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82-500: Lidzbark Warmiński was once the capital of Warmia and formerly its largest town. Lidzbark itself was a religious and cultural center, for which it was known as the Pearl of Warmia . For a long period of time it was under the control of the Warmian Bishops and it was also a major economic center, only resigning its importance to the nearby city of Braniewo . The Warmian Bishop's Castle

164-580: A Polish siege which was ended in an agreement in which the Polish king recognized von Tüngen as bishop and the right of the Cathedral Chapter to elect future bishops, which however would have to be accepted by the king, and the bishop as well as Cathedral Chapter swore an oath to the Polish king. Later in the Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (7 December 1512), conceded to the king of Poland a limited right to determine

246-512: A feast he organized, he ordered turkey to be served, among other dishes. The tradition of producing Warmian smoked beef ham ( Warmińska szynka wołowa wędzona ) is cultivated by several meat-packing plants in Warmia. The officially protected traditional alcoholic beverages of Warmia are Okowita miodowa warmińska , a beverage of 42% alcohol by volume made from Warmian honey , and the Warmian porter ,

328-503: A final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. The German inhabitants either fled or were transferred to Germany by Soviet and communist authorities installed in Poland and the remaining Polish inhabitants were joined by Polish settlers, many of whom were displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union . Olsztyn is the largest city in Warmia and

410-415: A local type of Polish beer . The traditional cuisine of German Warmiaks include Königsberger Klopse , Heilsberger Keilchen, a form of potato dumplings, and Wruken (turnip), or Klunkersuppe (flour milk soup) mit Bratschukken (fried potatoes). The most accomplished sports team of Warmia is AZS Olsztyn , multiple times Polish volleyball champions and Polish Cup winners. The first several tournaments of

492-532: A notable Nazi prison in the town of Barczewo (Wartenburg) with several forced labour subcamps in the region. The Polish resistance movement was active in the region and Polish underground press was distributed. Following Germany's defeat in World War II , and the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945, Warmia became again part of Poland as part of so-called Recovered Territories , pending

574-559: Is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group and the sole official language in the Republic of Poland. Its written form uses the Polish alphabet , which is the basic Latin alphabet with the addition of six diacritic marks , totalling 32 letters. Bearing relation to Czech and Slovak , it has been profoundly influenced by Latin , German and other languages over the course of history. Poland

656-511: Is a popular regional pilgrimage site. Places of stay of Nicolaus Copernicus include the medieval castles in Olsztyn, Lidzbark Warmiński and Pieniężno , whereas the Frombork Cathedral contains his grave and epitaph . A typical feature of the Warmian landscape are the massive Gothic churches in the towns and the numerous historic wayside shrines in various towns and villages, a reminder of

738-502: Is both a historical and an ethnographic region in northern Poland , forming part of historical Prussia . Its historic capitals were Frombork and Lidzbark Warmiński and the largest city is Olsztyn . Warmia is currently the core of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (province). The region covers an area of around 4,500 km (1,700 sq mi) and has approximately 350,000 inhabitants. Important landmarks include

820-588: Is considered to be a great artistic and historical value in the world and has been recognised as a Historic Monument by the Polish government. The town was originally a settlement of Old Prussians known as Lecbarg until being conquered in 1240 by the Teutonic Knights , who named it Heilsberg. In 1306 it became the seat for the Bishopric of Warmia , and remained the Prince-Bishop 's seat for 500 years. In 1309

902-594: Is hearty and Poles are one of the more obese nations in Europe – approximately 58% of the adult population was overweight in 2019, above the EU average. According to data from 2017, meat consumption per capita in Poland was one of the highest in the world, with pork being the most in demand. Alcohol consumption is relatively moderate compared to other European states; popular alcoholic beverages include Polish-produced beer , vodka and ciders . Poles have traditionally adhered to

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984-515: Is linguistically homogeneous – nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their mother tongue. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerous dialects and a vernacular language in certain regions coexist alongside standard Polish. The most common lects in Poland are Silesian , spoken in Upper Silesia , and Kashubian , widely spoken in historic Eastern Pomerania ( Pomerelia ), today in

