladder Company 120/Battalion 44

12927-431: The fact that the 24% of the nation's black communities were single-mother families, an attribute closely tied to poverty in these communities. At that time, Brownsville and East New York's single-mother rate was almost twice the national rate, at 45%. Backlash against the report, mainly on accusations of victim blaming , caused leaders to overlook Moynihan's proposals to improve poor black communities' quality of life, and

13066-696: The gardens are often planted with vegetables that could provide food for residents. The gardens were originally supposed to be temporary, filling lots that would have otherwise gone unused. After a failed sale of several abandoned lots in the 1990s that would have involved destroying some of these gardens around the city, some city residents founded the New York City Community Garden Coalition to protect these gardens. From 2013 to 2015, NYCHA sold developers 54 lots in Brownsville, totaling 441,000 square feet (41,000 m ). Some of these lots contained parks or parking lots. In December 2014

13205-659: The group's revenue is put towards the provision of health services, while non-medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 15 percent; management expenses, fundraising, and international family planning programs account for about 16 percent, and 10 percent of the revenue in 2013–2014 was not spent. Planned Parenthood receives over a third of its money in government grants and contracts (about $ 528   million in 2014). By law ( Hyde Amendment ), federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions (except in rare cases), but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for

13344-474: The land was auctioned off in 1866 to Charles S. Brown of Esopus, New York . Believing the area to be useful for development, Brown subdivided the area and began calling it "Brownsville", advertising the area's wide open spaces to Jews who lived in Lower Manhattan . There were 250 houses in "Brown's Village" by 1883, most of them occupied by factory workers who commuted to Manhattan. The first houses in

13483-420: The laws which criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S. Focusing, at first, on legalizing therapeutic abortion , Planned Parenthood became an increasingly vocal proponent of liberalized abortion laws during the 1960s, culminating in its call for the repeal of all anti-abortion laws in 1969. In the years that followed, the organization played

13622-517: The medical community" and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges. In all, the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors, all of which were ultimately dismissed. In 2006, the Indiana Court of Appeals ruled that Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records in an investigation of possible child abuse. In 2005, Planned Parenthood Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota

13761-455: The mid-1980s. The old 65th Precinct building at 1546 East New York Avenue was then sold to a family with the last name of Chen. In 2004, the Chens sold the building to Family Services Network of New York, a nonprofit organization funded by the state government. Family Services borrowed $ 1.1 million, but failed to pay the mortgage . Despite Family Services' grandiose $ 3.8 million plan to rehabilitate

13900-459: The more reliable source of contraceptives in the country. From 1942 to 1962, PPFA concentrated its efforts on strengthening its ties to affiliates, expanding public education programs, and improving its medical and research work. By 1960, visitors to PPFA centers across the nation numbered over 300,000 per year. Largely relying on a volunteer workforce, by 1960 the Federation had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across

14039-417: The most violent crimes per capita out of any neighborhood in the city. By contrast, Morrisania , a Bronx neighborhood that once had a crime rate as high as Brownsville's, saw its crime rate decline by 25 percent between 1998 and 2011, while Brownsville's crime rate stayed roughly even during the same time period. The social problems associated with poverty , from crime to drug addiction , have plagued

14178-473: The motivation for seeking the records. In 2006, Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline , a Republican, released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public. His actions were described as "troubling" by the state Supreme Court, but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved. In 2007 Kline's successor, Paul J. Morrison ,

14317-487: The need for medically accurate information in sex education , Planned Parenthood opposes abstinence-only education in public schools. Instead, Planned Parenthood is a provider of, and endorses, comprehensive sex education , which includes a discussion of both abstinence and birth control. Planned Parenthood's advocacy activities are executed by the Planned Parenthood Action Fund , which is registered as

14456-411: The neighborhood had a population density of 77.7 inhabitants per acre (49,700/sq mi; 19,200/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 76.1% (44,364) African American , 0.8% (471) White , 0.3% (165) Native American , 0.7% (416) Asian , 0.0% (18) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (180) from other races , and 1.2% (703) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.6% (11,983) of

