Misplaced Pages

#368631

28-560: Lienz ( German: [ˈliːɛnt͡s] ; Southern Bavarian : Lianz ) is a medieval town in the Austrian state of Tyrol . It is the administrative centre of the Lienz district, which covers all of East Tyrol . The municipality also includes the cadastral subdivision of Patriasdorf . Lienz is located at the confluence of the rivers Isel and Drava in the Eastern Alps , between

56-619: A district within the short-lived Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces , but was reconquered by Austrian troops in 1813. Within the Austrian Empire (the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary after 1867) it was the seat of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Tyrol . In November 1918 it was occupied by the Italian Army. After World War I the southern parts of

84-546: A lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies (" Assignats "), and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799. The French Consulate era began with

112-493: A recorded precipitation of 915 mm (36 in). Most of the rain falls during the summer months, especially from June to August (respectively 98, 119 and 100 mm (3.9, 4.7 and 3.9 in)). The driest months are January and February (42 and 35 mm (1.7 and 1.4 in)) The average temperature in July is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F). In January it is about 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) −5.2 °C (22.6 °F). Lienz

140-561: Is also one of the sunniest cities in Austria with an average of 5.4 hours of sun per day or 1952 hours per year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb" (humid continental). Seats in the municipal assembly ( Gemeinderat ) as of 2010 elections: Lienz is located at a road junction between the Drautalstraße highway, leading from Carinthia to the Puster Valley in

168-601: The British occupation zone . At this time several thousand members of the former Wehrmacht 1st Cossack Division coming from Yugoslavia arrived in and around Lienz. They surrendered to the British troops but were forcibly handed over to the Soviet Union , where most were executed or sent to the Gulag . Lienz has relatively warm and humid summers and cold winters. 1971–2000 there was

196-516: The Bronze Age about 2000 BC. Celtic people lived here from about 300 BC on, mainly as miners , who came under control of the Roman Empire in 15 BC. The area was incorporated into the province of Noricum and Emperor Claudius had a municipium called Aguntum erected near Lienz in the today's municipality of Dölsach . Aguntum became the see of an Early Christian bishop in

224-802: The Hohe Tauern mountain range in the north (including the Schober and Kreuzeck groups ), and the Gailtal Alps in the south. It is connected with Winklern in Carinthia by the Iselsberg Pass . The neighboring municipality of Leisach marks the easternmost point of the Puster Valley . By the consistent growth of the city, some smaller villages around – though officially municipalities in their own right – are now widely considered to be suburbs of Lienz. Those suburbs comprise: The area of Lienz had been settled since

252-561: The Patriarchs of Aquileia , who were elevated to immediate landlords by Emperor Henry IV in 1077. It was then purchased by the scions of the Meinhardiner dynasty, who held the office of Aquileian Vögte (reeves) and chose Lienz as a residence. From about 1127 they called themselves Counts of Görz ( Gorizia ). Located on the important trade route from Venzone in Friuli to Salzburg ,

280-878: The Reign of Terror . Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793 , which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. The constitution of

308-707: The Werdenfelser Land region around Mittenwald and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in German Upper Bavaria . The Tyrolean Unterland , the Alpine regions of Salzburg ( Pinzgau , Pongau and Lungau ), as well as the adjacent parts of Styria and southern Burgenland form the dialect continuum with the Central Bavarian language area in the north. Southern Bavarian has 8 vowels : Southern Bavarian has about 33 consonants : French First Republic In

SECTION 10

#1732851174369

336-551: The coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup and became head of the government as the First Consul. On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of the French by the Sénat conservateur . He would later proclaim himself Emperor of

364-637: The history of France , the First Republic ( French : Première République ), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France , and officially the French Republic (French: République française ), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution . The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire on 18 May 1804 under Napoléon Bonaparte , although

392-656: The market town of Lienz received city rights on 25 February 1242. In 1278 the Counts finished Burg Bruck , a castle that until 1500 served as their local seat. When the Meinhardiner became extinct in 1500 upon the death of Count Leonhard of Gorizia , their estates were bequeathed to the Habsburg King Maximilian I and finally incorporated into the County of Tyrol . From the status of an Imperial residence, Lienz sank to

420-733: The 5th century but decayed during the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps and the subsequent fights with the Bavarii under Duke Tassilo I around 600. Part of the Slavic principality of Carantania , the area passed under Bavarian and finally Frankish suzerainty during the 8th century. Lienz itself was first mentioned as Luenzina in a deed issued by the Bishop of Brixen about 1030. The settlement itself, together with neighbouring Patriasdorf , then belonged of

448-726: The Italian province of South Tyrol (B100), and the Felbertauernstraße (B108) from Lienz to Mittersill in Salzburg . It is also connected by the Drautalbahn railway line from Villach to Innichen in South Tyrol. The Felbertauerntunnel between Mittersill and Lienz was completed in 1967. Lienz is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Lienz at Wikimedia Commons Southern Bavarian The speech area historically included

476-470: The National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III . They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and

504-802: The Tyrol (i.e. Trentino and South Tyrol ) were awarded to the Kingdom of Italy under the terms of the London Pact and the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain , making the Lienz district of East Tyrol an exclave with no territorial connection to the mainland of North Tyrol . After the 1938 Anschluss of the Federal State of Austria into Nazi Germany , the Lienz district became a part of Reichsgau Kärnten ( Carinthia ). On 8 May 1945 British forces occupied Lienz, which together with Carinthia and Styria became part of

532-751: The form of government changed several times. This period was characterised by the downfall and abolition of the French monarchy , the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror , the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory , and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power. Under the Legislative Assembly , which was in power before

560-502: The former linguistic enclaves in Carniola (present-day Slovenia ) around Kočevje in the Gottschee region ( Gottscheerish ), Sorica (Zarz) and Nemški Rovt (Deutsch Ruth) . The Cimbrian language still spoken in several language-islands in north-eastern Italy ( Friuli , Veneto and Trentino ) mostly counts as a separate Bavarian language variant. Southern Bavarian is also spoken in

588-623: The insignificance of a provincial town within the Habsburg monarchy . During the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars , Lienz was occupied twice by French troops in 1797. After the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz , Lienz with Tyrol passed to the newly elevated Kingdom of Bavaria according to the 1805 Peace of Pressburg . In 1809 it became the administrative centre of

SECTION 20

#1732851174369

616-529: The passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the insurrection of 10 August 1792 , citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace , killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king. A renewed fear of counterrevolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons. They killed over half of

644-492: The prisoners, including nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves. Many victims were murdered in their cells: raped, stabbed, and/or slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres . As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly

672-611: The proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria . In July 1792, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick , commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto , threatening the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI of France . This foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened

700-559: The radical movements of the Enragés , food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany , recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general." Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and perceived enemies of the republic began to be executed by guillotine at an ever-increasing rate. This began a period which is known today as

728-547: The republic did not provide for a formal head of state or a head of government. It could be discussed whether the head of state would have been the president of the National Assembly under international law. However, this changed every two weeks and was therefore not formative. After the arrest and execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later,

756-588: Was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The convention's first act was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. Louis XVI , by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet , was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he

784-450: Was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed. Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety , and was given a monumental task: "To deal with

#368631