1066-484: Is named after the legendary Prussian chief Warmo , and Ermland derives from his widow Erma. Warmia is bordered by Powiśle in the west, Masuria in the south and east, and Bartia and Natangia in the north. Warmia occupies a 100 kilometer long strip of land along the right bank of the Pasłęka River ( German : Passarge ), approximately 20 kilometers wide in the north and increasing to over 70 kilometers wide in

1148-591: Is part of a larger historical region called Prussia , which was inhabited by the Old Prussians and later on was populated mainly by Germans and Poles . Warmia has traditionally strong connections with neighbouring Masuria , but it remained Catholic and belonged directly to Poland between 1454/1466 and 1772, whereas Masuria was a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order and Ducal Prussia , which became predominantly Protestant. Warmia has been under

1230-450: Is used in most world languages when referring to Poles (Spanish polaco , Italian polacche , French polonais , German Pole ). Among other foreign exonyms for the Polish people are Lithuanian Lenkai ; Hungarian Lengyelek ; Turkish Leh ; Armenian : Լեհաստան Lehastan ; and Persian : لهستان ( Lahestān ). These stem from Lechia , the ancient name for Poland, or from the tribal Lendians . Their names are equally derived from

1312-698: Is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States , Brazil , and Canada . France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France , mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation (1939–1945) or Communism (1945/1947–1989). In

1394-573: The Americas , and Australasia . Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the Warsaw metropolitan area and the Katowice urban area . Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient West Slavic Lechites and other tribes that inhabited the Polish territories during the late antiquity period. Poland's recorded history dates back over a thousand years to c. 930–960 AD, when

1476-695: The Archbishopric of Riga until 1512, when Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope (in terms of church jurisdiction), which remained until the resolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. By the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia ; the properties of the Archbishopric of Warmia were secularized by

1558-590: The Baroque Grabowski Palace. Other sights include: Colleges High schools Primary schools Music schools Kindergartens Other educational institutions The local football team is Polonia Lidzbark Warmiński  [ pl ] . It competes in the lower leagues. Lidzbark Warmiński is twinned with: Warmia Warmia ( Polish : Warmia [ˈvarmja] ; Latin : Varmia , Warmia ; German : Ermland ; Warmian : Warńija ; Old Prussian : Wārmi )

1640-713: The Cathedral Hill in Frombork , the bishops' castles at Olsztyn and Lidzbark , the medieval town of Reszel and the sanctuary in Gietrzwałd , a site of Marian apparitions . Geographically, it is an area of many lakes and lies at the upper Łyna river and on the right bank of Pasłęka , stretching in the northwest to the Vistula Bay . Warmia has a number of architectural monuments ranging from Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque to Classicism , Historicism and Art Nouveau . Warmia

1722-549: The Coat of arms of Poland ( godło ). The national colours are white and red, which appropriately appear on the flag of Poland ( flaga ), banners, cockades and memorabilia. Personal achievement and education plays an important role in Polish society today. In 2018, the Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Poland 11th in the world for mathematics, science and reading. Education has been of prime interest to Poland since

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1804-579: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. The majority of Poles adhere to Roman Catholicism . The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census), of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (the Polonia ) exists throughout Eurasia ,

1886-647: The European Union in 2004 and with the opening of the EU's labor market; an approximate number of 2 million, primarily young, Poles taking up jobs abroad. It is estimated that over half a million Polish people went to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work freely throughout the EU where they have had full working rights since Poland's EU accession in 2004 . The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to

1968-722: The January Uprising who fled the Russian Partition of Poland, found shelter in Warmia. In 1871, along with the rest of East Prussia, Warmia became part of the German Empire . In 1873, according to a regulation of the Imperial German government, school lessons at public schools inside Germany had to be held in German, as a result the Polish language was forbidden in all schools in Warmia, including Polish schools already founded in

2050-565: The Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner , an international volleyball friendly competition, were held in Warmia. 53°48′N 20°30′E  /  53.8°N 20.5°E  / 53.8; 20.5 Polish people Polish people , or Poles , are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common history , culture , the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe . The preamble to