14595-482: The neighborhood was racially segregated, there were more attempts at improved quality of life, public mixing, and solidarity between black and Jewish neighbors than could be found in most other neighborhoods. However, due to socioeconomic barriers imposed by the disparities between the two populations, most of these improvements never came. Compounding the matter, the newly arrived African-American residents were mainly industrial workers who had moved to Brownsville just as

14734-444: The neighborhood, there were racial tensions as well. By 1950, there were double the number of blacks, most of whom occupied the neighborhood's most undesirable housing. At the same time, new immigration quotas had reduced the number of Russian Jews who were able to immigrate to the United States. Spurred on by urban planner Robert Moses , the city replaced some of Brownsville's old tenements with public housing blocks. Although

14873-526: The nonpartisan political advocacy arm of PPFA. It engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the PPFA mission. Feldt also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda, a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent unwanted pregnancies , improve the quality of reproductive care, and ensure access to safe and legal abortions. Another initiative

15012-555: The organization provided 3.6   million contraceptive services, 4.5   million sexually transmitted infection services, about one   million cancer related services, over one   million pregnancy tests and prenatal services, over 324,000 abortion services, and over 100,000 other services, for a total of 9.5   million discrete services. PPFA is well known for providing services to minorities and to poor people; according to PPFA, approximately four out of five of their clients have incomes at or below 150   percent of

15151-571: The original decision that legalized abortion. Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v. Wade in its entirety. Planned Parenthood v. Casey , along with Roe v. Wade , was eventually overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022. Other related cases include: Some state attorneys general have subpoenaed medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records, citing medical privacy and concerns about

15290-502: The paper's "Big City" section on 2012, stated that the many improvements to the city's overall quality of life, enacted by then-mayor Michael Bloomberg since 2002, "might have happened in Lithuania for all the effect they have had (or could have) on the lives of people in Brownsville." On the other hand, the area's lack of gentrification might have kept most of residents' money within the local Brownsville economy. The area's largest employer

15429-465: The poor there. Brownsville was predominantly Jewish from the 1880s until the 1950s. In 1887, businessman Elias Kaplan showed the first Jewish residents around Brownsville, painting the area as favorable compared to the Lower East Side , which he described as a place where one could not get away from the holds of labor unions . Kaplan built a factory and accommodations for his workers, then placed

15568-407: The population were first-generation immigrants , and 80% of these immigrants were from Russia . By 1920, over 80,000 of the area's 100,000 inhabitants were Russian Jews , and Brownsville had been nicknamed "Little Jerusalem ". In the 1930s it was considered the most densely populated district in all of Brooklyn. Brownsville was also considered to have the highest density of Jews of any place in

15707-468: The population. 29.9% of the population were high school graduates and 8.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher. The entirety of Community Board 16, which comprises Brownsville, had 84,525 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 75.1 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 28% are between

15846-474: The poverty line, compared to 43% in 2000, but the poverty rate of Brownsville is still relatively high, being twice the city's overall rate as well as 13% higher than that of nearby Newark, New Jersey . Brownsville families reported a median income of $ 15,978 as of 2008, below the United States Census poverty threshold . There is a high rate of poverty in the neighborhood's northeastern section, which

15985-477: The provision of other medical services allows other funds to be reallocated for abortions. A coalition of national and local anti-abortion groups have lobbied federal and state governments to stop funding Planned Parenthood. As a result, federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce funding levels. Eight states‍—‌Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Utah‍—‌have enacted such proposals. In some cases,

16124-428: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 57% in Brownsville, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Brownsville is considered to be low-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying . New York City Department of City Planning showed that in

16263-425: The resulting strike badly divided the whole city. The resulting strike dragged on for half a year, becoming known as one of John Lindsay 's "Ten Plagues". It also served to segregate the remaining Jewish community from the larger black and Latino community. By 1970, the 130,000-resident population of Brownsville was 77% black and 19% Puerto Rican. Despite the activities of black civil rights organizations such as

16402-454: The same manner that they had elsewhere in the city, but the declines were not as dramatic as in other areas of the city, with 72 people shot and 15 killed in Brownsville in 2013. With an incarceration rate of 1,698 per 100,000 residents, Brownsville's incarceration rate is three times the city's as a whole and higher than every other neighborhood's incarceration rate. At a non-fatal assault rate of 175 per 100,000 people, Brownsville also sees

16541-452: The seventh largest charity in the country, providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates, whose activities were spread across 50 states. From 1996 to 2006, Planned Parenthood was led by Gloria Feldt . Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF), the organization's political action committee , launching what was the most far-reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history. The PPAF serves as

16680-478: The single-mother rate in Brownsville grew. In 1966, black and Latino residents created the Brownsville Community Council in an effort to reverse the poverty and crime increases. The BCC secured welfare funding for 3,000 people, secure housing tenancies for 4,000 people, and voting rights for hundreds of new registrants. It closed down a block of Herzl Street for use as a play area, and it created

16819-439: The south, adjacent to the neighborhood of Canarsie ; and Van Sinderen Avenue to the east, next to East New York . It is part of Brooklyn Community Board 16 , which also includes Ocean Hill. As of 2008, there were a total of 28,298 housing units in Brownsville. Brownsville is dominated by public housing developments of various types, mostly in a small area bounded by Powell Street and Rockaway, Livonia, and Sutter Avenues that

16958-531: Was also founded as a semi-autonomous division during this time. The center became an independent organization and was renamed the Guttmacher Institute in 1977. Planned Parenthood began to advocate abortion law reform beginning in 1955, when the organization's medical director, Mary Calderone , convened a national conference of medical professionals on the issue. The conference was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of

17097-413: Was among 22 theaters in the area; the rest of the theaters had either been demolished or converted into stores. The Loews Pitkin, named after theater entrepreneur Marcus Loew , had fallen in disuse by the 1970s before being revitalized in the late 2000s. The theater's decaying interior was used as a church and a furniture store before Poko Partners bought the space in 2008 and redeveloped the theater into

17236-619: Was an epidemic of sexually transmitted infections in Louisiana. Planned Parenthood and three patients sued the state of Louisiana, with the United States Department of Justice siding with Planned Parenthood. On February 2, 2016, the U.S. House failed to override President Obama's veto of H.R. 3762 (Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015) which would have prohibited Planned Parenthood from receiving any federal Medicaid funds for one year. Late in 2016,

17375-488: Was blocked by a federal judge the day before it would have taken effect. In 2017, it was overturned by new legislation. The proposed American Health Care Act ( H.R. 1628 ), announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017, would have made Planned Parenthood "ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants." On August 19, 2019, Planned Parenthood voluntarily withdrew from Title X funding due to

17514-749: Was estimated that the housing developments alone contained nearly 21,000 people. Many of these buildings were built in the mid-20th-century and are deteriorating as of 2015 . Some of these NYCHA developments are in the process of being converted into RAD PACT Section 8 Developments , where, as part of a public-private partnership with NYCHA, private developers would take over the developments and provide funding for capital improvements. These conversions include Howard Avenue Houses, Seth Low Houses , Sutter Avenue-Union Houses, Tapscott Street Rehab Houses, Ralph Avenue Houses, 104-14 Tapscott Street Houses, and Lenox Road-Rockaway Parkway Houses. Public housing developments include: In addition, below Pitkin Avenue, there

17653-399: Was fairly economically successful in its heyday. In 1942, there were 372 stores, including 8 banks and 43 stores selling menswear, along a 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch of Pitkin Avenue, which employed a combined 1,000 people and generated an estimated $ 90 million annually (equal to about $ 1,678,000,000 today if adjusted for inflation). The median income of $ 2,493 in 1933 (about $ 58,678 today)

17792-537: Was fined $ 50,000 for violating a Minnesota state parental consent law. In 2012, a Texas state court judge, Gary Harger, denied Planned Parenthood's request for a temporary restraining order against the State of Texas , concluding that the State may exclude otherwise qualified doctors and clinics from receiving state funding if the doctors or clinics advocate for abortion rights. Brownsville, Brooklyn Brownsville