2132-529: The Old Polish term lęda , meaning plain or field. Slavs have been in the territory of modern-day Poland for over 1500 years. During the Migration Period , central Europe was becoming increasingly settled by the early Slavs (500–700 AD). They organized into tribal units , of which the larger ones further west were later known as the Polish tribes ( Lechites ); the names of many tribes are found on

2214-671: The Polish Crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At the same time, the territory continued to enjoy substantial autonomy, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of Polish Senat and the land elected MP's to the Sejmik of Royal Prussia as well as MP's to the Sejm of Poland . Warmia was under the Church jurisdiction of

2296-789: The Reszel and Olsztyn castles, the Old Town of Barczewo with the museum of Polish composer Feliks Nowowiejski at his birthplace. There are also several palaces, including the Baroque Grabowski Palace in Lidzbark Warmiński and the palace in Smolajny , favorite summer residence of leading Polish Enlightenment poet Ignacy Krasicki . The Basilica of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Gietrzwałd

2378-658: The Soviet Red Army during World War II in 1945. As part of territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference , the town became once again part of Poland, and was gradually resettled by Poles , many of them from the parts of eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union . The main landmark of Lidzbark Warmiński is the Gothic Castle of Warmian Bishops with adjacent fortifications, towers and

2460-702: The Western Polans – an influential tribe in the Greater Poland region – united various Lechitic clans under what became the Piast dynasty , thus creating the first Polish state. The subsequent Christianization of Poland by the Catholic Church , in 966 CE, marked Poland's advent to the community of Western Christendom . However, throughout its existence, the Polish state followed a tolerant policy towards minorities resulting in numerous ethnic and religious identities of

2542-533: The end of Communism in Poland in 1989 . In Brazil, the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State. Smaller, but significant numbers settled in the states of Rio Grande do Sul , Espírito Santo and São Paulo (state) . The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) and Polish music , dishes and culture are quite common in the region. A recent large migration of Poles took place following Poland's accession to

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2624-412: The mazurka , krakowiak and polonaise , were popularized by Polish composer Frédéric Chopin , and they soon spread across Europe and elsewhere. Latin songs and religious hymns such as Gaude Mater Polonia and Bogurodzica were once chanted in churches and during patriotic festivities, but the tradition has faded. According to a 2020 study, Poland ranks 12th globally on a list of countries which read

2706-502: The Cathedral Chapter elected Nicolas von Tüngen against the wish of the Polish king. The Estates of Royal Prussia did not take the side of the Cathedral Chapter. Nicholas von Tüngen allied himself with the Teutonic Order and with King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary . The feud, known as the War of the Priests , was a low scale affair, affecting mainly Warmia. In 1478 Braniewo (Braunsberg) withstood

2788-548: The Christian faith; an overwhelming majority belongs to the Roman Catholic Church , with 87.5% of Poles in 2011 identifying as Roman Catholic . According to Poland's Constitution , freedom of religion is ensured to everyone. It also allows for national and ethnic minorities to have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in

2870-462: The German police compiled files and lists of Poles who were supposed to be either executed or imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps . Nazi militants carried out attacks on Polish schools, organizations, printshops, shops. The persecution of Poles further intensified in 1939. In early 1939, many Polish activists were expelled. Afterwards, in an attempt to rig the results of an upcoming census and understate

2952-703: The Order to rule Prussia. Later, the Knights were accused of forging these land grants. By the end of the 13th century the Teutonic Order had conquered and Christianized most of the Prussian region , including Warmia. The Teutonic Order recruited mostly German-speaking settlers to develop the land . The new régime reduced many of the native Prussians to the status of serfs and gradually Germanized them. . Native Prussians were also reported as holders of estates. Over several centuries

3034-653: The Poles, such as Polish Jews . The Polish endonym Polacy is derived from the Western Polans , a Lechitic tribe which inhabited lands around the River Warta in Greater Poland region from the mid-6th century onward. The tribe's name stems from the Proto-Indo European *pleh₂- , which means flat or flatland and corresponds to the topography of a region that the Western Polans initially settled. The prefix pol-

3116-620: The Polish authorities in 1995, are the Native Polish Church ( Rodzimy Kościół Polski ), which represents a pagan tradition going back to Władysław Kołodziej 's 1921 Holy Circle of Worshippers of Światowid ( Święte Koło Czcicieli Światowida ), and the Polish Slavic Church ( Polski Kościół Słowiański ). There is also the Native Faith Association ( Zrzeszenie Rodzimej Wiary , ZRW ), founded in 1996. Polish people are

3198-609: The Polish king at the Polish camp during the siege of Marienburg Castle (Malbork) . After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Heinrich von Plauen the Elder , accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region. In February 1440 the nobility of Warmia and the town of Braniewo (Braunsberg) co-founded the Prussian Confederation , which opposed Teutonic rule, and most towns of

3280-606: The Prince-Bishopric came again under the overlordship of the Polish King. In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to Warmia, and recognized Polish sovereignty over the region, which was confirmed to be part of Poland. It was administratively remained a Prince-Bishopric with several privileges, part of the larger provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland Province . Soon after, in 1467,

3362-492: The Prussian state. In 1773 Warmia was merged with the surrounding areas into the newly established province of East Prussia . Ignacy Krasicki , the last prince-bishop of Warmia as well as Enlightenment Polish poet, friend of Frederick the Great (whom he did not give homage as his new king), was nominated to the Archbishopric of Gniezno (and thus Primate of Poland) in 1795. After the last partition of Poland and during his tenure as Primate of Poland and Prussian subject he

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3444-401: The Prussians, with the assumption that conquered territories would become part of Masovia. The Order waited until they received official authorisation from the Empire, which Emperor Frederick II granted by issuing the Golden Bull of Rimini (March 1226). The papal Golden Bull of Rieti from Pope Gregory IX in 1234 confirmed the grant, although Konrad of Masovia never recognized the rights of

3526-402: The Republic of Poland can register their institution with the Ministry of Interior and Administration creating a record of churches and other religious organizations who operate under separate Polish laws. This registration is not necessary; however, it is beneficial when it comes to serving the freedom of religious practice laws. Slavic Native Faith ( Rodzimowiercy ) groups, registered with

3608-527: The United States, a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago (billed as the world's most Polish city outside of Poland), Milwaukee, Ohio, Detroit, New Jersey , New York City, Orlando , Pittsburgh , Buffalo , and New England . The highest concentration of Polish Americans in a single New England municipality is in New Britain, Connecticut . The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after

3690-456: The Warmia joined the organization in May 1440. In February 1454, the organization asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region to the Kingdom of Poland, to which the king agreed and signed the act of incorporation in Kraków on 6 March 1454, and the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) broke out. During the war Warmia was recaptured by the Teutonic Knights, however, in 1464 Bishop Paweł Legendorf vel Mgowski sided with Poland and

3772-443: The architecture of its villages and towns, as well as in folk customs. The unofficial anthem of Warmia is O Warmio moja miła from 1920, with music by local Polish composer Feliks Nowowiejski and lyrics by Maria Paruszewska. It is also the bugle call of the region's largest city of Olsztyn . Three landmarks in Warmia are listed as Historic Monuments of Poland : Other sights include the old towns of Olsztyn and Reszel with

3854-443: The area. In the 13th century the area became a battleground in the Northern Crusades . Having failed to gather an expedition against Palestine, Pope Innocent III resolved in 1207 to organize a new crusade; beginning in 1209, he called for crusades against the Albigenses , against the Almohad dynasty of Spain (1213), and, also around that time, against the pagans of Prussia . The first Bishop of Prussia , Christian of Oliva ,

3936-432: The basis for his heliocentric model of the universe. After the war of 1519–1521, he coordinated the reconstruction and resettlement of the devastated southern Warmia. In 1565, Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius founded the Collegium Hosianum in Braniewo, which became the leading institution of higher learning in the region. After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia was integrated more directly into

4018-469: The capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivedeship. During 1945–46, Warmia was part of the Okreg Mazurski (Masurian District). In 1946 a new voivodeship was created and named the Olsztyn Voivodeship , which encompassed both Warmia and Masurian counties. From 1975 to 1998, Warmia was divided between the Olsztyn and Elbląg Voivodeships , and in 1999 it was entirely included with the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The Catholic character of Warmia has been preserved in