17931-404: Was founded in 1898. It persisted at the same address, 1685 Pitkin Avenue, until 2004. Hyman Spitz Florists had helped provide flowers for such occasions as Donald and Ivana Trump's wedding. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Brownsville was 58,300, a decrease of 799 (1.4%) from the 59,099 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 750.44 acres (303.69 ha),

18070-408: Was initially a settlement composed of Jewish factory workers. The neighborhood underwent a major demographic change in the 1950s that saw an influx of African-American residents. Since the late 20th century, Brownsville has consistently held one of the highest poverty and crime rates of any neighborhood in New York City. Brownsville is part of Brooklyn Community District 16 , and its primary ZIP Code

18209-560: Was intended; instead, the houses became the home base of a local gang, and poverty went up to 40%. However, the East Brooklyn Congregations ' Nehemiah Housing, which also constructed buildings in East New York and Spring Creek , served to help residents find affordable housing with a good quality of life. The neighborhood's crime rate decreased somewhat by the 1980s. Many subsidized multi-unit townhouses and newly constructed apartment buildings were built on vacant lots across

18348-449: Was killed and multiple others were injured. In May 1971, the mostly black residents of Brownsville objected to reductions in Medicaid , welfare funds, and drug prevention programs in a peaceful protest that soon turned violent. In the ensuing riot, protesters conflicted with police, with windows being broken, children stealing rides aboard buses, housewives tipping over banana stands, and

18487-446: Was produced and released in 1960. African Americans had begun moving into Brooklyn in large numbers in the early 20th century. The adjacent Bedford-Stuyvesant was the first large African American community of Brooklyn. In the 1930s, Brownsville began to receive growing numbers of African Americans. Most of the new residents were poor and socially disadvantaged, especially the new African-American residents, who were mostly migrants from

18626-511: Was removed as president of Planned Parenthood by the organization's board of directors on July 16, 2019. Alexis McGill Johnson , a board member and former chairwoman, became the organization's acting president. In October 2021, a hacker gained access to the data network of the Los Angeles branch of Planned Parenthood and obtained the personal information of approximately 400,000 patients. On December 1, 2021, The Washington Post reported that

18765-431: Was reported. Multiple robberies of businesses were reported every day, with robbers simply lifting or bending the roll-down metal gates that protected many storefronts. City officials urged people to not use public transportation to travel to Brownsville. Brownsville began experiencing large-scale rioting and social disorder around this time. These problems manifested themselves in September 1967. A riot occurred following

18904-422: Was split, and Roe v. Wade was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by Sandra Day O'Connor , Anthony Kennedy , and David Souter . Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions. The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions, but found no "undue burden"—an alternative to strict scrutiny , which tests

19043-547: Was the commencement of a "Global Partnership Program", to build a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning. On February 15, 2006, Cecile Richards , the daughter of former Texas governor Ann Richards , and formerly the deputy chief of staff to the U.S. Rep. Nancy Pelosi (the Democratic Leader in the United States House of Representatives ), became president of the organization. In 2012, Richards

19182-588: Was twice that of a family living in the Lower East Side, who earned a median of $ 1,390 (about $ 32,717 today) but lower than that of a middle-class family in outer Brooklyn ($ 4,320, inflation-adjusted to $ 101,681) or the Bronx ($ 3,750, inflation-adjusted to $ 88,265). The Fortunoff's furniture chain had its roots on Livonia Avenue, its flagship store overshadowed by the tracks of New York City Subway's New Lots Line from 1922 to 1964, eventually expanding elsewhere in

19321-526: Was voted one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World . Richards' tenure as president of the organization ended on April 30, 2018. Current Planned Parenthood board member Joe Solmonese was appointed as transition chair to temporarily oversee the day-to-day operations of Planned Parenthood after Richards' departure. On September 12, 2018, the organization announced that Leana Wen would take over as president, effective November 2018. Wen

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