4100-444: The castle by Prince-Bishop Adam Stanisław Grabowski , by whose decision it was then published in print for the first time. The town was annexed with the rest of the region by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. The town ceased to be the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia , which was disestablished, however it remained the seat of the last Prince-Bishop Ignacy Krasicki until 1795, and afterwards

4182-425: The cities of Olsztyn ( German : Allenstein ) and Lidzbark Warmiński ( German : Heilsberg ) as it takes in numerous tributaries on its journey north. This southern portion of Warmia is more heavily forested and historically had many towns with Polish-speaking majorities, while the rest of the region was almost entirely German-speaking. By the early Middle Ages the Warmians, an Old Prussian tribe, inhabited

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4264-421: The colonists, native Prussians and immigrants gradually intermingled. Until the early 13th century, also the southern parts of Warmia were German-speaking. Polish settlers arrived later, particularly after 1410, mainly to southern Warmia, so that German was replaced by Polish in this area. In 1242 the papal legate William of Modena set up four dioceses , including the Archbishopric of Warmia . The bishopric

4346-411: The consul and employees of the Polish Consulate in Olsztyn, and shut down or seized Polish newspapers and libraries. Arrested Poles were mostly deported to concentration camps, incl. Hohenbruch  [ de ] , Soldau , Stutthof , Sachsenhausen , Gusen and Ravensbrück . During World War II , many Poles from the region were forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht . The Germans operated

4428-400: The country's current linguistic homogeneity. The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1,000-year history , and forms an important constituent in the Western civilisation . Strong ties with the Latinate world and the Roman Catholic faith also shaped Poland's cultural identity. Officially, the national and state symbol is the white-tailed eagle ( bielik ) embedded on

4510-404: The country, while Orthodox Christians can be found mostly in the far north-eastern corner, in the area of Białystok , and Protestants in Cieszyn Silesia and Warmia-Masuria regions. A growing Jewish population exists in major cities, especially in Warsaw , Kraków and Wrocław . Over two million Jews of Polish origin reside in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Religious organizations in

4592-446: The dominion of various states over the course of its history, most notably the Old Prussians , the Teutonic Knights , the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Prussia . The history of the region is closely connected to that of the Archbishopric of Warmia (formerly Prince-Bishopric of Warmia ). The region is associated with the Prussian tribe, the Warmians , who settled in an approximate area. According to folk etymology , Warmia

4674-622: The early 12th century, particularly for its noble classes . In 1364, King Casimir the Great founded the Kraków Academy , which would become Jagiellonian University , the second-oldest institution of higher learning in Central Europe. People of Polish birth have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics both in Poland and abroad, among them Vitello , Marie Skłodowska–Curie , Rudolf Modrzejewski , Rudolf Weigl , Bronisław Malinowski , Stefan Banach , Stanisław Ulam , Leonid Hurwicz , Benoit Mandelbrot and Alfred Tarski . Poland's folk music , especially

4756-585: The election of bishops by choosing four candidates from Royal Prussia. The region retained autonomy, governing itself and maintaining its own laws, customs, rights and German language. Warmia was invaded by the Teutonic Knights during the Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521 , however, the Poles, led by renown astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus , repulsed the Teutonic siege of Olsztyn in 1521. Copernicus spent more than half of his life in Warmia, where he wrote many of his groundbreaking works and conducted astronomical observations and mathematical calculations, which became

4838-516: The exception that the people of Warmia remained largely Catholic . Most of the population of Warmia spoke High Prussian German , while a small area in the north spoke Low Prussian German ; southern Warmia was populated by both Germans and Polish Warmiaks . The Polish population was subjected to intense Germanisation policies. Warmia was divided into four districts ( Kreise ) - Allenstein (Olsztyn) , Rössel ( Reszel ), Heilsberg ( Lidzbark Warmiński ) and Braunsberg ( Braniewo ). The city of Allenstein

4920-414: The future of Warmia. In February 1920, Poland opened a consulate in Olsztyn in 1920, however, due to the German persecution of Poles and the advances of the Red Army towards Warsaw in the Polish–Soviet War in 1920 , the plebiscite resulted in a German victory, and the region remained within Germany in the interbellum. Despite German hostility, the Poles founded numerous Polish organizations in Warmia in

5002-402: The interbellum. Persecution of Poles intensified after the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany. Due to severe persecution, from 1936 Polish organizations carried out their activities partly in conspiracy. Polish organizations were heavily invigilated by the Sicherheitspolizei (German security police) through its undercover agents, known as the Vertrauensmänner . Based on their information,

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5084-425: The list compiled by the anonymous Bavarian Geographer in the 9th century. In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upper Vistula (the Vistulans ), the Baltic Sea coast and in Greater Poland . The ultimate tribal undertaking (10th century) resulted in a lasting political structure and the creation of a Polish state . Polish is the native language of most Poles. It

5166-716: The most, and approximately 79% of Poles read the news more than once a day, placing it 2nd behind Sweden . As of 2021, six Poles received the Nobel Prize in Literature . The national epic is Pan Tadeusz (English: Master Thaddeus), written by Adam Mickiewicz . Renowned novelists who gained much recognition abroad include Joseph Conrad (wrote in English; Heart of Darkness , Lord Jim ), Stanisław Lem (science-fiction; Solaris ) and Andrzej Sapkowski (fantasy; The Witcher ). Various regions in Poland such as Greater Poland , Lesser Poland , Mazovia , Silesia , and Pomerania developed their own distinct cultures, cuisines, folk costumes and dialects. Also, Poland for centuries

5248-446: The northwestern part of Poland. Kashubian possesses its own status as a separate language. The Goral people in the mountainous south use their own nonstandard dialect, accenting and different intonation . The geographical distribution of the Polish language was greatly affected by the border changes and population transfers that followed the Second World War – forced expulsions and resettlement during that period contributed to

5330-561: The number of Poles in the region, the Germans terrorized the Polish population, attacked Polish schools and organizations, and confiscated Polish pre-census information leaflets. In summer 1939 the German terror against the Poles even exceeded the terror from the period of the 1920 plebiscite. Poles were subjected to expulsions and arrests, there were terrorist attacks on Polish organizations and schools, Polish libraries were looted or destroyed, and entire volumes of Polish press were confiscated. In August 1939, Germany introduced martial law in

5412-416: The region and town to the Kingdom of Poland . This caused the Polish–Teutonic Thirteen Years' War , as a result of which in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Order ended its claim to the area and recognized it as part of Poland. It was the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in the province of Royal Prussia in the larger Greater Poland Province . Nicolaus Copernicus first visited

5494-461: The region's strong Catholic traditions. In addition to traditional nationwide Polish cuisine , Warmia has its own regional and local traditional foods and beverages, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland . Unique local dishes include the Lord-style turkey wings ( Skrzydła indycze po pańsku ). Ignacy Krasicki is considered one of the pioneers of turkey meat consumption in Warmia, as already in 1791, during

5576-401: The region, the Pasłęka constitutes its western border. That river flows into the Vistula Lagoon ( German : Frisches Haff ) just after passing the town of Braniewo ( German : Braunsberg ). The historically important port town of Frombork ( German : Frauenberg ) lies west of the Pasłęka, near the mouth of the Bauda River  [ pl ] . Further south, the Pasłęka is joined by

5658-470: The region, which allowed for even more blatant persecution of Poles. Germany co-formed the Einsatzgruppe V in Olsztyn, which then committed various atrocities against Poles during the German invasion of Poland that began World War II in September 1939. In August and September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, including activists, teachers, school principals, bank employees, newspaper editors, entrepreneurs, priests, scout leaders, and

5740-416: The resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity. There are smaller communities primarily comprising Protestants (especially Lutherans ), Orthodox Christians (migrants), Jehovah's Witnesses , those irreligious , and Judaism (mostly from the Jewish populations in Poland who have lived in Poland prior to World War II) and Sunni Muslims ( Polish Tatars ). Roman Catholics live all over

5822-457: The settlement received town privileges . In the 1350s the Castle of Warmian Bishops was built, and it was expanded in the following centuries, becoming one of the most significant and remarkable historic monuments of Warmia, which nowadays houses a museum and is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland. In 1440 the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation , upon the request of which in 1454 Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated

5904-474: The sixteenth century. In 1900 Warmia's population was 240,000. In the jingoistic climate after World War I , Warmian Poles were subject to persecution by the German government. Polish children speaking their language were punished in schools and often had to wear signs with insulting names, such as "Pollack". After the First World War , Poland regained independence, and a plebiscite was held to determine

5986-608: The sixth-largest national group in the European Union (EU). Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 18-20 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish descent, but are Polish nationals). There are almost 38 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also strong Polish communities in neighbouring countries, whose territories were once occupied or part of Poland – Czech Republic , Slovakia , Lithuania , Latvia , western Ukraine , and western Belarus . The term " Polonia "

6068-456: The south. The Łyna River ( German : Alle ) drains the southern portion of the region, flowing to the northeast to join with the Pregolya ( German : Pregel ). The terrain is composed of gentle hills and wide plains, and has a humid continental climate , with milder temperatures found at lower elevations in the north near the coast. With the exception of the far northern and southern ends of

6150-518: The town at the turn of 1495 and 1496, and then lived at the castle from 1503. It is believed he wrote part of his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium there. In the winter of 1703–04 the town was the residence of King Charles XII of Sweden during the Great Northern War . In the mid-18th century a manuscript of the Gesta principum Polonorum , the oldest medieval Polish chronicle was discovered in

6232-573: The town lost its cultural significance, which it has not regained since. In 1807 a battle took place near the town between the French under Joachim Murat and Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult and the Russians and Prussians under Levin August, count von Bennigsen . From 1933 to 1945 it was the site of the large German government radio station Transmitter Heilsberg . The town was heavily damaged after its conquest by

6314-482: The tributaries Wałsza  [ pl ] ( German : Walsch ) and Drwęca Warmińska ( German : Drewenz ), with the headwaters of the river located near the southern end of Warmia. The source of the Łyna river is found just south of the southern tip of the region, near the eponymous town of Łyna . The river flows through several lakes on the western end of the Masurian Lake District , passing through

6396-399: Was a refuge to many Jews and to Armenians , who became an important part of Polish society and similarly developed their own unique cultures. Popular everyday foods in Poland include pork cutlets ( kotlet schabowy ), schnitzels, kielbasa sausage, potatoes, coleslaw and salads, soups ( barszcz , tomato or meat broth ), pierogi dumplings, and bread rolls . Traditional Polish cuisine

6478-455: Was commissioned in 1209 to convert the Prussians, at the request of Konrad I of Masovia (duke from 1194 to 1247). In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Christianize the pagan Prussians. He supplied the Teutonic Order and allowed the usage of Chełmno Land ( Culmerland ) as a base for the knights. They had the task of establishing secure borders between Masovia and

6560-432: Was exempt and was governed by a prince-bishop , confirmed by Emperor Charles IV . The Bishops of Warmia were usually Germans or Poles, although Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later Pope Pius II , served as an Italian bishop of the diocese. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald , Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia surrendered to King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, and later with Bishop Henry of Sambia paid homage to

6642-440: Was ordered by Pope Pius VI to teach his Catholic Poles to 'stay obedient, faithful, and loving to their new kings', Papal brief of 1795. The Prussian census in 1772 showed a total population of 96,547, including an urban population of 24,612 in 12 towns. 17,749 houses were listed and the biggest city was Braunsberg (Braniewo) . Between 1773 and 1945 Warmia was part of the predominantly Lutheran province of East Prussia , with

6724-488: Was separated from the Allenstein district in 1910 and became an independent city. On 6 May 1863, the village of Bredynki was the site of a massacre of Polish inhabitants. Local farmers protested the taking of the lake from the village and handing it over to a local miller. Prussian troops fired on the crowd, killing more than a dozen people, including women, and wounding 30. In the winter of 1863–1864, Polish insurgents of

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